1、第四讲动词时态和语态12015福建高考Where is Peter? I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and_ (write) his essay there ever since.答案：has been writing根据句中的时间状语“ever since”可知，write 这一动作从过去某一时刻一直持续到现在，所以用现在完成进行时。22015湖南高考I wasnt able to hide my eagerness. When I _ (ask), “What do you wish me t
2、o do now？”答案：askedwhen引导的时间状语从句，通过“I wasnt able to hide my eagerness”的时态可知，ask的动作发生在过去。32015重庆高考In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat _ (cut)答案：has been cut从句中cut的动作发生在主句动作之前，主句是一般现在时，故该从句使用一般现在时或现在完成时，且“wheat”与“cut”之间为被动，故答案是has been cut。42015四川高考More
3、expressways _ (build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.答案：will be built根据时间状语soon以及不定式作目的状语，可知此处用一般将来时态，且“build”与“more expressways”之间为被动关系，故答案是will be built。52015北京高考In the last few years, China _ (make) great achievements in environmental protection.答案：has made根据时间状语“in the last few yea
4、rs”可知，此处使用现在完成时态，主语与“make”之间为主动关系，且为单数，故填has made。62015安徽高考Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I _ (leave) my book in the cafe.答案：had left考查时态。“realized”为一般过去时，其后面宾语从句中的动作发生在其之前，故用过去完成时，had left。72014福建高考Havent seen you for ages! Where have you been?I went to Ningxia and _ (stay) there for
5、one year, teaching as a volunteer.答案：stayed答句由and连接两个并列的谓语动词，根据“went”及句意可知，此处表示的动作发生在过去，“待”这个动作与“went”这个动作几乎同时发生，故用一般过去时态。句意：好长时间没见到你了！你去哪儿了？我去宁夏支教了一年。82014大纲全国卷Unless some extra money _ (find), the theatre will close.答案：is found由主句中的will可知unless引导的从句应用一般现在时态表将来，且“money”和“find”之间是被动关系，故答案为is found。句
6、意：除非找到一些额外资金，否则这家剧院就得关门。92014大纲全国卷The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody _ (see) them since.答案：has seen由题干中的“since”可知，本题应用现在完成时。句意：这些报告在2012年就丢失了，此后再也没人见到过它们。102014北京高考Hi, lets go skating.Sorry, Im busy right now. I _ (fill) in an application form for a new job.答案：am filling根据题干中的Im busy right
7、now可推知fill in这一动作正在进行，故用现在进行时。句意：嗨，咱们去滑冰吧。对不起，我现在忙着呢。我正在填一张新工作申请表。阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。2014课标全国卷Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix? In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It_61_ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cl
8、eaned up. The river was so polluted that it_62_ (actual) caught fire and burned. Now, years later, this river is one of _63_most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.But the river wasnt changed in a few days_64_even a fewmonths. It took years of work _65_(reduce) the industrial pollutionand
9、 clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now thewater in the river is _66_(clean) than ever.Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have ahabit_67_ is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too muchor dont know how to control your credit card use. When you face s
10、uchan impossible situation, dont you want a quick fix andsomething tochange immediately?While there are _68_ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, formost of us the _69_ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort andwork, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be _70_ (patience)Step 1：通读
11、全文，掌握主旨大意。本文讲述的是通过一个城市清理工业污染的例子，说明这样一个道理：只要我们坚持不懈，我们就可以做成那些看似不可能的事情。Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。61was。根据结构可知填谓语，即恰当的时态。62actually。根据空格位置可知，此处修饰caught。63the。根据空后面的most outstanding为最高级，可知答案。64or。本句为否定句，且前后两部分为并列结构，可知答案。65to_reduce。根据前面的took可推断，此处填非谓语，另外考查固定结构。66.cleaner。下文中的than ever为关键信息。67that/which。根据“have”和“
12、is driving”可知，此处填连词，另名词后的从句为定语从句，且从句中没有主语。68amazing。本题在名词之前，应用adj.作定语。69changes。定冠词the后应为名词，且谓语是are及require可知答案。70patient。be动词之后应该为形容词。Step 3：代入答案。需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。知识清单(1)熟知八种基本时态的构成；(2)八种基本时态的用法及重点；(3)一般过去时态与现在完成时态用法上的侧重点；(4)被动语态的基本形式；(5)被动语态中的特殊情况；(6)与时态相关的固定句式结构。学情分析考生在动词时态和语态的学习过程
