1、2011 届高考英语基础语法复习 第一章 主谓一致 一.概念:主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二.相关知识点精讲 1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：
2、Reading and writing are very important.读写很重要。注意：当主语由 and 连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。典型例题 The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is B.was C.are D.were 答案 B.注：先
3、从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除 A.，C。本题易误选 D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有 the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用 and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选 B。2.主谓一致中的靠近原则 1)当 there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：There is a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。There are twen
4、ty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。2）当 either or 与 neither nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here,there 引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：Either you or she is to go.不是你去，就是她去。Here is a pen,a few envelops and some paper for you.给你笔、信封和纸。3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语有 with,t
5、ogether with,like,except,but,no less than,as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂。He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。4.谓语需用单数的情况 1）代词 each 以及由 every,some,no,any 等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有 each,every 时,谓语需用单数。例如：Each of us h
6、as a tape-recorder.我们每人都有录音机。There is something wrong with my watch.我的表坏了。2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.用三个星期来做准备。Ten
7、 Yuan is enough.十元够了。5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1）代词 what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all 等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：All is right.一切顺利。All are present.人都到齐了。2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如 family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee 等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：His family isnt very large.他家成员
8、不多。His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词 people,police,cattle,poultry 等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：Are there any police around?附近有警察吗？3）有些名词，如 variety,number,population,proportion,majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：A number of+名词复数+复数动词。The number of+名词复数+单数动词。A number of books have lent out.The majority of the
9、 students like English.6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况 1）用 half of,most of,none of,heaps of,lots of,plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与 of 后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：Most of his money is spent on books.他大部分的钱化在书上了。Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分学生积极参与体育运动。2）用 a portion of,a series of,a pile of,a panel of 等
10、引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：A series of accidents has been reported.媒体报道了一连串的事故。A pile of lots was set beside the hearth.炉边有一堆木柴。3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由 more than of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。More than 60 percent of the students are from th
11、e city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。三.巩固练习（）1.The number of people invited _ fifty,but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A.were,was B.was,was C.was,were D.were,were（）2.E-mail,as well as telephones,_ an important part in daily communication.A.is playing B.have played C.are playing D.play（）3._ of the
12、 land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.A.Two fifth,is B.Two fifth,are C.Two fifths,is D.Two fifths,are（）4.Ten minutes _ a long time for one who waits.A.seem B.seems C.seemed D.are seemed（）5.Eric is the only one of the boys who _ a driving license.A.has B.have C.is having D.are having（
13、）6.Joy and Sorrow _ next-door neighbors.A.is B.are C.were D.be（）7.In my opinion,some of the news _ unbelievable.A.are B.is C.has been D.have been（）8.When _ the United Nations founded?A.is B.are C.was D.were（）9.Every possible means _ .A.has tried B.has been tried C.was tried D.were tried（）10.What she
14、 says and does _ nothing to do with me.A.was B.were C.has D.have（）11.There _ a dictionary and several books on the desk.A.are B.must C.have been D.is（）12.Nobody _ seen the film.Its a pity.A.but Tom and Jack have B.except Tom and Jack have C.but my friends has D.but I have（）13.No teacher and no stude
15、nt _ A.are admitted B.is admitted C.are admitting D.is admitting（）14.All but one _ here just now.A.is B.was C.has been D.were（）15.When and where to build the new factory _ yet.A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided（）16.The writer and singer _ here.A.is B.are C.were D
16、.do（）17.As I have a meeting at four,ten minutes _ all that I can spare to talk with you.A.are B.was C.is D.were（）18.In those days John with his classmates _ kept busy preparing for the exam.A.is B.are C.was D.were（）19._ your clothes?No,mine _ hanging over there.A.Is it,is B.Are these,are C.Is it,are
17、 D.Are these,is（）20.The Smiths family,which _ rather a large one,_ very fond of their old houses.A.were,were B.was,was C.were,was D.was,were（）21.What the teacher and the students want to say _ that either of the countries _ beautiful.A.are,are B.is,is C.are,is D.is,are（）22.He is the only one of the
18、students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.A.is B.are C.have been D.has been（）23._ of my brothers are reporters.Covering events,meetings,or sports meetings _ their duty.A.Each,are B.Both,is C.Neither,are D.None,is（）24.What do you think of the _ of the coat?Its rather high.You can buy a c
