1、Section_Grammar_&_Writing语法图解探究发现I sat next to a girl whose name was Diana.I loved the lessons that she gave in English Literature.We have a car park for both our visitors and our students who drive.The boy whom we saw yesterday is Johns brother.We watched the play Teahouse which was written by Lao
2、She.The film which I watched yesterday is very moving.The teacher that we met yesterday will give us a talk.我的发现分析上面句子中黑体部分在从句中所作的成分(1)例句中的whose在从句中作定语。(2)例句中的黑体词在从句中作宾语。(3)例句中的黑体词在从句中作主语。一、定语从句概述在复合句中作定语，修饰主句或主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词是先行词；引导定语从句的词是关系词。引导定语从句的关系代词有which, that, who, whom, whos
3、e等，它们可以在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语。The woman who is standing by the classroom is our English teacher.站在教室旁边的那位女士是我们的英语老师。二、定语从句的先行词定语从句的先行词是定语从句修饰和限定的成分。从构成上而言，它可以是名词、代词、名词性短语和整个主句；从句子成分上而言，它可以是主句的主语、宾语、表语、补语和整个主句。下面，我们从两个实例来看一下定语从句及其相关成分的分布：即时演练1找出下列句中的定语从句的先行词Is this the book which your father bought for you
4、? the_bookWho is the man that is speaking to your mother? the_manThis is the boy whose handwriting is the best in our class. the_boyDo you know the professor who will give us a talk? the_professorThe student who/that is answering the question is John. The_student三、关系代词的用法1that的用法that既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中通
5、常作主语、宾语或表语，而且作宾语时常可省略。This is the book. I want to read it.This is the book (that) I want to read.这就是我想读的那本书。(that指代the book，在定语从句中充当宾语)即时演练2使用定语从句合并句子，并指出关系词that在从句中作什么成分This is the house.Lu Xun once lived in the house.This is the house that_Lu_Xun_once_lived_in.(that在定语从句中作宾语)Jack is no longer a la
6、zy boy.He used to be a lazy boy.Jack is no longer a lazy boy that_he_used_to_be.(that在定语从句中作表语)The boy is Tom.The boy is studying in the classroom.The boy that_is_studying_in_the_classroom is Tom.(that在定语从句中作主语)2which的用法which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，偶尔作定语。My favorite place is Kunming. Kunming is known as t
7、he Spring City. My favorite place is Kunming which is known as the Spring City.我最喜欢的地方是昆明，它以“春城”而闻名。(which指代Kunming，在定语从句中充当主语)即时演练3完成句子这就是那个年轻人最近读的那本书。This is the book that/which_has_been_read recently by that young man.出租车是你可以租用的小汽车。A taxi is a car that/which_you_can_hire.3who的用法who指人，在定语从句中通常作主语或
8、宾语，作宾语时可省略。The tall man is Xiao Ming. Xiao Ming is playing basketball.The tall man who is playing basketball is Xiao Ming.正在打篮球的那个很高的人是肖明。(who指代The tall man，在定语从句中充当主语)即时演练4写出下面句子中who作什么成分Dickson is an able worker who we all value highly. 宾语Those who break the law shall be punished. 主语4whom的用法whom指人
9、，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。This is the girl. I met the girl in the street.This is the girl whom I met in the street.这就是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。(whom指代the girl，在定语从句中充当宾语)即时演练5翻译句子大家都喜欢的这位男士很善良。The_man_whom_everyone_likes_is_kind.刚才和我说话的那个男孩是我弟弟。The_boy_whom/that/who_I_talked_to_just_now_is_my_brother.5whose的用法 whose既可指人也可
10、指物，在定语从句中作定语，指人时，相当于of whom；指物时，相当于of which。I have read the book. I like its characters very much.I have read the book whose characters (of which the character) I like very much.我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。(whose指代先行词the book，在定语从句中充当定语)即时演练6(1)用适当的关系代词填空Yesterday I met a student whose sister knows you.Have
11、 you found the book which/that you lost last week?The man who/whom/that you met at the airport is a famous actor.I have a good friend whose name is Liu Mei.(2)用定语从句合并句子She has a brother. I dont know his name.She has a brother whose_name_I_dont_know.Id like a room.Its window looks out over the sea.Id
12、 like a room whose_window_looks_out_over_the_sea.6关系代词that与which的区别情况用that还是which先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰that先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰that先行词前有the very, the only等修饰that先行词既指人也指物that关系代词前面有介词which句中已经出现过that或which交替使用即时演练7选词填空：which, thatIs there anything else that you require?The last place that we visit
