1、小学语法精讲精练 专题15 句子成分思考引入老师,什么是句子成分呀?句子就好比我们的身体,而句子成分就相当于我们身体的各个器官,把各个成分认全了、放对了才能组合成一个漂亮的句子。那您快给我们讲讲吧!别急别急,老师今天就来给你们好好讲讲句子的各个器官。知识概览知识精讲一、主语1.主语是句子所要说明或描述的人或物，是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首。I drink a glass of milk every morning.我每天早上都喝一杯牛奶。是I(我)发出drink(喝)的动作，所以I是主语。2.主语一般由具有名词性的单词、短语、句子充当。(1)名词(短语)Beijing has a long
2、history.北京历史悠久。(2)代词She is my mother.她是我的妈妈。(3)数词Nine is my lucky number.九是我的幸运数字。(4)动名词(短语)Smoking is a bad habit.吸烟是一个坏习惯。(5)句子What he likes is to play with his friends.他喜欢的是和朋友们一起玩耍。热身小练找一找。请你找出下列句子的主语，并写在横线上。1.My birthday is on April 4th. 主语：_2.I can show you my English book. 主语：_答案：1.My birthda
3、y 2.I二、谓语1.谓语用来说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，位于主语之后。I walk to school every day.我每天都走路上学。walk(走)是主语I进行的动作，所以walk是谓语。2.谓语一般由具有动词性的单词、短语充当，与主语的人称和数保持一致。(1)动词My sister likes eating candies.我的妹妹喜欢吃糖。由于主语My sister(我的妹妹)是第三人称，所以谓语likes(喜欢)用第三人称单数形式。(2)助动词+动词原形I will do my homework after dinner.我晚饭后去写家庭作业。(3)情态动词+动词原形I
4、can play the piano.我会弹钢琴。(4)动词短语I get up early every day.我每天都早起。(5)系表结构They are Chinese.他们是中国人。热身小练找一找。请你找出下列句子的谓语，并写在横线上。1.I want to buy a postcard.谓语：_2.He can speak Chinese very well.谓语：_答案：1.want 2.can speak三、表语1.表语用来说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份等，是谓语的一部分。位于系动词之后，有系动词才会有表语。He is a teacher.他是一名老师。a teacher(一名
5、老师)说明了主语He(他)的身份，且位于系动词is(是)之后，所以a teacher是表语。2.表语一般由具有名词性或形容词性的单词、短语、句子充当。(1)名词(短语)My name is Li Ming.我的名字叫李明。(2)代词This pencil box is mine.这个文具盒是我的。(3)数词Eight and two is ten.8加2等于10。(4)形容词(短语)My room is clean and tidy.我的房间干净又整洁。(5)副词(短语)My father is here.我的爸爸在这儿。(6)介词短语They are from China.他们来自中国。(7
6、)动词不定式或动名词(短语)Our plan is to climb the mountain.我们的计划是去爬山。Her job is selling clothes.她的工作是卖衣服。(8)句子This is what we should do.这是我们应该做的。热身小练找一找。请你找出下列句子的表语，并写在横线上。1.Lisa and Tom are my cousins.表语：_2. The little boys mother is on the phone.表语：_答案：1.my cousins 2.on the phone四、宾语1.宾语是动作、行为的对象或承受者，位于及物动词或
7、介词之后。I like hamburgers.我喜欢汉堡。like是1发出的动作，hamburgers(汉堡)是动作承受的对象，所以它是宾语。2.宾语一般由具有名词性的单词、短语、句子充当。(1)名词(短语)We like Miss Lin.我们喜欢林老师。(2)代词He often helps me.他经常帮助我。(3)数词If you need help, you can call 110.如果你需要帮助，你可以拔打110。(4)动词不定式或动名词(短语)I decided to go fishing.我决定去钓鱼。I enjoy reading books.我喜欢看书。(5)句子I do
8、nt know what happened to him.我不知道他出什么事了。热身小练找一找。请你找出下列句子的宾语，并写在横线上。1.I dont have any cake. 宾语：_2.He likes doing kungfu. 宾语：_答案：1.any cake 2.doing kung fu五、宾语补足语1.宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明，使宾语意思更完整，位于宾语之后。My little dog always makes me happy.我的小狗总是令我很开心。如果把happy(开心的)去掉，我们就会发现句子My little dog always makes me(我的小狗总
9、是今我)意思不完整，所以必须加上宾语补足语happy。2.宾语补足语一般由具有形容词性或名词性的单词、短语充当。(1)形容词(短语)I find learning English difficult.我发现学英语很难。(2)名词(短语)They call me Lily.他们都叫我莉莉。(3)副词(短语)An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一苹果，医生远离我。(4)现在分词(短语)I saw a little girl crying.我看见一个小女孩在哭。(5)动词不定式(短语)I cant get him to talk.我无法让他开口。(6)介词短
10、语They put the book into Chinese.他们把这本书翻译成了中文。热身小练找一找。请你找出下列句子的宾语补足语，并写在横线上。1. Dad and I wanted to make her happy. 宾语补足语：_2.Papa is going to buy you a looking glass. 宾语补足语：_答案：1.happy 2.a looking glass六、定语1.定语用来修饰、限定或说明句中名词或代词的特征或品质。通常形容词、数词、名词、代词作定语时，要放在被修饰词之前；副词作定语时，要放在被修饰词之后。Her new dress is beaut
11、iful.她的新裙子真漂亮。new(新的)在这句活中的作用是修饰名词dress(裙子),所以它是一个定语。2.定语一般由具有形容词性或名词性的单词、短语或句子充当。(1)形容词(短语)He is a good student.他是一个好学生。(2)名词(短语)I want to be a bus driver.我想当一名公交车司机。(3)代词His English is better than mine.他的英语比我好。(4)数词I have two brothers.我有两个兄弟。(5)副词(短语)People there are friendly to us.那里的人对我们很友好。(6)句
