1、必备清单1 形容词和副词一、形容词作补语和状语的用法1.形容词作主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示“现状,状态”,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等后。The artist was born poor.这位艺术家出身贫寒。(主语补足语)The news made her very sad.这消息使她感到非常悲伤。(宾语补足语)2.形容词作状语时,可以看做是“being形容词”结构或when,if,because等从句的省略,表示时间、方式、原因、伴随、让步、条件等,也可以表示对主语进行解释,说明主语是什么情况,或进行强调,
2、其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。Hungry and tired,he had to stop working.又累又饿,他只好停止了手中的活。Ripe(When they are ripe),the oranges taste sweet.这些橘子熟时,味道甜美。二、表语形容词表语形容词是一般只用于系动词后作表语的形容词,这类动词常见的有remain,stay,stand,keep,lie,grow,turn,get,become,run,come,seem,sound,appear,look,smell,taste,feel等。常见的表语形容词有:1.某些以a-开头的形容词:afraid
3、,“害怕的”;alive,“活着的”;alone,“单独的”;ashamed,“羞愧的”;asleep,“睡着的”;awake,“醒着的”等。注意 这类形容词除afraid和ashamed可用very修饰外,一般不用very修饰,但可用其他表示程度的副词修饰,如very much修饰。注意下列常用搭配:wide awake 完全清醒 sound/fast asleep 酣睡 quite alone 非常孤独 still alive 仍然活着 much alike 非常相似 full/well/quite aware of 充分意识到;对非常清醒;完全知道表语形容词还可用作后置定语。He is
4、the most famous scientist alive in the world today.他是当今世界上健在的最著名的科学家。2.某些与健康状况有关的形容词:well,“健康的”;fine,“健康的”;poorly,“不适;不舒服”;unwell,“不舒服的”;ill,“有病的”;faint,“头晕的”等。Im feeling well today.我今天感觉很好。He is ill today.他今天病了。注意 ill不作“生病”讲时,可用作前置定语,如ill luck(霉运)。3.某些描述感觉或心情的形容词:glad,“高兴的”;pleased,“高兴的”;content,“满
5、意的”;sorry,“难过的”;upset,“难过的”等。I am glad/pleased to hear that you are offered a good job.听说你得到了一份好工作我非常高兴。4.其他表语形容词:certain,“确认的”;sure,“确信的”;fond,“喜欢的”;ready,“准备好的”;unable,“不能的”等。Im certain/sure that he will succeed.我肯定他能成功。三、复合形容词的构成1.副词词干分词,如:hard-working勤劳的2.名词词干过去分词,如:man-made人造的3.名词词干现在分词,如:time-
6、consuming耗时的4.名词词干形容词,如:world-famous世界闻名的5.数词词干名词,如:five-star五星级的6.数词词干名词-ed,如:three-legged三条腿的7.数词词干名词形容词,如:five-year-old 5岁的8.形容词词干过去分词,如:ready-made现成的9.形容词词干名词-ed,如:kind-hearted好心的10.形容词词干现在分词,如:ordinary-looking相貌一般的11.形容词词干形容词,如:red-hot炽热的四、副词的构成1.派生副词是用加词缀法构成的副词。(1)最常用的后缀是-ly,即“形容词后缀-ly”构成副词。一般
7、形容词在词尾加-ly。clearclearly greatgreatly madmadly slowslowly以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词,常常把y改成i再加-ly构成副词。happyhappily easyeasily heavyheavily词尾为-le的形容词,通常去掉e,再加-y。gentlegently simplesimply词尾为-ue的形容词,通常去掉e再加-ly。truetruly dueduly词尾为-ll的形容词,直接加-y。dulldully fullfully(2)还有加后缀-ward(s),-ways,-wise等构成副词。如backwards,northward
8、s,sideways,crossways,clockwise等。2.此外还有复合副词和短语副词。复合副词是指由两个词共同组成的副词。如 anyhow,meantime,nowhere,somehow,therefore等。短语副词是指用连词把副词连接起来的短语。如 back and forth(前后),here and there(到处),now and then(不时)等。必备清单2 形容词和副词的比较等级一、形容词和副词比较等级的构成1.形容词的比较级和最高级单音节词和少数双音节词,一般在词尾加-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。构成法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-
9、er,-esttallcheaptallercheapertallestcheapest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词只加-r,-stnicelargenicerlargernicestlargest以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-estbigthinbiggerthinnerbiggestthinnest以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节词,变y为i,再加-er,-estbusyangrybusierangrierbusiestangriest少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er,-estclevernarrowcleverernarrowerclevere
10、stnarrowest部分双音节词和多音节词,在其前加more,most来构成比较级和最高级importantmore importantmost important注意 有些形容词的比较级和最高级可采用在词尾加-er和-est的形式,也可采用在单词前加more和most的形式,这类形容词有clear,common,cruel,free,handsome,lively,often,pleasant,polite,pretty,quiet,secure,solid,stupid等。2.副词的比较级和最高级(1)大多数以-ly结尾的副词在其前加more和most来构成比较级和最高级。quickly
11、more quicklymost quicklycarefullymore carefullymost carefully(2)单音节词及少数双音节词在词尾加-er构成比较级,加-est构成最高级。hardharderhardestfastfasterfastestearlyearlierearliest3.几个特殊的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级原级比较级最高级good,wellbetterbestbad,ill,badlyworseworstmany,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthestoldolder,