13、ed was the Great Wall.He talked happily about the men and books that interested him greatly in the school.Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn?Ive read all the books that were borrowed from the library.The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.Here is the
14、 book about which I told you yesterday.Chost is the most moving film that I have ever seen.四、关系代词的省略关系代词在从句中作宾语时，通常可以省略。The man (whom/who) you saw just now is our manager.你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有什么我能为你效劳的吗？即时演练8请用正确的关系代词填空并用括号标出可以省略的关系代词Those who learn not only fro
15、m books but also through practice will succeed.All the apples that fell down were eaten by the pigs.This is the biggest laboratory (that) we have ever built in our school.Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is blue.He often helps the students who he thinks are not quick at their studies.Who wa
16、s the woman (that) you were talking with?The place that/which interested me most was the Childrens Palace.He still lives in the room whose window faces the east.When he came back, John told us about the places (that/which) he visited.Is this the museum (that/which) you visited the other day?.用适当的关系代
17、词填空1We dont know the number of people who/that lost their homes in the disaster.2I know a boy student whose father works here.3The school that/which he once studied in is very famous.4They are talking about the people and the things that they saw on their way home.5This is the very thing that I can
18、tell you.6Is this all _that you want to say?7Which is the clock that is made in China?8I shall never forget the days which/that_ I spent with you.单句写作1你还记得我们三个月前参观的那个养鸡场吗？Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which_we_visited_three_months_ago?2我们昨天晚上见的男孩是李明。The boy (that/who/whom)_we_saw last
19、night was Li Ming.3这是这一年来我找到的最好的一本书。This is the best book that_I_have_found all this year.4最终她决定卖掉那所窗子几乎都破掉的房子。In the end, she decided to sell the house whose_windows were almost all broken.5这个女孩把她在街上捡到的一切都交给了警察。The girl handed everything that_she_had_picked_up in the street to the police.6昨天做演讲的那个人
20、住在我旁边的房间。The man who/that_made_a_speech yesterday lives in the room next to me.语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Every Friday means a trip to a senior nursing home downtown. During every second I spent in the nursing home, I realized the _1_ (important) of my action. Every week, I walked aroun
21、d the dining hall, and one person after another invited me _2_ (have) a talk. One woman, who happily said that we shared the same first name, shared some of her interesting stories with me. She told me something _3_ inspired me to visit the nursing home _4_ (regular). She said, “Youre the only perso
22、n _5_ I am able to tell this to. Youll come back next week, right？” She proudly showed me some postcards _6_ (send) by her children and she would tell me the stories of them. Of course, not all of the conversations were _7_ (enjoy). When she talked to me about how her 13yearold daughter would gradua
23、te _8_ middle school this year, I just nodded doing nothing. Because I knew her daughter _9_ (graduate) from middle school decades before._10_ I could not add more years to the lives of these elderly people, I could give them something simple. I made them know that in this fastpaced world, they were
24、 remembered. And we, young people, still cared about them and were there for them.答案：1.importance2.to have3.that4.regularly5whom/who6.sent7.enjoyable8.from9had graduated10.Although一、基本结构本单元的写作项目属于新课标中应用文体类别中的“通知”。这种文体具有实用性，要求我们就有关内容简明、扼要地写出。书面通知通常由“标题(Notice)”“通知正文”“发通知者的单位”和“发通知的日期”四个部分组成。具体写法是：1标题