19、heaper one in that shop.A.value B.cost C.price D.use（）25.Are the two answers correct?No,_ correct.A.no one is B.both are not C.neither is D.either is not（）26.The wind,together with rain and fog,_ making sailing difficult.A.have been B.was C./D/are 四.答案 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.C 11.D 1
20、2.C 13.B 14.D 15.A 16.A 17.C 18.C 19.B 20.D 21.B 22.D 23.B 24.C 25.C 26.B 第二章 动词的时态 一.概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有 16 种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲 1.一般现在时的用法 1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every,sometimes,a
21、t,on Sunday。例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证
22、实了地球是圆的。4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I dont want so much.我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now.我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的 now 是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2.一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发
23、生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982 等。例如：Where did you go just now?刚才你上哪儿去了？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When I was a child,I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论
24、什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。It is time that sb.did sth.时间已迟了 早该了，例如 It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4）wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示
25、的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离
26、去）注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词 want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。例如：Did you want anything else?您还要些什么吗？I wondered if you could help me.能不能帮我一下。2）情态动词 could,would。例如：Could you lend me your bike?你的自行车，能借用一些吗？3.一般将来时 1）shall 用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：Which paragraph shall I read firs
27、t？我先读哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening?今晚七点回家好吗？2）be going to+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?明天打算作什么呢？b.计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。3）be+不定式表将
28、来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4）be about to+不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能与 tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。4.一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词 come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return 的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The
29、 train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star?It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）以 here,there 等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.车来了。There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：When Bill comes（不是 will come）,ask him to wait for me.比尔来
30、后，让他等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词 hope,take care that,make sure that 等的宾语从句中。例如：I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。5.用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词 come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,retur
31、n 等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：Im leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。Are you staying here till next week?你会在这儿呆到下周吗？6.现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has）+过去分词。7.比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一
32、般过去时的时间状语：yesterday,last week，ago,in1980,in October,just now 等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always 等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning,tonight,this April,now,already,recently,lately 等。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live,teach,learn,work
33、,study,know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married 等。例如：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了）Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）He has been in the League for three years.（在团内
34、的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years.（是团员的状态可持续）句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday,last,week,in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.8.用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first/second time.that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：It is th
35、e first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time（that）Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is+形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive（ever）seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。9.过去完成时 1）概念：表示过去的过去-|-|-|-其构成是 had+过去分词构
36、成。那时以前 那时 现在 2）用法 a.在 told,said,knew,heard,thought 等动词后的宾语从句。例如：She said（that）she had never been to Paris.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。c.表示意向的动词，如 hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose 等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能
37、。例如：We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。3）过去完成时的时间状语 before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as。例如：He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。Tom was disappointed th
38、at most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。10.用一般过去时代替过去完成时 1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用 then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：Wh
39、en I heard the news,I was very excited.3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.11.将来完成时 1）构成 will have done 2）概念 a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如
