1、单元质量评估(一)时间：100分钟分数：120分第一部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。AResearch has shown that firstborn children are better than their kid brothers or sisters. Firstborns do better on IQ tests and are more likely to become president of the United States but less likely
2、 to do drugs and so on.But why birth order appears to matter so much for school achievement level is much less clear. Many theories have been put forward, ranging from to the stable family life and to different schoolings among children. Based on long studies of data from survey，Pantano and I offer
3、a different explanation: It comes down to parents reputations for maintaining discipline (维持纪律) with their kids.The basic idea is this: There are two types of parentsthose who in our study we call “unforgiving”theyll punish children for poor school performance, regardless of the childs birth order,
4、and those who are “forgiving” meaning they dont like to punish any of their children, regardless of birth. The latter type of parents face a dilemma. If they dont punish their oldest childs poor behavior, all of their children will follow suit. As a result, all of them will tend not to work hard in
5、school. To avoid this situation, forgiving parents are strict with their firstborn, hoping to convey an idea that will influence the behavior of their younger children as well. The younger children, seeing their big brother or sister punished, will be less likely to slack off (懈怠) in school because
6、they cant be sure that mum and dad arent really unforgiving types.So the outcome of this strategic parenting is that while all children benefit from the firstborns punishments, the influence is the greatest on the eldest child.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，介绍为何头胎孩子优于他们的弟弟妹妹们。1According to the author, firstborn chi
7、ldrens better performance lies in_Apersonal awarenessBschool educationCdifferent parenting Dfamily background解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，由于父母对孩子的教育方式不同，因此头胎孩子获益最大，故选C项。答案：C2What is the point of the 3rd paragraph?ATo inform the readers of the basis of the research.BTo explain how the study was conducted.CTo ex
8、pose the truth of the parenting problem.DTo show how parents can influence their kids.解析：段落大意题。由第三段第一句“The basic idea is this”可知，作者主要说明研究的基本内容。故选A项。答案：A3The best title for the passage is probably_AStudies on raising firstbornsBHow to teach kids behave better in schoolCDifferent parenting stylesDWhy
9、firstborn kids do better in school解析：标题归纳题。纵观全文，主要讨论为何头胎孩子优于他们的弟弟妹妹们，在学校表现更突出。D项概括了文章主旨。答案：DBWe all have our ways of marking time.As a photographer，my life is measured from one story to the next.My eldest son was born in the middle of a long story about the Endangered Species Act.My daughter came al
10、ong with a pack of gray wolves.Twenty stories later，though，its the story in Alaska that Ill remember best.It was the story about the loss of wildernessand the story during which my wife Kathy got cancer.Thats the one that made time stand still.I stopped taking pictures on the day when she found that
11、 tumor (肿瘤)Cruelly，it was Thanksgiving.By Christmas，she had become very weak.Some days she was so sick that she couldnt watch TV.Early examination saves time.But ours was not early.By the time you can feel the tumor yourself，its often bigger than the doctor wants it to be.Cancer is a thief.It steals
12、 time.Our days are already short with worry.Then comes this terrible disease.But cancer also has the power to change us，for good.We learn to simplify，enjoying what we have instead of feeling sorry for what we dont.Cancer even made me a better father.My work had made me a stranger to my three kids.Bu
13、t now I pay attention to what really matters.This is not a race.This is a new way of life and new way of seeing，all from the cancer.In the end each of us has so little time.We have less of it than we can possibly imagine.And even though it turns out that Kathys cancer has not spread，and her prognosi
14、s (预断) is good.We try to make it all count now，enjoying every part of every day.Ive picked up my camera again.I watch the sky，searching for beautiful light.When winter storms come，Kathy and I gather our children and take the time to catch snowflakes (雪花) on our tongues.After all，this is good.This is
15、 what were living for.【语篇解读】文章介绍作者为了摄影忽略了家人，不幸的是，他的妻子得了癌症，为了多陪陪她，作者放弃了摄影。癌症给作者带来的最大的改变是他懂得了珍惜和家人在一起的点滴时间，学会了享受生活。4. As a photographer，the author used to _Adevote much more to his career than his familyBexpress his love for his family in a special wayCmiss a great many important historical momentsDle
16、ave his daughter with a pack of gray wolves解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“My work had made me a stranger to my three kids.But now I pay attention to what really matters.”可知，作者过去将更多的精力投入到了工作中而不是家里。答案：A5Why did the author decide to stop taking pictures?ATo cure his own disease.BTo seek a better position.CTo spend m