25、：在正文上面正中的地方写上NOTICE或Notice。2正文：说明通知的具体时间、地点、活动内容和注意事项。3单位：发通知的单位一般写在正文的下面。有时也放于标题之下，作为标题的一部分。4时间：发出通知的时间一般写在正文的右下角。书面通知的正文就是通知的内容，这是主体部分，语言应简洁明了、条理清晰、要求明确，特别是时间概念很重要，必须写得十分明确，不容丝毫含糊。二、增分佳句(一)书面通知的开头语1There will be an English Speaking Competition in our school.我们学校将举行一次英语演讲比赛。2Professor Li will give
26、us a talk on how to protect the environment.李教授将给我们做一个有关如何保护环境的报告。3Our class will go for an outing next week.我们班下周要去郊游。4The lecture will be held in the lecture hall at 2：00 pm. on Monday, October 26th.演讲将于10月26日星期一下午两点在报告厅举行。(二)表示邀请和欢迎1All the students are welcome to attend the lecture.欢迎所有同学参加这次讲座。
27、2Please come to enjoy the performance.请光临欣赏演出。3All the teachers of English are expected to be present.期待所有的英语老师到场。(三)表示要求1Those who want to take part in please enter it as soon as possible.想参加比赛的同学请尽快报名。2Please be there on time and dont be late.请准时到达，不要迟到。3Youre needed/required to bring your tools.需
28、要自带工具。4You can get in touch with us for further information.你可与我们联系，进行详细咨询。(四)其他1Please get the equipment ready by yourself, but the charge is free.请自备器材，但活动免费。2It is a good chance for you to show your English levels and singing talent.这对你们来说是一个展现你们的英语水平和歌唱才能的好机会。3Itll be an ideal place for you to m
29、ake more friends.那将是个你结交更多的朋友的理想场所。题目要求为了丰富同学们的课外活动，校学生会决定组建自行车俱乐部(cycling club)。假如你是学生会主席，请根据以下提示，用英语准备一份书面通知。1俱乐部的主要活动内容：每周一次的基础训练，有教师辅导，安排在课外体育活动时间；每月一次的户外骑车旅行，安排在月末双休日；2参加俱乐部的好处(内容自拟，至少两点)；3注意事项：器材自备，活动免费；4如何加入俱乐部：9月20号前到5号大楼6层602房间报名。注意：1.通知应包括以上所有信息，可适当发挥；2词数100左右。第一步：审题构思很关键一、审题1确定体裁：本文为书面通知；
30、2确定人称：本文主要人称为第一、二人称；3确定时态：主要使用一般将来时和一般现在时。二、构思第一部分，开头：学生会决定组织自行车俱乐部及其目的。第二部分，阐述：对自行车俱乐部的不同活动进行说明，并说明它带来的好处。第三部分，要求：说明注意事项、报名时间、地点。第二步：核心词汇想周全1inform通知2set_up建立3cycling_club自行车俱乐部4basic_training基础训练5instruct辅导，指导6arrange安排 7exchange交流8experience经历 9free_of_charge免费 第三步：由词扩句雏形现1为了使我们的学校生活更加绚烂多彩，我们很高兴通
31、知您，学生会决定成立一个自行车俱乐部。In_order_to_make_our_school_life_more_colorful,_we_are_happy_to_inform_you_that_Students_Union_has_decided_to_set_up_a_cycling_club.2我们每周有一次基础训练，而且有教师辅导。(并列句)We_have_basic_training_once_a_week,_and_it_will_be_instructed_by_teachers._3它将被安排在课后的体育活动时间。(被动语态)It_will_be_arranged_durin
32、g_the_time_of_afterclass_physical_activities.4在每月最后一个周末还会有一个户外骑车旅行。(there be句型)There_will_also_be_an_outdoor_cycling_trip_at_the_last_weekend_of_each_month._5我们确信这将是一个理想的地方，你可以交朋友和交换意见。(并列句)We_are_sure_it_will_be_an_ideal_place_and_there_you_can_make_friends_and_exchange_ideas._6你运动越多，你的身体就会变得越好。(th
33、e比较级，the比较级)The_more_exercise_you_take,_the_better_your_body_will_become.7所以，如果你对我们的俱乐部有兴趣，你可以在9月20号之前来我们在五号楼6层602房间的俱乐部。So,_if_you_are_interested_in_our_club,_you_can_come_to_our_club_in_Room_602,_on_the_sixth_floor,_Building_5_before_Sep._20.8顺便说一下，你必须自己准备设备。By_the_way,_you_have_to_prepare_the_equ
34、ipment_by_yourself._9加入俱乐部将是一次有趣的经历。(动名词短语作主语)Joining_the_club_will_be_an_interesting_experience.10而且它是免费的。Besides,_it_is_free_of_charge.第四步：句式升级造亮点1用which引导定语从句升级句2We_have_basic_training_once_a_week_which_will_be_instructed_by_teachers.2用where引导的定语从句升级句5Wearesureitwillbean_ideal_place_where_you_can
35、_make_friends_and_exchange_ideas.第五步：过渡衔接联成篇NoticeIn_order_to_make_our_school_life_more_colorful,_we_are_happy_to_inform_you_that_Students_Union_has_decided_to_set_up_a_cycling_club.Our_cycling_club_will_have_a_lot_of_activities._We_have_basic_training_once_a_week_which_will_be_instructed_by_teacher
36、s._It_will_be_arranged_during_the_time_of_afterclass_physical_activities._There_will_also_be_an_outdoor_cycling_trip_at_the_last_weekend_of_each_month._We_are_sure_it_will_be_an_ideal_place_where_you_can_make_friends_and_exchange_ideas._Besides,_the_more_exercise_you_take,_the_better_your_body_will_
37、become.So,_if_you_are_interested_in_our_club,_you_can_come_to_our_club_in_Room_602,_on_the_sixth_floor,_Building_5_before_Sep._20._By_the_way,_you_have_to_prepare_the_equipment_by_yourself._Joining_the_club_will_be_an_interesting_experience._Besides,_it_is_free_of_charge.The_Students_UnionSeptember_12