13、中存在着以下几点问题：(1)考生对于时态的基本类型不能熟练掌握；(2)不规则动词的过去式及过去分词形式不清楚；(3)句子中的主被动意识淡，不能准确使用被动语态；(4)在使用时态时，全凭所谓的语感去判断，写出来的句子中时态混乱，没有时态观念，没有章法可言。考点一一般现在时态(do/does)1表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象。As is known to us, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.众所周知，太阳东升西落。2表示习惯性、经常性的动作或经常存在的状态。Some senior 3 students get up at 5：20
14、 every day including Sunday.一些高三学生每天5：20起床，包括星期日。3在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时态表将来。If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard.如果城市噪音的增加不被阻止，人们将不得不大声叫喊才被听到。4表示按时刻表、计划规定要发生的动作，常见的动词有：come, go, leave, begin, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。The plane takes off at 2
15、：30 every Wednesday and Friday.飞机每星期三和星期五2：30起飞。典例12015四川成都一诊Its probable that the rocket _ (date) from about 2,000 years ago in China.解析dates根据语义可知，此处表示客观事实且主语是单数，故用一般现在时态。注意2,000 years ago为误导信息。典例22015北京东城区期末_，we will carry out the plan next week. (完成句子)除非你有不同意见，否则我们下周就执行该计划了。解析Unless you have any
16、 disagreement该句为条件状语从句，主句为将来时，故用“主将从现”这一结构，从句中用一般现在时态。考点二一般过去时态(did)1表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(时间比较具体)或上下文语境有暗示，或由于地点的转变而导致同一个动作用过去时态。I taught English in Xian for half a year. I felt very tired. When I got home,I went straight to bed.我在西安教了半年英语，我感到非常累。当我回到家时，直接上床睡觉了。2描述过去时间中发生的一系列事件。He went to the
17、 supermarket, bought some eggs and returned home.他去超市，买了些鸡蛋就回家了。3原来没有意料到，没有想到的事。Excuse me. I didnt realize I was blocking your way.对不起。我没意识到挡了你的路。4固定句式(1)Its high time that sb. did sth.是某人该做某事的时候了。Its high time we did something about environmental protection.到了我们保护环境的时候了。(2)would rather主did.表示与现在事实相
18、反的情况。I would rather you came here tomorrow morning.我宁愿你明天上午来这。注意：一般过去时态中的动作在过去某时间已经停止，只是强调过去的动作或状态，与现在没有任何关系。 典例32015四川成都二诊Have you worked out the schedule for our graduation trip?Yes. I _ (work) on it for 3 hours.解析worked根据语境“制定计划”这一动作已经结束，只是在陈述过去发生的事情而已，故用一般过去时态，“for 3 hours”为误导信息。典例42015四川成都一诊All
19、 football fans _ (witness) the Germans final victory in the 2014 World Cup this August.解析witnessed根据时间状语“this August”可知，使用一般过去时态。考点三完成时态(have/has/had done)1现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now, so far, already, yet, now, recently, in the past few years, just等表示时间的词，或since引导的状语从句(从句中使
20、用一般过去时态)连用。His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一本小说自从上个月出版之后就很受欢迎。(2)用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。 When shall we restart our business? Not until we have finished our plan. 什么时候我们重新开始我们的事业？ 直到我们已完成我们的计划。 (3)在“It (This) is(will be)the first/second/third.tim
21、ethat从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。 This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family. 这是我们全家第一次到电影院看电影。 (4)在“It (This) is the best (worst，mostadj.等)名词从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。 It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school. 这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意
22、义的演讲。2过去完成时 (1)某些动词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算”。这类动词主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本来打算昨天去看你，但我有了一个不速之客。 I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。 (2)过去完成时
23、是一个相对的时态，考生做题时关键看该动作是否发生在题干中所给的过去的动作或过去的时间之前，如果是就用过去完成时。Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they had received from China. 上个月，日本政府对从中国得到的援助表示感谢。 What a mistake! Yes，I had suggested his doing it another way，but without success. 愚蠢的错误！ 是的，我已建议他换种方式做，但没成功。 (3)by, by t
24、he end, by the time, until, before后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。 By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college. 杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。 (4)在hardly(scarcely).when.，no sooner.than.句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。意思为“一就”。 Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when(than) the rain poured
