1、Section_Grammar_&_Writing复习同位语一、同位语同位语是句子成分的一种，主要用于对名词进行解释与说明。可充当同位语的有名词(词组)、代词、数词、形容词(短语)、动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)及从句等。1名词、代词或数词充当同位语I live with my uncle Tom.我和汤姆叔叔住在一起。We each put forward a proposal.我们每人提出了一个建议。She is the oldest among them six.她是他们6人中年纪最大的。2名词词组、形容词(词组)、动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)等充当同位语Zhu Zhiwen, a d
2、iligent farmer and brilliant singer, is really a hit throughout China.朱之文，一位勤劳的农民、才华横溢的歌唱家，轰动了全中国。Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?逃避惩罚，这就是你的目的？二、同位语从句在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它一般放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名词的后面，对前面
3、的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面名词的具体含义。1同位语从句的连接词主要有that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。其中that, whether不作成分，that无实际意义，whether意为“是否”；其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。The news that he was punished soon spread on the Internet.他被惩罚的消息很快在因特网上传开了。The problem whether we should continue to do the experime
4、nt has been solved.我们是否继续做这个实验的问题已经被解决。I have no idea where he lives.我不知道他住在哪里。考题印证(重庆高考改编)Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?Yeah, but I have no idea why he did it; thats one of his favorite universities.(浙江高考改编)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to ha
5、ve total belief that you are better than anyone else on the sports field.(江苏高考改编)The notice came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be postponed.(重庆高考改编)Evidence has been found through years of study thatchildrens early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.2同位语从
6、句的注意事项(1)分隔式同位语从句：有时同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句，这样做主要是为了保持句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。A saying goes that practice makes perfect.熟能生巧是谚语。(2)名词suggestion, order, demand, command, request等后的同位语从句要使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“(should)do”。Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.老师给了我们一些如何使用电脑的建议。(3)
7、名词doubt (怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether引导；no doubt (毫无疑问)后的同位语从句用that引导。We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.我们怀疑他们能否按时完成任务。There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise. 张卫会守信的，这是毫无疑问的。3同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句定语从句功能不同说明名词表示的具体内容说明名词的性质、特征、来源等that不作成分，起连接作用，不可省略作主语、宾语或表语，起连接作用；并且作从句
8、的宾语时可省略，指物时可用which代替whether/how不作成分，起连接作用“是否”；“如何”不引导定语从句wh类连接词作成分，起连接作用，有自己的含义，但与先行词之间无关作成分，起连接作用，没有自己的含义，但是代替先行词在从句中作成分Jim got to know the news that the whole village was in great danger.吉姆得知整个村子都处在极度危险中的消息。(that引导同位语从句，解释说明the news的内容)Do you know the news (that/which) Jim told me?你知道吉姆告诉我的那个消息吗？(
9、that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语).用适当的连接词填空1I have no idea when he will come back.2The question whether we need more time to do the work or not has not been discussed.3We express the hope that they will come to visit China again.4The news that they won the match is true.5The news that/which you told us yes
10、terday is true.6Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.将下列每组句子合并成一个带同位语从句的复合句1Will the sports meeting be held on time? The question will be discussed tomorrow.The_question_whether_the_sports_meeting_will_be_held_on_time_will_be_discussed
11、_tomorrow.2The headmaster will join us in hiking this Sunday. We are glad at the news.We_are_glad_at_the_news_that_the_headmaster_will_join_us_in_hiking_this_Sunday.3Where are we going for the holiday? Have you thought about the question?Have_you_thought_about_the_question_where_we_are_going_for_the