12、elderoldest,eldest二、形容词和副词原级的常见句型1.as形容词/副词asHe is as tall as his father.他和他父亲一样高。He speaks English as fluently as an Englishman.他的英语说得和英国人一样流利。注意 在否定句或疑问句中可用so.as,即not as/so.as。He cant run so/as fast as you.他没你跑得快。Its not as/so warm as yesterday.今天不如昨天暖和。2.“as形容词a(n)单数名词as”或“asmany/much名词as”This is
13、 as good an example as the other is.这个例子和另外一个一样好。I can carry as much paper as you can.我能搬和你同样多的纸。There are as many students in your class as in ours.你们班的学生人数和我们班的一样多。三、形容词和副词的比较级及最高级的常见句型1.more原级/名词than原级/名词,意为“与其说是不如说是”。He is more diligent than clever.与其说他聪明,倒不如说他勤奋。2.“比较级and比较级”和“more and more多音节词
14、原级”,表示程度递增。这种结构后不可接than引导的从句。Things are getting better and better.情况变得越来越好了。She plays the piano more and more beautifully.她钢琴弹得越来越好。注意 from bad to worse/worse and worse 越来越糟make matters worse/what was worse/worse than all/worse than ever 更糟的是Things are getting from bad to worse/worse and worse.情况变得越
15、来越糟。The car broke down when I was driving home from work,and to make matters worse it was pouring with rain.下班我开车回家时,车子抛锚了,更糟的是,当时正下大雨。3.如果比较的对象不能相互包容时,常见的句型有:比较级thanany other单数名词all the other复数名词anyone elseany of the other复数名词the rest of复数名词或不可数名词He is taller thanany other student in his class.all
16、the other students in his class.anyone else in his class.any of the other students in his class.the rest of the students in his class.他比班上的其他学生高。4.“the比较级,the比较级”,表示两种情况同时变化。这个句型中的第一句相当于状语从句,不能用将来时态。The more medicine I take,the worse I seem to feel.越吃药我感觉似乎越糟。5.“no比较级than.”与“not比较级than.”“no比较级than.”
17、意为“都不”,是对两者的共同否定,则侧重前者。而“not比较级than.”意为“不及”,表示前者不如后者,隐含对两者的肯定,但侧重后者。He is no taller than I他和我都不高。My handwriting is not better than yours.我的书法不比你的好。6.“the比较级of the two(名词)”,表示“两者中较的一个”。The taller of the two boys is my brother.这两个男孩中较高的那个是我哥哥。7.the最高级of/in比较范围形容词和副词的最高级表示在一定范围内某类事物或某人在性质、高低或大小等方面程度最高或
18、最低。本结构意为“之中最”,用于三者或三者以上的比较。同类范畴用of,不同类用in。He talks(the)least and does(the)most in his class.他是班上说得最少干得最多的人。He is the fastest runner of the three boys.他是这三个男孩中跑得最快的。8.“not/never比较级”意为“最不过”。本结构是在比较级前加上否定意义的词,表达最高级的含义。His work couldnt be worse.他的工作是最糟的。He has never spent a more worrying day.他度过了最担心的一天。
19、9.“nothing/nobody.比较级than”意为“没有更/最”。Nothing is better than a hot drink on a cold winter day.在寒冷的冬季没有什么比一杯热饮更好了。四、形容词和副词的比较等级的修饰语1.almost,exactly,half,just,nearly,quite,twice,three times,a third time等用于原级之前,表示程度。He is almost as tall as his brother.他几乎跟他哥哥一样高了。This line is twice as long as that one.这条
20、线段是那条线段的两倍长。2.a bit,a little,rather,any,much/many,far,a great/good deal,a lot,still,even 等用于比较级之前,表示确定的程度。分数或有关长度、时间、重量等名词短语通常放在比较级前,也可由 by 引出而置于比较级之后。Its a little colder today than it was yesterday.今天比昨天稍冷一点。This shirt is much more expensive than that one.这件衬衣要比那件贵得多。He is two years older than me.H
21、e is older than me by two years.他比我大两岁。注意 修饰可数名词的比较级不用much,而用many,如many more books;修饰不可数名词的比较级用much,如much more work,“更多的工作”;much more necessary,“更有必要”。除quite better外,quite不可修饰比较级。3.by far,much,the first/second用于形容词的最高级前。The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二长河。This is by far t
22、he best.这是到目前为止最好的一个。This is much the most important.这是最最重要的。五、比较级相关的习语1.more than(1)more than数词 多于,超过(2)more than名词 不仅仅是(3)more than形容词 非常,很(4)more than含有情态动词的从句 超过了的范围(5)more A than B 与其说是B倒不如说是A2.no more than(only)仅仅,只有3.not more than(at most)不超过,至多4.less than 不到,少于5.no less than(as much as)多达,不少于6.not less than(at least)至少7.more or less(almost,nearly,about)基本上,差不多;或多或少8.sooner or later 迟早,早晚,总有一天9.whats more 而且,此外10.no sooner.than.一就