40、：You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达上海了 12 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法：a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin 等。例如：The le
41、aves are turning red.叶子在变红。Its getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了。d.与 always,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。13.过去进行时 1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。3）常用的时间状语有 this morning,the whole morning,all day
42、yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,when,while 等。例如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。It was raining when they left the station.他们离开车站时，正下着雨。When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。14.将来进行时 1）概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的
43、事情。例如：Shell be coming soon.她会很快来的。Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.将来我一定去见他。注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 Ill be having a talk with her.2）常用的时间状语有 soon,tomorrow,this evening，on Sunday,by this time，tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening 等。例如：By this time tomorrow,Ill be lying on the beach.明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢
44、。15.一般现在时代替一般将来时 When,while,before,after,till,once,as soon as,so long as,by the time,if,in case（that）,unless,even if,whether,the moment,the minute,the day,the year,immediately 等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。16.一般现在时代替一般过去时 1）书上
45、说，报纸上说等。例如：The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。2）叙述往事，使其生动。例如：Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了 17.一般现在时代替现在完成时 1）有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如 hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember 等。例如：I hear（=have heard）he will go
46、to London.我听说了他将去伦敦。I forget（=have forgotten）how old he is.我忘了他多大了。2）用句型 It is since代替It has been since。例如：It is（=has been）five years since we last met.从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。18.一般现在时代替现在进行时。在 Here comes/There goes等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：There goes the bell.铃响了。19.现在进行时代替将来时 1）表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：Are you st
47、aying with us this weekend?和我们一起度周末好吗?We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。2）渐变动词，如 get,run,grow,become,begin 以及瞬间动词 die 等。例如：He is dying.他要死了。20.时态一致 1）如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：At that time,people did not know that the earth moves.那时，人们不知道地球是动的。He told me last week that he is eighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。2）宾语从句
48、中的，助动词 ought,need,must,dare 的时态是不变的。例如：He thought that I need not tell you the truth.他认为我不必告诉你真相。三.巩固练习:1、I ll give the book to him as soon as he _ back.2、Has the baby _ crying yet?(stop)3、I don t know whether Mother _ me to Beijing next month.(take)4、She _ on her coat and went out.(put)5、“What are
49、they doing?”“They _ ready for the sports meeting.”(get)6、The boy asked his mother _him go and play basketball.(let)7、Im sorry to keep you _ for a long time.(wait)8、It _(take)him half an hour _(finish)his homework yesterday.9、If it _ an interesting film,well see it tomorrow.(be)10、They usually _(do)t
50、heir homework after supper.11、Listen!Who _(sing)in the next room now?12、_(be)your parents in Shanghai last year?13、Mr.Yu _(teach)us maths since 1982.14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _(not rain)tomorrow.15、Li Ming often _(listen)to the radio in the morning.16、A:“Father,may I go out an
51、d play football?”B:“_you _(do)your homework?”17、All the people in the town are glad _(hear)that a famous musician _ a concert this Saturday evening.(give)18、Our teacher told us if it _(not snow)we would visit the Science Museum the next day.19、They often _(play)football in the afternoon.20、A:Whatre
52、you doing Dad?B:I _(mend)the radio.21、Lets _(carry)the boxes to the house.22、Yesterday she _(want)very much to see the film,but she couldnt _(get)a ticket.23、I _(write)to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.24、Mike _(visit)several places since he came to Beijing.25、He _(write)four letters to his wife e
53、very month.26、Don t make any noise,Grandma _ (sleep).27、His aunt _(do)some cooking when he came in.28、When they _(reach)the station,the train had already left.29、There _(be)a meeting next Monday.30、We _(know)each other since our boyhood.31、Sometimes my father _(come)back home late.32、They _(have)an
54、English evening next week.33、Im very glad_(hear)that.34、Wei Fang isnt here.She _(go)to the reading-room.35、The story _(happen)long ago.36、They _(visit)the History Museum last week.37、Zhang Hong _(make)many friends since she came to Paris.38、She _(go)to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening
55、.39、Stay here,bag.Dont go out.It _(rain)now.40、Li Ping_(write)a composition every week.41、The scientist _(give)us a talk yesterday.42、My parents _(live)in Beijing since 1949.43、Look!The young worker_(show)the students around the factory now.44、They _(build)a new bridge over the river next year.45、Th
56、e students_(clean)their classroom tomorrow.46、The windows of our lab _(clean)once a week.47、Our teacher _(join)the party twenty years ago.48、The boys_(have)a basketball match now.Lets _(go)and _(watch).49、She_(work)in this factory for ten years.50、“What makes you _(think)Im a farmer?”the Frenchman a