12、_holiday?4A new teacher will teach us English next term. The message reached me yesterday.The_message_that_a_new_teacher_will_teach_us_English_next_term_reached_me_yesterday.5How did the accident come about? The driver refused to answer the policemans question.The_driver_refused_to_answer_the_police
13、mans_question_how_the_accident_came_about.如何写议论文假如你叫李华，是一位高中生。随着科技的发展，iPad已成为中学生的新宠。用iPad既可听音乐、阅读纯文本电子书，又可玩电子游戏。请你用英语给某英语报社写一封信，谈谈中学生使用iPad的情况。信的内容须包括以下几点：1使用iPad对学习的好处；2对课堂纪律和学习可能产生的负面影响；3提出自己的建议并说明理由。注意：可适当发挥，词数100左右。Dear Editor，Im a senior high school student, named Li Hua.Now many students have
14、iPads and think its a fashion to use them.Using an iPad, we can listen to music, download a lot of learning materials and read them on the screen.Apparently, it is helpful to our study, especially to our English listening.Some students, however, bring their iPads to classroom and listen to music wit
15、h earphones, which makes the teacher and other students greatly annoyed.Some of them even waste precious time in class playing video games.In my opinion, as a student, we should make good use of iPad to help achieve academic success.Our classroom is a place for students to study, and therefore conce
16、ntration is awfully needed for us to learn our lessons.Furthermore, the school should make it a rule to guide the students to use iPads in a proper way.Yours，Li Hua第一段：说明了使用iPad的好处；第二段：说明了使用iPad的弊端；第三段：提出自己的建议。亮点一：较为复杂句式、结构的运用。如句中采用named Li Hua过去分词短语作定语；句为非谓语动词作状语的用法；句使用了which引导的非限定性定语从句。亮点二：连词、副词等的
17、恰当使用使得文章上下文连贯，浑然一体，上下句之间、段与段之间非常紧凑。如句中especially一词的使用；句中转折词however的使用；句中表示递进关系的furthermore的使用等。亮点三：另外，整篇文章非常注重长短句的结合，这样使读者读起来跌宕起伏，很具有艺术色彩，也使文章富有节奏感和美感。议论文是一种以议论为主要表达方式的文体，就是摆事实、讲道理，并要求通过多方面的分析，把道理说通、说透。1篇章特点议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义；论据的基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式
18、。2主要形式(1)辩论式议论文：综述辩论内容表达正方观点和理由表达反方观点及理由陈述自己的观点。(2)批驳式议论文：表述错误观点及其理由表达与该观点相反的观点及理由陈述自己的观点。(3)反映社会现象式议论文：提出一种社会现象表达该现象产生的原因陈述对社会和生活的影响阐述如何杜绝该现象及对前景的预测。3写作步骤(1)开头(引论)，用以引出一个令人关注的问题。(2)主体(本论)，是全文的主要部分，对提出的问题进行分析、推论，运用材料对观点进行论证，使论点得到充分的支持。(3)结尾(结论)，对主题部分作出概括，总结论点所要讲解、论证的问题。黄金表达1提出议题A recent survey shows
19、 that .There is a heated debate over .As can be seen from the table/graph/picture .2分析问题first of all, for one thing . for another .; on the contrary; on the one hand, on the other hand; last but not least .People hold different views about .Different students have different views/opinions.There are
20、a dozen of reasons behind my belief.On the whole, there are two different opinions on the problem. . while others take an opposite side, some firmly believe that .3得出结论in my opinion; as far as I am concernedAs for me, I agree with the former/latter idea.Personally, I agree with .目前，越来越多的中学生利用周末上各种各样
21、的培训班或请家教。对于这一现象，存在两种不同观点：有必要没有必要有老师辅导比自己学好；有更多机会和老师互动；可以弥补上课错过或没听懂的东西容易养成依赖习惯；学生需要时间休息和娱乐；导致有的学生在常规课堂上不认真听讲请根据以上提示，以“Are training classes or tutors necessary？”为题，写一篇100词左右的短文，反映表中内容，并简要阐述自己的观点。说明：层次清晰，连贯流畅；表达灵活，不要逐字逐句翻译。参考词汇：家庭教师tutor_参考范文：Are training classes or tutors necessary?Some think it neces
22、sary to do so. Firstly, its more effective to study with a teachers help than by themselves. Secondly, you can have more chances to communicate with teachers. Besides, you can make up for what you miss or fail to understand in classes on weekdays.Others think it unnecessary. For one thing, students
23、can easily form the habit of dependence. For another, students need time for rest and recreation at weekend. Whats worse, attending training classes or hiring tutors even causes some students not to listen attentively in their regular classes.In my opinion, whether a training class or tutor is needed just depends. If you are really very weak at or interested in a certain subject, maybe its OK for you. But be sure to choose a good and suitable class or teacher, otherwise it would be a waste of time and money.
