1、第1讲动词的时态、语态和主谓一致考点1动词的时态一、一般时态1. 一般现在时(1)一般现在时的构成一般现在时由动词原形或动词第三人称单数构成。动词be的第一人称单数形式用am，第三人称单数形式用is，其他人称形式均用are。动词have的第三人称单数形式用has。实义动词的第三人称单数形式的变化规则见下表：变化规则例词一般情况在词尾直接加shatehates以s，x，sh，ch或o结尾的动词，在词尾加esdiscussdiscusseswashwashesteachteachesfixfixesgogoes以“辅音字母y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加escarrycarriesstudystudi
2、es(2)一般现在时的用法表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, frequently, constantly, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。The Spring Festival plays a major role in the lives of Chinese people，so various activities are necessary for adding a fla
3、vour to the festival.春节在中国人的生活中起着重要的作用，因此为增添节日气氛而进行的各种活动也必不可少。Chris often goes to work by bus, and he takes a walk with his wife after dinner every day.克里斯经常乘公共汽车去上班，而且每天晚饭后和妻子一块散步。按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作或事件。常用于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, take off等动词(词组)。Look at the timetable
4、. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18：20.看看时间表。快点儿吧！4026航班将在18：20起飞。表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。The sun always rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳总是东升西落。在条件、时间及让步状语从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.要是明天晴天，我们就去野餐。2. 一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。规则动词的过去式的变化规则见下表：变
5、化规则例词一般情况在词尾直接加edlooklooked以e结尾的动词后加dhopehopedlikeliked以“辅音字母y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加edstudystudiedtrytried以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加edstopstoppedpreferpreferredadmitadmittedpermitpermitted(2)一般过去时的用法表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterda
6、y, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用。Earlier this year I removed all Internet services from my home, which was very upsetting at first, but I have lived that way.今年早些时候，我从家里撤掉了所有的互联网服务，起初这令人十分沮丧，但我一直这样生活着。3. 一般将来时(1)一般将来时的构成由“shall/will动词原形”构成。其中shall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称。(2
7、)一般将来时的用法表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, “in一段时间”等连用。“will动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。What time is it?几点了？I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。(3)其他表示“将来”的结构及用法“be going to动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Look, dark clouds are gathering. It is going
8、 to rain soon, I think.瞧，乌云正在聚集。 我想快要下雨了。“be to动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.10点钟前你们得交上试卷。“be about to动词原形”表示眼下正要或即将做某事，该结构不与表示具体时间的状语连用。They are about to get married.他们即将结婚。如果表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，要用过去将来时(would/should动词原形)。该时态主要出现在间接引语中。I telephoned h
9、im yesterday to ask what I would/should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。二、进行时态1. 进行时的构成现在进行时由“am/is/are动词ing形式”构成；过去进行时由“was/were动词ing形式”构成；将来进行时由“will/shallbe动词ing形式”构成。动词ing形式的变化规则如下表：变化规则例词一般情况在词尾直接加ingaskasking以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去e再加ingwritewritingtaketakingfacefacing以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母再加ing
10、cutcuttingbeginbeginningswimswimming以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加inglielyingdiedying2. 进行时的用法(1)现在进行时表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。I hear you are working in a pub. Whats it like?我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？Well, its very hard work and Im always tired，but I dont mind. 哦，工作很辛苦，我也总是很累，不过我不介意。表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常用于go, co
11、me, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等动词。Food supplies in the floodstricken area are running out. We must act immediately before theres none left. 洪灾地区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完以前马上行动。(2)过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this tim
12、e yesterday, at ten oclock yesterday等连用。Rick must have sensed that I was looking at him.里克一定感觉到了我正在看他。表示过去的两个动作中持续进行的一个，常与when和while引导的时间状语从句连用。Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred. 停电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。(3)将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段内正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, fr
13、om 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。I cant attend the party because I will be flying to Japan at this time tomorrow. 我无法出席那个聚会了，因为明天的这个时间我正飞往日本。三、完成时态1. 完成时的构成现在完成时由“have/has过去分词”构成；过去完成时由“had过去分词”构成。2. 完成时的用法(1)现在完成时表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在(甚至到将来)。常用的时间状语：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years, up to now
14、, since then, so far等。Chinas cultural soft power and the international influence of Chinese culture have increased significantly in the past few years.近几年来，中国文化软实力和中国文化国际影响力显著提升。He has already received three similar invitations this week.本周他已经收到了三份相似的请柬。表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语：already, ever, just (刚
15、刚), yet, before等。The concert has already started.音乐会已经开始了。在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?你完成工作后到我办公室来一下好吗？(2)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。Mary had learned some English before she came to our school.玛丽