12、子He is the man who lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。热身小练找一找。请你找出下列句子中的定语，并写在横线上。1.Today is a sunny day. 定语：_2.I want to buy the new film magazine. 定语：_答案：1.sunny 2.new film七、状语1.状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子，一般表示动作、行为发生的时间、地点、方式、程度等意义。I rode a bike last weekend.我上周末骑了自行车。last weekend(上周末)是时间状语，表明了rode a bike(骑车)的时间
13、。2.状语一般由副词(短语)、名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)、介词短语、句子等充当。(1)副词(短语)He speaks English very well.他英语说得很好。(2)名词(短语)We are not going to be here Saturday.我们星期六将不在这儿了。(3)动词不定式(短语)Lets go out to play!我们出去玩吧!(4)介词短语I like to play basketball with my friends.我喜欢和我的朋友们一起打篮球。(5)句子When he was young, he lived in a small village
14、.他年轻时住在一个小村庄里。热身小练找一找。请你找出下列句子中的状语，并写在横线上。1.In summer, I can go swimming.状语：_2.I look it up on the Internet.状语：_答案：1.In summer 2.on the Internet知识精练一、单项选择( )1The students will have a three-day holiday soon.A定语B宾语C状语D表语( )2If you feel unhappy, you can ask your parents or teachers for help.A表语B状语C宾语D主
15、语( )3I have had the dictionary for many years.A状语B表语C定语D谓语( )4Excuse me. Are there any restrooms near here?A定语B主语C表语D宾语( )5Jims father bought him a schoolbag on his birthday.A表语B直接宾语C间接宾语D主语( )6My parents will be let down when they hear you cant come to the party.A状语B补语C表语D定语( )7The boy felt excited
16、 because his team won the football game.A状语B补语C表语D定语( )8Jenny is one of the liveliest girls in our group.A状语B补语C表语D定语( )9There is no one singing in the classroom.A表语B主语C宾语D状语( )10He ran out of his money so he went to find a new job.A宾语B谓语C主语D表语( )11With his left hand, he bandaged himself so that he
17、would not lose too much blood.A宾语B表语C状语D定语( )12It is impossible to finish the work on time.A谓语B宾语C主语D状语( )13It has four big legs.A表语B宾语C宾补D定语( )14Do you usually go to school by bus?A定语B状语C宾语D宾补( )15The family are making zongzi.A谓语B主语C状语D表语( )16His friend Bob is smart.A宾语B表语C定语D状语( )17While the boy w
18、as cooking, it started raining suddenly.A谓语B宾语C表语D状语( )18Family members should share the housework to have a clean and comfortable home.A主语B表语C定语D状语( )19Elephants are smart animals.A表语B状语C宾语D定语( )20Parents and schools make rules to help us.A主语B表语C状语D谓语( )21Li hua often helps her mother make breakfas
19、t.A主语B状语C宾语D表语( )22My mother cooks delicious lunch every day no matter how busy she is.A代词B动词C名词( )23This is a 30-page book. 划线部分在句中作 _。A表语B定语C宾语( )24In the face of COVID-19, countries all over the world have to take action to fight against the crisis. 划线部分在句中作_。A定语B宾语补足语C状语二、写出下面句子中每个划线的部分在本句中的句子成分
20、。25My mother will get angry if I get up late tomorrow._26My dad gave me a bike last week._27His funny story made me laugh for a long time yesterday._写出下面句子中每个划线的部分在本句中的句子成分。28Thomashasa black dog. 29Hissister isin the room. 30Lindascousineatstwo bananasevery morning.写出下面句子中每个划线的部分在本句中的句子成分。31The ide
21、a sounds interesting.32My classmate saw our English teacher in the street yesterday.33Who bought the interesting book last week?请写出下面划线部分的句子成分。34Nobody answered the question, the teacher was very angry.35He stayed with us for another five days.请把下列句子中划线单词所担任的句子成分写在后面的横线上。36My grandfather often exerc
22、ises in the morning. _37Does your father often drive his car to work? _38Thats a funny time for lunch._答案：1A2B3D4B5C6A7C8D9B10A11C12C13D14B15A16B17D18C19D20D21C22B23B24C25定语；谓语；表语；状语 26谓语；宾语；宾语 27谓语；宾语；宾语补足语28主语；谓语；宾语 29定语；谓语；表语 30定语；谓语；宾语31主语；谓语；表语 32主语；谓语；宾语；状语 33主语；谓语；状语34宾语 35谓语36谓语 37宾语 38定语记忆口诀句子成分主谓宾表定状补,七大成分纪清楚。基本成分有五个,主谓宾表和宾补。修饰成分只有俩,定状兄弟是一家。