17、ore time with his wife.DTo leave the wildness alone.解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“.and the story during which my wife Kathy got cancer.Thats the one that made time stand still.I stopped taking pictures on the day when she found that tumor.”可知，作者停止拍照是因为他的妻子得了癌症，他想多陪陪她。答案：C6What is the biggest change the cancer ha
18、s brought to the author?AHe focuses more on medical care.BHe has become a stranger to his children.CHe takes his work more seriously.DHe treasured every bit of time with his family.解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But cancer also has the power to change us，for good.We learn to simplify，enjoying what we have instead
19、 of feeling sorry for what we dont.Cancer even made me a better father.”可知，癌症给作者带来的最大的改变是他学会了珍惜和家人在一起的点滴时间。答案：D7The author and his family catch snowflakes on their tongues probably because _Athe snowflakes taste very goodBthey regard that as a way to enjoy lifeCsnowflakes are what they feed onDthere
20、 is beautiful light in the snowflakes解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后两句“After all，this is good.This is what were living for.”可知，作者和家人一起用舌头捕捉雪花，因为他们觉得这是享受生活的一种方式。答案：BCA newlypublished study has shown that loneliness can spread from one person to another，like a disease.Researchers used information from the Framingham
21、Heart Study，which began in 1948.The Framingham study gathers information about physical and mental health，personal behaviour and diet.At first，the study involved about 5，000 people in the American state of Massachusetts.Now，more than 12，000 individuals are taking part.Information from the Framingham
22、 study showed earlier that happiness can spread from person to person.So can behaviours like littering and the ability to stop smoking.John Cacioppo，a psychologist in the University of Chicago，led the recent study.He and other researchers attempted to show how often people felt lonely.They found tha
23、t the feeling of loneliness spread through social groups.Having a social connection with a lonely person increased the chances that another individual would feel lonely.In fact，a friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness.A friend of that person was 25% more like
24、ly.The researchers say this shows that a person could indirectly be affected by someones loneliness.The effect was strongest among friends.Neighbours were the second most affected group.The effect was weaker on husbands and wives，and brothers and sisters.The researchers also found that loneliness sp
25、read more easily among women than men.The New York Times reports that，on average，people experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year and that every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5%，or two and a half fewer lonely days.Loneliness has been linked to health problems like d
26、epression and sleeping difficulties.The researchers believe that knowing the causes of loneliness could help in reducing it.The study suggests that people can take steps to stop the spread of loneliness.They can do this by helping individuals they know who may be experiencing loneliness.The result c
27、an be helpful to the whole social group.【语篇解读】 孤独具有“传染性”，会通过人际交往传播，且“朋友圈”的变化比“家庭圈”的变化更容易引发孤独。找出孤独蔓延的原因将对社会有利。8What is true about the Framingham study?AIt was only conducted in 1948.BIt involves more than 12，000 participants.CIt was led by John Cacioppo.DIt showed that any behaviour could spread.解析：细
28、节判断题。由第二段中的最后一句“Now，more than 12，000 individuals are taking part.”可知这个实验现在仍在进行，所以A项错误，B项正确；由第四段第一句可知C项错误；并非所有的行为都会传播，D项错误。答案：B9From the passage，we can learn that _Athe habit of littering doesnt spreadBa lonely person wont have friendsCeveryone may be affected by others lonelinessDlonely people dont
29、know the cause of their loneliness解析：推理判断题。由第五段中的最后一句“The researchers say this shows that a person could indirectly be affected by someones loneliness.”可知C项正确。答案：C10If you make 10 more friends in a year，the days of your feeling loneliness will be reduced by _A48 daysB25 daysC20 days D15 days解析：细节理解题
30、。根据第七段的描述可知，纽约时报报道说人一年平均有48天会感到孤独，而且多一个朋友，人的孤独感就会降低约5%或减少两天半，那么多10个朋友就能减少约25天。答案：B11What is the main idea of the passage?AAction should be taken to help lonely people.BPeople feel lonely for many reasons.CWays to fight against loneliness.DLonely people can affect others.解析：主旨大意题。文章主要讲的是孤独会传染，孤独的人会使别
31、人也感到孤独。答案：DDWhile most of us are happy to take the credit when things go well, few of us are willing to take the blame when things go wrong. Rather than trying to hide our shame or embarrassment, experts found that we are simply less aware when our actions result in a negative outcome.The research m
32、ay explain why we often feel it hard to take the blame for our actions.“Our result suggests that people may really experience less responsibility for negative than for positive outcomes，”said Patrick Haggard, leading researcher and professor of the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at University C