57、sked.四.答案 es 2.stopped 3.will take 4.put 5.are getting 6.to let 7.waiting 8.took to finish 9.is 10.do 11.is singing 12.Was 13.has taught 14.doesnt rain 15.listens 16.Have done 17.to hear will give 18.didnt snow 19.play 20.am mending 21.carry 22.wanted,get 23.will write 24.has visited 25.writes 26.is
58、 sleeping 27.was doing 28.reached 29.will be 30.have known es 32.will have 33.to hear 34.has gone 35.happened 36.visited 37.has made 38.will go 39.is raining 40.writes 41.gave 42.have lived 43.is showing 44.will build 45.will clean 46.is cleaned 47.joined 48.are having,go watch 49.has worked think 第
59、三章 动词的语态 一.概念:动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词 be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.二.相关知识点精讲 1.let 的用法 1）当 let 后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带 to 的不定式。例如：They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。-The strange was let go.2）当 let 后宾补较长时，let 通常
60、不用被动语态，而用 allow 或 permit 代替。例如：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.那护士让我去探望住院的同学。-I was allowed/permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.2.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.我妹妹由奶奶照顾。Such a thing has never been heard of before.这样的事
61、闻所未闻。3.表示据说或相信 的词组，基本上由 believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand 等组成。例如：It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It is believed that 大家相信 It is hoped that 大家希望 It is well known that 众所周知 It is thought that 大家认为 It is suggested that 据建议 It is taken granted that 被
62、视为当然 It has been decided that 大家决定 It must be remember that 务必记住的是 4.不用被动语态的情况 1）不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如 appear,die disappear,end（vi.结束）,fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,break out,come true,fall asleep,keep silence,lose heart,take place 等没有无被动语态。例如：After the fire,very little remained of my house
63、.大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。比较：rise,fall,happen 是不及物动词；raise,seat 是及物动词。要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如 fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watch agree with,arrive at/in,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,walk into,bel
64、ong to 等。例如：This key just fits the lock.这把钥匙只配这把锁。Your story agrees with what had already been heard.你说的与我们听说的一致。3）系动词无被动语态，如 appear,be become,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn 等。例如：It sounds good.听上去不错。4）带同源宾语的及物动词如 die/death,dream/dream，live/life 等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能
65、用于被动语态。例如：She dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨晚做了个恶梦。5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：（对）She likes to swim.（错）To swim is liked by her.5.主动形式表示被动意义 1）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell 等。例如：The book sells well.这本书销路好。This knife cuts easily.这刀子很好用。2）blame,let（出租）,remain,keep,rent
66、,build 等。例如：I was to blame for the accident.事故发生了，我该受指责。Much work remains.还有许多活要干。3）在 need,require,want,worth（形容词）,deserve 后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：The door needs repairing.=The door needs to be repaired.门该修了。This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。4）特殊结构：make sb.heard/understood（使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：Explain it clear
67、ly and make yourself understood.解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。6.被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined,be pleased,be graduated（from）,be prepared（for）,be occupied（in）,get married 等。例如：He is graduated from a famous university.他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意：表示同某人结婚，用 marry sb.或 get married to sb.均可。例如：He married a rich girl.他与一个富妞结婚了。He got mar
68、ried to a rich girl.7.need/want/require/worth 当 need,want,require,be worth 后面接 doing 时，表示的是被动意义。例如：Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。The floor requires washing.地板需要冲洗。三.巩固练习 1.I_(teach)here for ten years since I finished school.2.Would you mind me _(use)your bike?3.The students of Class Two_(sweep)the
69、ir classroom now.4.The Whites_(not listen)to the radio at that time.5.Its better to give than_(receive).6.How long _you_(live)in this town?7.You _(come)here last year,_ you?8.-When _ you_(see)him?-I_(see)him last Sunday.9.She said that the car_(use)the next week.10.I didnt know what _(happen)to Chin
70、a in a century.11.When I got to the station,the train _ already _(leave).12.The stone bridge_(build)in our hometown for ten years.13.The desk must _(clean)once a day.14.The dog _(lie)on the floor when I came in.15.It _(rain)heavily when I got home.16.Her mother_(cook)at this time yesterday.17.The st
71、udents _(do)their homework._(not make)any noise!18.-_ you ever_(be)to Beijing?-Yes.I_(go)there last week.19.Hell telephone us as soon as he _(arrive)there.20.Jiefang trucks_(make)in Changchun.21.A pen is used for_(write).22.All that must _(do).23.My friend cant decide which pair of trousers_(choose)
72、.So she asked me to go shopping with her.24.They find it useful_(learn)English.25.The old man often_(tell)the children a story in the evening.This evening he _(tell)two stories.26.The radio_(use)once in a week in our class.It_(not use)yesterday because there was something wrong with it.27.Would plea
73、se tell us how_(make)the watch _(work)?28.She doesnt know what_(do)and where_(go).四.答案 1.have taught 2.using 3.are sweeping 4.werent listening 5.to receive 6.have lived 7.came didnt 8.did see,saw 9.would be used 10.would happen 11.had left 12.have been built 13.be cleaned 14.was lying 15.was raining
