1、Module 1 EuropeGrammar语法精讲探究学习一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态及主谓一致【情境探究】观察上面对话,并用动词的适当形式填空。The painting which _(paint)by him in 1980 _(be)worth$4,000 now.was paintedis【要义详析】一、一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态被动语态表示句中的主语是谓语动作的承受者。谓语动词用作被动语态的句子叫做被动句。1.构成:一般现在时的被动语态is/am/are+过去分词一般过去时的被动语态was/were+过去分词*(2018天津高考)The global population
2、 is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050.全世界人口到2050年预计达到96亿。*(2020江苏高考)The public health emergency response was lowered to Level 2 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.京津冀地区公共卫生应急响应降为二级。2.主动语态变被动语态应注意:(1)有些动词,如feel,hear,watch,notice,make等,在主动语态中接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,但在被动语态中要用带to的不定式。*The teacher made me
3、 go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom(by the teacher).老师让我从教室里出去。(2)动词短语,如look after,take care of等用于被动语态中时,要保留介词或副词。*Now the old couple are taken good care of by the local government.现在这对老夫妇被当地政府照顾得很好。3.被动语态常用下列情况:(1)强调动作的承受者(有时用 by 短语来强调动作的执行者)。This work must be done by you
4、,and not by me.这件工作必须由你做,而不是我来做。(2)不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。Every year a lot of people are killed in the traffic accidents.每年都有许多人死于交通事故。(3)为了表示委婉或礼貌,避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己。You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8:00 p.m.tomorrow.敬请您明天晚上8:00参加我们的英语晚会。(4)动作的执行者是无生命的事物。The famous museum was practical
5、ly ruined by the big fire.大火使这家著名的博物馆几乎全部毁坏。(5)使句子连接自然或更加简洁、匀称。The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received.这位老教授做了一个有关美国历史的讲座,受到大家的热烈欢迎。4.下列情况不用被动语态:(1)有些动词或动词短语没有被动语态,如belong to,break out,happen,take place,last,fail,cost等。*Its hard to say whether tomatoes belong to ve
6、getables or fruit.很难说西红柿属于蔬菜还是水果。(2)有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义以说明主语的性质,如clean,sell,lock,open,write,read,wash等,此时多与副词easily/poorly/well等连用。*This kind of cloth washes easily and lasts long.这种布料很容易洗,并且耐穿。(3)表示感官的连系动词,如look,smell,taste,feel,sound等,不用被动语态,后常跟形容词作表语,表示主语的特征。*The food tastes delicious.这食物尝起来美味可口。(4)动
7、词need,require,want,deserve等后跟-ing形式,表示被动意义。此时-ing形式相当于to be done。*The door needs repairing.=The door needs to be repaired.这扇门需要修理。【知识延伸】need,require,want,deserve的主语与这四个动词后面的动词是主动关系,就用动词不定式的主动式,如果是被动关系,就用动词的-ing形式或动词不定式的被动式。例如:*The patient needs to have a good rest.病人需要好好休息。*The patient needs examini
8、ng/to be examined by the doctor.病人需要接受医生的检查。【即学活用】语法填空。(1)(2018北京高考)Their findings _(publish)in Current Biologyin 2017.(2)The researchers _(provide)with the latest equipment now.(3)Food production will need _(raise)by 50 percent.were publishedare providedraising/to be raised二、主谓一致 在英语句子里,谓语动词必须和主语在人
9、称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。主谓一致大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。1.语法一致原则。语法一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。(1)单数名词或代词、单个动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。*(2019江苏高考)Yet walking upright has its disadvantage.然而,直立行走也有缺点。*Whether he has signed the contract or not doesnt matter.他是否在合同上签了字是无关紧要的。(2)由连接词and或both.and.连接的主语后面,一
10、般要用复数形式的谓语动词。*Mr Brown and his two sons are going to attend the TV program.布朗先生和他的两个儿子打算参加这个电视节目。(3)当主语后面跟有with,along with,together with,as well as,including,but,in addition to 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致。*Tom,along with his friends,goes skating every Saturday.每个星期六,汤姆都和他的朋友们一起去滑冰。(4)either,neither,each
11、,every或no+单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词都用单数。*We went to see a couple of houses,but neither was suitable.我们去看了两处房子,但都不合适。*Is there anything wrong with your bike?你的自行车有什么毛病吗?2.意义一致原则。意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致。(1)集合名词作主语时,谓语动词的数要根据主语的意义来决定。谓语动词用复数形式时强调个体,用单数时强调整体。这些词有family,class,crowd,committ