16、在来我们学校前已学过一些英语了。表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before, by then, by that time, by the end of, “by the time从句”等。It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我所做的一切。表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend)用于过
17、去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。(3)常使用完成时的句型和结构：This/It/That is the first/. timethat sb. has/have done sth.; This/It/That was the first/. timethat sb. had done sth. 这/那是某人第一/次做某事。It was the third time (that) he ha
18、d made the same mistake.这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。It/This is/was the最高级名词(that)定语从句，从句用完成时。This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。It is/has been一段时间since sb. did sth.；It was/had been一段时间since sb. had done sth. 自从以来多久了。It is/has been 3 years since he joined the army.他参军3年了。hardly/scarcely . whe
19、n . /no sooner . than . (一就)，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下了。四、完成进行时1. 完成进行时的构成现在完成进行时由“have/hasbeen动词ing形式”构成；过去完成进行时由“hadbeen动词ing形式”构成。2. 完成进行时的用法(1)现在完成进行时常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。The students have been working hard on thei
20、r lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.学生们一直努力学习功课，他们的付出最终会获得成功的。Im very tired. I have been checking the students papers all the morning.我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this morning，but theres no answer.今天上午我给他打了数次电话，但没人接。现在
21、完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：(1)现在完成时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成，体现动作的结果。(2)现在完成进行时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行，甚至仍将继续。(3)持续性动词用于现在完成时和现在完成进行时，表达含义不同，前者重在描述客观事实，后者重在感情色彩的表达。(2)过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍在继续)She told me th
22、at she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她已经等我一个小时了。(动作不再继续)【技巧点拨】确定动词时态的“四个依据”1. 标志性状语 在题干中，yesterday, tomorrow, always, since, in the past few years, over the years, “by时间点”， so far等都是动词时态常用的标志性状语，做题时可以通过寻找时间标志词来判定时态。2. 平行谓语动词当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时，它们之间可能是同时发生，也可能有一定的先后关系，我们可以根据这种谓语动词的关系来判定时态。3. 语境
23、暗示 有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下，通过“语境暗示”来表明时态，正确分析语境也是解答时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。4. 常用句式 掌握常用句式也是解答时态问题快速且行之有效的方法，因此平时要多积累，并熟记一些常用句式中的时态。(1)be doing . when .，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。(2)It is/has been时间段since从句，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。(3)祈使句and/or陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。考点2被动语态一、被动语态的构成被动语态由“be过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态
24、的变化。被动语态的构成形式还有“get/become过去分词”。各种时态的被动语态形式如下表(以动词give为例)：时态现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般时am givenis givenare givenwas givenwere givenshall begivenwill begivenshould begivenwould begiven进行时am beinggivenis beinggivenare beinggivenwas beinggivenwere beinggiven无无完成时has beengivenhave beengivenhad beengivenshall have
25、been givenwill havebeen givenshould havebeen givenwould havebeen given二、被动语态的用法被动语态的使用场合：(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时；(2)强调动作的承受者时。As is indicated in the survey, more and more people choose to travel alone. 调查显示，越来越多的人选择独自旅行。Do as you would be done by.己所不欲，勿施于人。It is reported that a space station will be bu
26、ilt on the moon in years to come.据报道，在未来的几年内月球上将建成一个空间站。In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has been cut.在我的家乡，当所有的麦子收割完成后，农民们总是会享受一顿收获的晚餐。With many forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 因为许多森林被毁，每年大量肥
27、沃的泥土被冲走。(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有； cost花费； lack缺少； own拥有； belong to属于； take part in参加。(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生； remain剩下； break out爆发； last持续； come out出版； come up被提出； lose heart失去信心； date from/back to追溯到； run out用完。三、 get构成的表示被动的短语： get paid/lost/hurt等We get paid by
28、 the week. 我们按周获得薪酬。四、主动形式表示被动意义1. “系动词(feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等)形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。2. 当sell，read，cut，wash，write，open，wear，run，burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)，用来表示主语内在的品
29、质或性能时用主动形式表示被动意义。Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers.你买最近销量很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。3. 在need，want，require，deserve等动词的后面，用动词ing形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这所房子需要修理。4. 在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形
30、容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible, pleasant, interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出结果。5. be to rent/blame也属于主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for the mistake?谁应为此错误承担责任呢？【技巧点拨】通过“逻辑关系”解决语态问题做题时我们对于时态问题比较关注，但往往忽略了语态，因此我们可以采用“先语态、后时态”的方式。看到主语为物，且动词为及物动词时，要想到用被动语态。考点3主谓一
31、致一、语法一致1. 不定式、动词ing形式和名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。what引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于作表语的名词的单复数形式。Swimming in rivers in summer is a good sport, but to swim in rivers in winter needs great willpower.夏天在河里游泳是很好的运动，但冬天在河里游泳需要极大的意志力。What Professor White has said leaves much for us to think about.怀特教授说的话发人深省。What the