74、 16.was cooking 17.are doing,Dont make 18.have beeen,went 19.arrives 20.are made 21.writing 22.be done 23.to choose 24.to learn 25.tells,will tell第四章 动词的语气 一.概念 语气有三种:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法.二.相关知识点精讲 1.辨别 if 引导真实条件句和 if 引导的虚拟条件句的区别 If he has time,he will go with us.=Probably h
75、e has time and will go with us.If he had time,he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表 if 条件句中的谓与动词 主句的谓与动词 与现在的事实相反 1.行为动词用 did 形式 2.be 动词用 were should would could +动词原形 might 与过去的事实相反 had+done should would could +have+done might 与将来的事实相反 1.行为动词用 did 2.should+动词原形 3
76、.were to+动词原形 should would could +动词原形 might 3.混合时间的虚拟语气 如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。1)0If I had received the passport yesterday,I would start today.2)If he had telephoned me last night,I would see him now.3)If he had followed the doctors advice,he would be all right now.4)I
77、f China had not been liberated,the working people would still be leading a miserable life.4.should/could/might/ought to+have done 表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做”neednt have done 表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”5.虚拟语气中的倒装句 如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有 were,had,could,should，有时可将 if 省去，而将条件从句的主语置于 were,had,should,could 之后。Had you invited
78、us,we would have come to your party.Were I you,I would do more practice after class.Could she lend us a helping hand,she would do so.6.wish 后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气，表示“可惜；.就好了；悔不该；但愿。”主句谓语 从句谓语 wish 时态 谓语动词的形式 现在时 表示与 wish 同时发生 动词用过去时 be 动词用 were 过去时 表示在 wish 之前发生的动作 动词用 had done be 用 had been 将来时 表示在 wi
79、sh 之后发生的动作 动词用 would do;should do be 用 would be;should be 1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.2)I wish I were ten years younger.3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.7.表示命令或建议动词 suggest,insi
80、st,propose,desire,demand,request,order,command 后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟 should+动词原形；should 不可用 would 来替代;主句所使用的动词时态不限。8.suggest 为“建议去做;命令”从句用 should+do 为“说明；暗示”,从句用过去时或过去完成时。1)The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.2)The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
81、9.insist“坚持要去做，坚持应该去做”，从句用 should+do 为“坚持表明，坚持说/解释”，从句用过去时或过去完成时。10.虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句的主语通常是suggestion,proposal,request,order,idea 等。表语从句中的谓语动词是 should+动词原型，should 可以省略。11.在主语从句中，当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等，从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式。其谓语动词时 should+动词原型，或 should 省略。三.巩固练习 1.If there were no subjunct
82、ive mood,English _ much easier.A.will be B.would have been C.could have been D.would be 2.If I _ you,Id join the army.A.am B.was C.were D.would be 3.If he _ tomorrow,he would find Mr Wang in the office.A.comes B.will come C.should come D.come 4.If it _ next week,the crops would be saved.A.rains B.wi
83、ll rains C.would rain D.should rain 5.If I _ it,I would do it in a different way.A.were to do B.do C.had done D.was to do 6.Supposing the weather _ bad,where would you go?A.is B.will be C.were D.be 7.If he had worked harder,he _.A.would succeed B.had succeeded C.should succeed D.would have succeeded
84、 8.If he _,he _ that food.A.was warned;would not take B.had been warned;would not have taken C.would be warned;had not taken D.would have been warned;had not taken 9.If my lawyer _ here last Saturday,he _ me from going.A.had been;would have prevented B.had been;would prevent C.were;would prevent D.w
85、ere;would have prevented 10.If he _ it,he _ it.A.had seen;could have believed B.saw;couldnt believe C.saw;couldnt have believed D.has seen;had believed 11.Do you think the thief entered through the window?No,if he had,I dont believe,_ broken the living-rooms window.A.he would have B.he must have C.h
86、e had D.should he have 12.Did you go swimming last Sunday?No.We would have gone _ nicer.A.if the weather was B.would the weather have been C.had the weather been D.should the weather be 13._ it _ for your help,I couldnt have made any progress.A.Had;not been B.Should;not been C.Did;not been D.Not;bee
87、n 14._ today,he would get there by Friday.A.Would have left B.Was he leaving C.Were he to leave D.If he leaves 15.It is ordered that a new bridge _ over the wide river.A.should be built B.would built C.will be built D.built 四.答案 1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.A 第五章 助
88、动词 一.概念:助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.二.相关知识点精讲:1.助动词 be 的用法 1）be+现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important.英语现在越来越重要。2）be+过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：The window was broken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。3）
89、be+动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。We are to teach the freshmen.我们要教新生。说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b.表示命令。例如：You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见。例如：How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他？Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢
90、？d.表示相约、商定。例如：We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨 7 点在校门口集合。2.助动词 have 的用法 1）have+过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month,they had finished half of their work.上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）have+been+现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：I have been studying English for t