25、 down. 我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。3将来完成时 将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before将来时间”或“by将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。 On her next birthday，Ann will have been married for twenty years. 到下次生日时，安已结婚20年了。典例52015浙江温州一模I suddenly realized that I was kept so busy that I _ (spend) little time with my family
26、 before.解析had spent根据主句中的“realized”以及“was kept”可知本句的语境为过去时间，“spend”发生在这之前(before)可知答案为过去完成时态，故填“had spent”。典例62015北京东城区一模Mum！Where is my packed lunch?In the kitchen. I _ (make) you two sandwiches.解析have made根据对话的语境可知动作发生在现在时段内，“make”这一动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响，故用现在完成时态。典例72015重庆南开中学二模Hurry up, or by the time
27、we arrive at the cinema, the film _ (begin)解析will have begun根据“by the time we arrive at the cinema”可看出是发生在将来的动作，且截止到这一动作时间为止，故用将来完成时态。考点四进行时(be doing)1现在进行时高考题对现在进行时的考查往往是在具体的语境中进行的，不给出具体的时间状语，要求考生能够通过语境判断出该动作正在进行。现在进行时常用来表示：(1)说话时正在发生着的一个动作。Hurry up! Mark and Carol are expecting us.快点！Mark和Carol正等着
28、咱们呢。(2)现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作。The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers are repairing one of the main pipes.因为工人们正在修其中一条主管道，所以供水系统临时被切断。Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.青少年们正在损害自己的健康，因为他们玩的电脑游戏太多了。2过去进行时(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁
29、发生。The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant was giving in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly.经理为其助理代他举行记者会而担心，然而幸运的是，一切进展顺利。I dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.Im so sorry. But I was doing my homework.我不明白你昨天下午为什么没去听讲座。我
30、很抱歉，但我当时在做作业。(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说，当他看到时，不明飞行物正在自东向西飞行。3现在完成进行时(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.在过去
31、的三个月里，汤姆一直每晚都在图书馆工作。I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately.因为我最近一直咳嗽得厉害所以我必须去看医生。(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.你刚才去了哪里？我们一直在到处找你。4将来进行时将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at
32、 this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow等。Daniels family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.Daniel的一家人下星期这个时候将在黄山度假。Guess what, weve got our visas for a shortterm visit to the UK this summer.How nice! You will be exper
33、iencing a different culture then.猜猜！我们已经得到了暑假去英国旅行的短期签证。太好了！那时你们将体验不同的文化。5固定句式be doing.when.表示“当一件事情发生时，另外一件事情发生了”。I was wandering in the street when I came across a friend of mine.我在街道上闲逛时，突然遇到我的一个朋友。类似结构用法还有：be about to do.when.表示“当一件事情马上要发生时，突然另外一件事情发生了”；had done.when.表示“一件事情刚刚发生，突然另外一件事情发生了”。I h
34、ad just come back when the doorbell rang again.我刚回来，门铃又响了。典例82015重庆巴蜀中学期末Joe, what about going to Belgium for our coming holiday?Sorry, honey, I _ (work) on the newly discovered dinosaur site in Argentina.解析will be working根据语境可知后者将要去阿根廷工作，结合前者的问题可知后者应该在假期时正巧在阿根廷工作，故填将来进行时。典例92015重庆一诊Leave me alone.
35、I _ (write) an article all the afternoon and havent finished yet.解析have been writing根据时间状语“all the afternoon”及“havent finished”可知应填现在完成进行时，表“一直在写文章”。典例102015苏锡四市调研Hi, Peter. Why didnt you go to the cinema last night?I _ (watch) the popular show Dad, where are we going? with my family.解析was watching根
36、据语境可知后者“last night”正在看电视节目，故未去看电影，应填过去进行时态，表示“过去某时间动作正在进行”。考点五将来时态除了“will/shall动词原形”可以表示将来时，以下几种形式也可表示将来意义。1be going to dobe going to结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象。Im going to gather some material about Picasso.我打算搜集一些有关毕加索的材料。Its going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow.明天将会是冲浪的好天气
37、。2现在进行时有这种用法的主要是一些表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, start, begin, run, leave, stay, do, take等。这种将来意义往往指安排好要做的事情，很少变更。Im flying to Beijing tomorrow.明天我要坐飞机去北京。Shes leaving early tomorrow morning.明天早上她要早动身。3be to do这种结构表示按计划中约定的或按职责、义务、要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。The engineer is to visit our factory next week.那位工程师下周来