32、 children in the area starve for are books.这个地区的孩子们急需的是书。2. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.对一个男孩来说，3，000美元是一笔大数目。3. 如果主语后面带有as well as, with, along with, together with, rather than, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等加其
33、他名词时，谓语动词的单复数形式要与前面的主语保持一致。Modern teaching equipment as well as hundreds of computers was sent to the village school last week.上周现代化的教学设备和几百台电脑被送到了那所乡村学校。二、意义一致1. “分数/百分数/a lot of/plenty of/the rest of/the majority of/half of/most of/some of . 名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由短语中的名词来确定。The factory used three
34、 fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分留作他用。quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。2. “the形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexp
35、erienced.一方面，年轻人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为年轻人缺乏经验。3. people, police等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；family, team, class, audience等作主语时，若指一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若指组成集体的成员，则用复数形式。The family as well as their dog were trapped on the roof by the flood yesterday.昨天那家人还有他们的狗都被洪水困在屋顶。4. “a number of名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，意为“许多”；“the nu
36、mber of名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，意为“的数量”。The Chinese Bridge is such a beloved programme as an increasing number of foreigners have a burning desire to join in it.汉语桥是一档如此受人喜爱的节目，越来越多的外国人渴望参加。The number of the students is increasing year after year.学生的数量逐年增年。三、就近一致1. 由or, nor, either . or ., neither . nor
37、., not only . but also ., not . but . 等连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式常和它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Not only John and Tom but also their younger sister, Mary, takes great interest in the piano lessons.不仅是约翰和汤姆，就连他们的妹妹玛丽，也对钢琴课有极大的兴趣。2. 在倒装句中谓语动词的单复数形式常与后面最接近的主语一致。In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shout
38、s of the people.远处传来鼓掌声和人们的喊叫声。3. 在there be 句型中，主语是两个或多个并列名词时，be动词的形式与最邻近的主语保持一致。There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in my new office.在我的新办公室里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。. 单句语法填空1. (2021新高考卷)You cant help wondering how hard it was (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.2. (2021浙江卷6
39、月)It doesnt impress like George Washingtons plantation on the Potomac, but Lincolns home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, has proved/proven (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.3. (2021浙江卷1月)It is calculated by dividing a persons weight in kg by their height in meters squ
40、ared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered (consider) healthy.4. (2020全国卷)“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed (construct)”5. (2020浙江卷7月)And,
41、 as more children were born, more food was needed (need)6. (2019全国卷)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. 语法填空(2021湖南湘潭模拟)With a big smile on her face, Gan Youqin chats with her followers in her livestream every night, trying
42、 1. to promote (promote) sales of oranges from her hometown, a small village in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. She, together with her teammates, 2. helps (help) villagers sell nearly 500，000 kilogrammes of oranges every week. The 40yearold woman, who used to be a farmer and housewife, is now admi
43、red in her hometown 3. for her great success in boosting sales of farm produce.Gan 4. is known (know) as one of the pioneers who share country life and promote sales of related products online. She was 5. initially (initial) encouraged by her nephew, who asked Gan to be the main character in his sho
44、rt videos 6. featuring (feature) country life. As Gans fame grew, they began to sell fruit from their family orchard, 7. which soon fell short of demand. They then launched an ecommerce company selling various kinds of 8. agricultural (agriculture) products from all over the region.Gans company has
45、been 9. a great success and Gan has received lots of awards for her 10. achievement(s) (achieve). She is now devoted to shooting videos and livestreaming, but is also planning to offer free training to those who love the industry. 写作运用 根据汉语提示补全下面写作， 注意动词的运用。Dear Mr Smith，It is my honour to introduce
46、 myself to you. Im Li Hua, Chairman of the Student Union of our school. And 1. I was asked to act as a tourist guide for you (我被安排给您当导游) next weekend. 2. The schedule and details are as follows (时间表和细节如下)：Well have a wonderful and wellorganised trip, not far from the downtown. Since you are new here
47、, 3. you will be amazed at the scenery and surroundings there (您会对那里的景色和周围的环境感到惊讶). In terms of the meeting time, 8 oclock on the morning of Saturday will be fine. And at that time, 4. I will be waiting for you at the school gate (我将在校门口等您). Remember not to take too many things. Just a bottle of water, some pieces of bread or other kinds of food, a cap or a pair of sunglasses will be enough. Also, youd better wear a pair of sports shoes.Looking forward to seeing you. 5. I believe well have a good day (相信我们会有美好的一天)Yours sincerely，Li Hua