91、en years.我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have+been+过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。3.助动词 do 的用法 1）构成一般疑问句。例如：Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？Did you study German?你们学过德语吗？2）do+not 构成否定句。例如：I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。He doesnt like to study.他不想学习。In the
92、past,many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3）构成否定祈使句。例如：Dont go there.不要去那里。Dont be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用 do，不用 did 和 does。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.我确实想你。5）用于倒装句。例如：Never did I
93、 hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有 never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well 等。6）用作代动词。例如：-Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗？-Yes,I do.-是的，喜欢。（do 用作代动词，代替 like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car,d
94、oesnt he?他知道如何开车，对吧？4.助动词 shall 和 will 的用法 shall 和 will 作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说 shall 用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will 常用于第一人称，但 shall 只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:He shall come.他必须来。（shall 有
95、命令的意味。）He will come.他要来。（will 只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）5.助动词 should,would 的用法 1）should 无词义，只是 shall 的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较：What shall I do next week?I asked.我下周干什么？我问道。可以说，shall 变成间接引语时，变成了 should。2）would 也无词义，是 will 的过去形
96、式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：He said he would come.他说他要来。比较：I will go,he said.他说：我要去那儿。变成间接引语，就成了 He said he would come。原来的will 变成 would，go 变成了 come.。6.短语动词 动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：Turn off the radio.把收音机关上。（turn off 是短语动词）短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：1）动词+副词，如：black out；2）动词+介词，如：look into；3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forw
97、ard to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词 三.巩固练习 1.If it is fine tomorrow,we _ a football match.a.have b.will have c.has d.shall has2.When he was at school,he _ early and take a walk before breakfast.a.will rise b.shall rise b.should rise would rise3.In the past 30 years China _ great advances in the socialist rev
98、olution and socialist construction.a.has made b.have made c.had made d.having made4.I _ go to bed until I _ finished my work.a.dont/had b.didnt/have c.didnt/had d.dont/have5._ you think he _ back by dinner time?a.Do/have come b.Did/will have come c.Does/will come d.Do/will have come6.He said that he
99、 dropped his bag when he _ for the bus.a.was runing b.was running c.were running d.is running7.No sooner _ he arrived home than he _ to start on another journey.a.has/was asked b.have/were asked c.had/is asked d.had/was asked8.“_ you give me a room for the night?”I asked on arriving at the hotel.a.S
100、hould b.Can c.Might d.May9.There are nine of them,so _ get into the car at the same time.a.they may not at all b.all they may not c.they cant all d.all they cant10.“We didnt see him at the lecture yesterday.”“He _ it.”a.mustnt attend b.cannot have attended c.would have not attended d.neednt have att
101、ended11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph,dont you?”“No,officer.I _.This car cant do more than 80.”a.didnt need to be b.may not have been c.couldnt have been d.neednt have been12.he was a good runner so he _ escape from the police.a.might b.succeeded to c.would d.was able to13.If they _,
102、our plan will fall flat.a.are co-operating b.had not co-operated c.wont co-operate d.didnt co-operate14.I hoped _ my letter.a.her to answer b.that she would answer c.that she answers d.her answering15.He _ live in the country than in the city.a.prefers b.likes to c.had better d.would rather16._ to s
103、ee a film with us today?a.Did you like b.Would you like c.Will you like d.Have you liked17.Im sorry,but I had no alternative.I simply _ what I did.a.must do b.had to do c.ought to have done d.have to do18.“Time is running out,_?”a.hadnt we better got start b.hadnt we better get startc.hadnt we bette
104、r get started d.hadnt we better not started19.No one _ that to his face.a.dares say b.dares saying c.dare say d.dare to say20.The students in the classroom _ not to make so much noise.a.need b.ought c.must d.dare21.You _ last week if you were really serious about your work.a.ought to come b.ought to
105、 be coming c.ought have come d.ought to have come22.The elephants ought _ hours ago by the keepers.a.to be fed b.to feed c.to being fed d.to have been fed23.“I wonder why theyre late.”“They _ the train.”a.can have missed b.could miss c.may have missed d.might miss24.“Tom graduated from college at a
106、very young age.”“He _ have been an outstanding student.”a.must b.could c.should d.might25.You _ the examination again since you had already passed it.a.neednt have taken b.didnt need to take c.neednt take d.mustnt take26.He is really incompetent!The letter _ yesterday.a.should be finished typing b.m
107、ust be finished typingc.must have finished typing c.should have been finished typing27.The boy told his father that he would rather _ an astronaut.a.become b.to become c.becoming d.became28.When we reached the station,the train had still not arrived;so we _.a.needed not to hurry b.neednt have hurrie
108、d c.need not to have hurried d.didnt need to hurry29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_ you like to have dinner with us tonight?a.will b.wont c.wouldnt d.do30.He was afraid what he had done _ a disastrous effect on his career.a.might have b.could be c.have been d.shall be四.答案