38、参观我们工厂。The meeting is to take place early tomorrow.会议明天一早召开。4be about to do这一结构用于表示客观上马上就要发生的事，一般不与具体的时间状语连用。Dont go out. Were about to have dinner.别出去了，我们很快就吃饭了。The new school year is about to begin.新学年开学在即。注意：be going to与will都表将来，二者主要区别如下：(1)will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事，不含任何具体时间，可以指遥远的将来，而be going to
39、指有迹象表明即将发生或肯定会发生的事。There is going to be a quarrel between them, I think.我想两人要争吵了。(2)be going to和will均可表示“意图”；但事先考虑过的意图用be going to，不是事先考虑的意图用will，即临时决定。Sorry, I forgot to buy the book you need.It doesnt matter I will go myself.对不起，我忘了买你需要的书了。没关系，我自己去吧。典例112015江苏四市一模How long do you expect it _ (be) b
40、efore the African can keep the disease under control?解析will be根据“主将从现”的原则以及句意理解可知，使用一般将来时态；也可根据“It will be时间段before.”句式结构来确定答案。典例122015陕西五校一模The constant noise around here _ (drive) me crazy!Calm down. Its no use complaining.解析is driving根据语境可知“周围的噪音快把我逼疯了”，故用将来时态，但“drive sb. crazy”用进行时表将来，描述动作的进程，故答
41、案是is driving。考点六动词语态在英语中不强调动作发出者时，使用被动语态，在考查动词方面，也是重点考查内容之一，因此，考生碰到动词考查时，要先判断时态，然后要考虑语态，即：主语与该动词之间是主动关系还是被动关系。1各种基本时态的被动语态构成“be过去分词”为基本构成，只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态，除“be过去分词”外，还有get/become过去分词。如下表：被动语态的构成(以write为例)注意：英语中只有及物动词(短语)有被动语态，不及物动词(短语)无被动语态。(1)Great changes have taken place in my hometown sin
42、ce the reform and opening.改革开放以来，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。此处take place无被动语态。(2)All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.所有的申请人在官方做最终决定前都要面试。此处applicants与interview之间是被动关系，所以用一般现在时态的被动语态。2主动形式表被动(1)“系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, sta
43、y, become, fall, get, grow, keep等形容词/名词”构成系表结构。如：The steel feels cold.钢铁摸起来很凉。His plan proved (to be) practical.他的计划被证明很实用。(2)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink等。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。(如easily, well, smoothly等。)如：T
44、his coat dries easily.这件外套容易干。Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。Food can keep fresh in a fridge.食物在冰箱里能保鲜。Your essay reads well.你的文章读起来不错。This material has worn thin.这些材料已经磨薄了。The match wont catch.这根火柴擦不着。The engine wont start.这个引擎发动不起来。典例132015福州毕业班质检Highways across China _ (report) to be free of charge
45、for 20 days during holidays in 2015.解析were reported主语“highways”与“report”之间为被动关系，且根据语境可知使用一般过去时态，故答案是were reported。典例142015北京丰台区一模Can we sit at the table by the window?Im sorry, but it _ (take) already.解析has been taken根据语境可知动作发生在现在，already表示已发生，故用现在完成时态，且“it”与“take”之间为被动关系，故填has been taken。典例152015四川
46、德阳二诊Excuse me, is the book Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell available now?Sorry, but it _ (sell) so well that we dont have any in store.解析sells根据语境可知，此处表示“Gone With the Wind”这本书很畅销，而不是强调动作，尽管两者为被动关系，但用主动表状态。NO.1解题步骤1.根据语境或具体时间状语确定时态，之后判断主语与谓语之间的主、被动关系。2注意所填形式要与整个语境发生的时间一致且符合逻辑，同时判断主谓一致。NO.2解题
47、技巧谓语动词的用法是语法填空题的必考点。重点考查的是时态，且多与语态一起考查。时态理解错误在考生中是常见的。解题时要注意以下几点：(1)判断用哪种时态(根据具体的语境、时间状语或另一动词的时间状语)。(2)判断用主动语态还是被动语态。(3)注意谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。(4)注意不规则动词的拼写。典例162015天津十二区联考Has Billy finished his homework today?I have no idea. He _ (do) it this morning.解析was doing根据语境可知“this morning”表示过去的动作，在上午，后者见到Bill
48、y的时候Billy正在写作业，但不知是否做完。故用过去进行时态。典例172015北京海淀区一模Has James arrived at the hotel?No, he _ (surround) by fans for photos at the airport.解析is being surrounded根据对话语境可知双方正在谈论现在的事情，后者的回答No，表明James现仍在包围之中。且James与surround之间为被动关系，故填现在进行时态的被动语态。1.语法填空对时态和语态的考查，一般都是通过一个具体的语言环境来考查考生分析问题的能力，因此做题时，要首先定位整篇文章的主时态，而后分析主语与谓语之间的主、被动关系，兼顾考虑主谓一致。2熟练掌握固定句式结构中的时态形式也是正确解题的关键之一。3在平时阅读时多关注动词的不同时态形式变化，揣摩各种语言环境，以求达到熟能生巧的效果。总之，时态是语法填空中考查的一个重点，也是难点，关键一环便是准确把握动作发生的时间。