12、ee,band,audience,government,group,team等。*The class is made up of 50 students.这个班是由50名学生组成的。*The class are interested in Mr Smiths teaching.这个班的学生对史密斯先生的教学感兴趣。(2)当主语是“most/some/half/the rest/分数/百分数+of+名词”时,如果of后面的名词表示单数概念或为不可数名词,则谓语动词用单数形式;如果of后面的名词表示复数概念,则谓语动词用复数形式。*Half of the students have finishe
13、d their composition.一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。(3)表示金钱、时间、距离、长度、体积、面积、重量、价格等的名词或名词短语作主语时,通常把这些名词(短语)看作一个整体,谓语动词一般用单数。*Thirty years is not a long time.三十年不是很长的时间。(4)many a 或 more than one+n.作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。*Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.许多男孩还不会认字就学习游泳。(5)“定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,谓语动词用复数;表示某一类事物时,谓
14、语动词常用单数。*The injured were saved after the fire.大火后伤员被救了。3.就近原则。就近原则就是谓语动词在人称和数上与最近的主语保持一致。(1)由or,either.or.,neither.nor.或not only.but also.等连接的并列主语,通常使用就近原则。这一原则也适用于疑问句。*Neither you nor he was allowed to go out at night.你和他都不被允许晚上外出。*Not only the students but also the teacher wants to go climbing.学生
15、们和老师都想去爬山。(2)there,here引导的句子,其主语是一系列事物时,使用就近原则。*Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。【易错精点】(1)当and连接的两个名词表示同一个人,或表示一副刀叉时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:*A writer and singer is buying a knife and fork which is worth$500.一名作家兼歌手正在买价值500美元的一副刀叉。(2)a piece of/pieces of,a pile of/piles of,a ton of/ton
16、s of,a great amount of/amounts of等后面接名词作主语时,谓语动词与piece,pile,ton,amount一致。例如:There is a pile of books on the desk.桌子上有一摞书。(3)定语从句中的主谓一致。当关系代词作主语时,要根据先行词来确定定语从句中的谓语。例如:*Dont put the books which belong to Li Ming on the desk which is covered with water.不要把李明的书放在有水的桌子上。【即学活用】(1)用所给动词的适当形式填空。The desk alo
17、ng with the chair _(put)in another room.Washing clothes is(be)what my mother _(do)every day.The police _(be)helping the doctors carry the injured onto the ambulance.(2)改错。(2018全国卷)The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks,and mistakes as well.()was putdoesareincl
18、ude改为 includes课时检测素养达标.用所给动词的适当形式填空1.Quantities of trees _(plant)in China every year,but they are still not enough.2.The Great Wall _(build)thousands of years ago.3.You have to be 18 years old before you _(allow)to drive a car.4.Last year a large number of trees _(cut)down.5.The students _ often _(t
19、ell)to take care of their desks and chairs.are plantedwas builtare allowedwere cutaretold6.The knives _(make)of metal and wood.7.The room _(clean)by me every day.8.This kind of shoes _(sell)well.9.The food _(smell)delicious.are madeis cleanedsellssmells.句型转换(主动语态变为被动语态)1.Bruce writes a letter every
20、week._2.This factory produces machine tools._3.They often make fun of her._4.Everyone respects her._A letter is written by Bruce every week.Machine tools are produced in this factory.She is often made fun of by them.She is respected by everyone.5.He bought his children some pens._6.Do you wash your
21、clothes very often?_7.Most people in the USA speak English._8.People listen to this programme in many countries._Some pens were bought for his children by him.Are your clothes washed very often?English is spoken by most people in the USA.This programme is listened to in many countries.9.People speak
22、 English in many countries._10.His mother gave him a present for his birthday._English is spoken in many countries.He was given a present for his birthday(by his mother).【语法主题应用】运用本模块语法知识完成下列语段翻译。1.每周六下午我们班级都会举行一个有关如何学好英语的讨论会。(hold)2.上周的讨论会上陈老师就如何记单词给我们提出了很好的建议。(give)3.这周的讨论主题是如何学好英语语法。4.诚恳地邀请您能参加并期
23、待您给出一些建议。(invite,expect)A discussion about how to learn English well is held in our class every Saturday afternoon.We were given useful advice by Mr Chen on how to remember words at the seminar last week.The topic of discussion this week is how to learn English grammar well.You are sincerely invited to attend and expected to give us some suggestions.