109、1-10 BDACDBDBCB 11-20 CDCBDBBCCB 21-30 DDCABDABCA第六章 情态动词 一.概念:情态动词是表示能力,义务,必须,猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.二.相关知识点精讲:1can 1)表能力 can 表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。I can climb this pole.我能爬这根杆子。He is only four,but he can read.他只有 4 岁，但已认得字了。Fire cant destroy gold.火烧不毁金子。因为 can 不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用 will be able to
110、You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。2)表可能性 多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。Can the news be true?这消息可能是真的吗？It cant be true.它不可能是真的。What can he possibly mean?他可能是什么意思？can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性（一时的可能）。A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.Attending th
111、e ball can be very exciting.The road can be blocked.这条路可能会不通的。may 在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。The road may be blocked.这条路可能不通了。3)表示允许（和 may 意思相近）常见于口语。Can(May)I come in?我能进来吗？Can I smoke here?我可以在这里抽烟吗？2.could 的用法 1)表过去的可能和许可，（多用于间接引语中）At that time we thought the story could not be true.那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。Father sa
112、id I could swim in the river.爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。2)表过去的能力 I could swim when I was only six.我刚六岁就能游泳。Could 在肯定句中表示过去的能力时，常表抽象的一般的能力。He could be very naughty when he was a child.他小时候会是很顽皮的。3)表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法 Could I use your bike?Yes,you can.他会记得那时吗?Im afraid I couldnt give you an answer today.恐怕我今天不能回
113、答你。The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.老师说你可以去商店买糖。3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。could 加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。Can they have won the basketball match？他们赢了那场篮球赛吗？What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。You could have completed the
114、 task a little earlier.你本来能早点完成任务的。（但事实上并没有提前完成任务）I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用 be able to.He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。Can 表示一贯的能力，be able to 表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力 I can
115、t swim.But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.The fire spread through the hotel,but everyone was able to get out When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank 3.may 的用法 1)表示请求、可以、允许。You may drive the tractor.你可以开那台拖拉机。2)当回答由 may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用 must not,表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”。Ma
116、y I come in?Yes,you may.No,you cant No,you may not.No,you mustnt No,youd better not.3)may/might 推测性用法 可能 He may be right.He may not come today (可能不)He may/might come tomorrow.,注意:1 只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。2 might 比 may 可能性更小 He might get a job.He may get a job.3 may no 可能不 can not 不可能 He may not come He
117、cant come 3)表建议（可和 as well 连用）You may（might）as well stay where you are.你还是原地待着好。（may as well 有“还是的好”的含义）4)表祝愿 May you be happy!might 1)表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。She said that he might take her dictionary.她说他可以拿她的词典去用。除在间接引语中外，might 一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”。表过去的“可能”可用 could，表过去的“许可”可用 were(was)allowed to。2)表现在的“
118、可能”，其可能性要比 may 小。Electric irons could be dangerous;they might give you a severe shock.电熨斗会有危险，它可能电着人。3)may(might)+have+done 表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。It may have been true.这事也许是真的。He might not have settled the question.他可能尚未解决那个问题。4.must 的主要用法。1)表示必须、必要 We must do everything step by step.我们必须按部就班
119、地做一切事情。Why must you always bother me?为什么你偏要打扰我呢。2)must be+表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）He must be an honest boy.他一定是个诚实的男孩。This must be your room.这一定是你的房间。3)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由 must 引起的问题时，否定答复要用 neednt 或 dont have to 表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用 must not。Must I go tomorrow?明天我
120、必须去吗？Yes,please.是的，请吧！No,you neednt.不，你不必去。4)must+have+过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用 can。She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。5.have to 的含义与 must 是很接近的,只是 have to 比较强调客观需要，must 着重说明主观看法。I must clean the room.（主观想法）I have to clean the room.（客观需要）另外，have to 能用于更多时态：We h
121、ad to be there at ten.我们得在十点钟到那里。We will have to reconsider the whole thing.这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。have to 的否定式：dont have to do 表示“不必做”之意。6.ought to 的用法 Ought to 后接动词原形，表义务，但不及 must 那样具有信心，如：You dont look well.You ought to go to see the doctor.你气色不好，应该去看病。Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为 oughtnt，如：You oughtnt to s
122、moke so much.你不应该抽这么多烟。也可以用于疑问句，如：Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗？Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：He said you ought to tell the police.他说你应该去报告警察。7.shall 的用法 1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见，如：What shall I wear on the journey?我路上穿什么好呢？Shall we dance?我们跳舞好吗？2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，威胁（现已少见），如：She shall get her share
123、.她可以得到她的一份。You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。情态动词 should 一般不应被认为是情态动词 shall 的过去式，主要用法有：1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，如：What should we do now?我们现在该怎么办？2)表示应该、必须，常与 must 换用。例如：We should(must)master a foreign language at least.我们应当至少掌握一门外语。3)“should+be+表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。例如：They should be back by no
124、w.他们现在应该回来了吧。I am sorry that she should be so careless.我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。4)“should+have+过去分词”的结构，表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为；其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have+过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意，语气较强。例如：I should have thought of that.这一点我是应当想到的。（但没想到）They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。（但已走了）5)在“It is natural(str
125、ange,natural,necessary,surprised,impossible,important)that”句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用 should+动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思。在 lest（以免）、for fear(that)(以防)、in case（以备万一）等之后也要用 should+动词原形;在advise,sugest,order,demand,request 等的从句中 should+do”例如：It is necessary that he(should)be sent there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。It
126、 is strange that he should say so.他会说这样的话真是奇怪。Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.我们马上走吧，以免赶不上火车。8.will 和 would 的用法 1）表示意志，决心或愿望。例如：Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。He would not let me try it.他不肯让我去试。2）will 表示经常性、习惯
127、性、倾向性，would 表示过去的习惯行为。He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.他在北京时，常来看望我。3）用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would 的语气比 will 委碗 Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station?请问到火车站怎么走？4）表可能性 This will be the bo
128、ok you are looking for.这可能就是你要找的书。She eould be about 60 when she died.他死时大概 60 岁。9.need 和 dare 的用法 情态动词 need 实义动词 need 现 You need(not)do You(dont)need to do 在 时 He need(not)do He needs(doesnt need)to do 过 You needed(didnt need)to do 去 时 He needed(didnt need)to do 将 You need(not)do You will(not)need
129、to do 来 时 He need(not)do He will(not)need to do 句型 时态 动词 情态动词 dare 实义动词 dare 肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do 过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do 否定句 现在时 darent/dare not do do/does not dare(to)do 过去时 dared not do did not dare(to)do 疑问句 现在时 Dare he do?Do you/Does he dear(to)do?过去时 Dared he do?Did he dare(t
130、o)do neednt have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。例如：You neednt have waken me up;I dont have to go to work today 10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句 He must/may be in the room,isnt he?He cant be in the room,is he？He must have finished the work,hasnt he?He may have done the work last night,didnt he?：情态动词+行为动词进行式 情态动词+
131、行为动词进行式（即情态动词+be+v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：1）He must be playing basketball in the room.2）She may be staying at home.11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式 情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+have been+v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.2）He may/might have been buying stam
132、ps in the post office when you saw him.12.used to+v,be used to+v-ing 和 be used to+v （1）used to+v 意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to+v-ing/n（名词）意为“习惯于”；be used to+v 意为“被用来（做某事）”。（2）used to 只表示过去，而 be used to+v-ing/n 可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：1）He used to smoke.Now he doesnt.2）Hes quite used to hard work/working hard.3）
133、The knife is used to cut bread.13用作情态动词的其他短语 would rather,would sooner,would(just)as soon,had rather,had better,had sooner,can not but,may(just)as well 等可用作情态动词。例如：1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.3）Id rather walk than take
134、 a bus.4）If you dont like to swim,you may just as well stay at home.注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would(had)rather,would(had)sooner,would(just)as soon后可跟 that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：1）I would rather you came on Sunday.2）I would sooner you hadnt asked me to speak yesterday.三.巩固练习:1.
135、_ you ready?(A)Are(B)Have(C)Will (D)Can 2._ here early?(A)Will he (B)Was he (C)Did he be (D)Were he 3.I _ happy about the price of eggs.(A)amt (B)am not (C)do not (D)wont 4.Since last year I_ him only once.(A)have seen (B)have been seeing (C)see (D)was seeing 5.Donald _ sixteen tomorrow.(A)is being
136、(B)going to be (C)shall be (D)will be 6.I _ the story at all.(A)dont like (B)like(C)am fond of(D)would like 7.I would rather _ than play now.(A)to study (B)am studying (C)study(D)studied 8.Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being.(A)do (B)didnt do(C)dont (D)didnt 9.The car_much money.(A)
137、not cost(B)not have cost(C)isnt cost(D)didnt cost 10.I _ like to eat fish.(A)am (B)have (C)do(D)be 11._ repeat the question?(A)Shall I(B)Will I (C)Would you like that I(D)Do you want that I 12.My teacher knows more than _.(A)my uncle knows(B)my uncle does (C)they know (D)they dont know 13.He_to meet
138、 us at the station,but didnt see us.(A)did go (B)did went (C)goes (D)had 14.Not only _us light.(A)does the sun give (B)the sun gives (C)gives the sun (D)the sun does give 15._ you tell me what has happened?(A)May (B)Must (C)Can (D)Could 16.Anne_tomorrow.(A)can sing (B)can to sing (C)is going sing (D
139、)going to sing 17.You_hand it in at once,you may hand it in tomorrow.(A)neednt (B)may not (C)cant (D)must not 18.Tell the boy that he _ in the river.(A)swims (B)swim (C)swimming (D)to swim 19.Joan_play on Saturday.(A)going to (B)can (C)is going (D)can to 20.Susan and I can go to the lecture _.(A)but neither can Charles (B)and so Charies can (C)but Charles cant (D)and Charles also can 四.答案 1.(A)2,(B)3.(B)4.(A)5,(D)6,(A)7.(C)8.(B)9.(9)10,(C)11.(A)12.(B)13.(A)14.(A)15.(D)16.(A)17.(A)18.(B)19.(B)20,(C)