33、ollege London.In a series of tests, participants were asked to press a key. A sound then followed, either disapproving, neutral or approving, and they were then asked to estimate the time between the action and when they had heard the sound.Researchers found that individuals experienced different le
34、vels of responsibility depending on the outcomes. They also discovered individuals were significantly slower to recognize if their actions had resulted in a bad consequence, compared to when they had done well.“Effectively，we have found that we experience a negative outcome differently, not just ret
35、ell it differently. We make a weaker connection when there is a bad result，and respond much more strongly when something good happens，”said Professor Haggard. When something goes right, everyone wants to take the credit, and when things go wrong, nobody is interested in taking the blame.The research
36、ers said our brain is“very much concerned”with reward, as good results are key to survival. Although our own perception (知觉) of whether we are guilty of something or not is changed by the outcomes, this does not provide a defense if we have done something wrong. “Our senses of responsibilities can b
37、e misleading and can be strongly coloured by the outcomes of our actions，”said Professor Haggard.“We have to take responsibility for what we have actually done，not just for how we had experienced things.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇生活类文章。人人都希望好事发生在自己身上，所以人们总是喜欢把好事归功于自己，而很少有人乐意把坏事归于自己。是否敢于担当责任取决于事情发展的结果。但专家告诉我们，要多关注自
38、己的责任，而不是自己的感觉。12People who dont take the blame for their actions_Aalways try to hide their shame or embarrassmentBare only willing to take the credit when things go wellCfeel less responsible for negative than for positive outcomesDare less aware of what to do when a negative outcome appears解析：细节理解题
39、。根据文章第一段中的“While most of us are happy to take the credit when things go well，few of us are willing to take the blame when things go wrong.”可知，人们总是喜欢把好事归功于自己，而很少有人乐于把坏事归于自己。故C项正确。答案：C13Which of the following statements is TRUE?AOur level of responsibility can be strongly affected by the outcomes of o
40、ur actions.BWhen something bad happens，nobody is interested in dealing with the problem.CPeople were quicker to recognize whether their actions had resulted in a bad consequence.DParticipants were asked to count the time between pressing a key and hearing the sound.解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中对实验的描述及第四段中的“Resear
41、chers found that individuals experienced different levels of responsibility depending on the outcomes.”可知A项正确。答案：A14How is the passage developed?ABy giving examples.BBy quoting research findings.CBy making comparison.DBy providing data.解析：篇章结构题。根据文章中使用的“experts found；The research may explain；Researc
42、hers found that；They also discovered；Effectively，we have found that；The researchers said”等，可以判断本文是通过引用研究结果及专家所述来论证的。故B项正确。答案：B15According to the passage, a person who is concerned with reward is_Aawkward BnaturalCridiculous Dstubborn解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的首句可知，人们关注于奖赏，那是因为良好的结果是人们生存下去的关键因素，这是很自然的事。awkwar
43、d意为“笨拙的”；natural意为“自然的”；ridiculous意为“愚蠢的”；stubborn意为“顽固的”。因此B项为最佳选项。答案：B第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。While many of us go through life with the pursuit of money on our mind, were often told that “Money cant buy happiness”. But what truth is there in the saying? Is the
44、re a relation between money and happiness？_16_Humans are very sensitive to change. When we get a rise, we really enjoy it. But some studies have shown that in North America，additional income beyond 75，000 dollars a year stops impacting on daytoday happiness._17_They often end up spending all the mon
45、ey, going into debt, and experience ruined social relationships.So surely money cant really buy happiness. Well, recent studies suggest that the problem may actually lie in the way that we spend money._18_Studies show that people who spend their money for others feel happier. As for the people who s
46、pend money for themselves, their happiness wont be increased.19_One experiment showed that, for an organization，instead of writing a large check to a charity, dividing the money among employees and allowing them to contribute to a charity of their choice increased their job satisfaction. Similarly,
47、individuals that spend money for each other, not only increase job satisfaction，but improve the team performance.20_Interestingly, the specific way money is spent for others isnt important. Spending something for others is the important aspect of increasing your happiness.AThe same principle has bee
48、n tested on teams and organizations as well.BMoney has more effects on the majority of people in the long run.CInstead of buying things for yourself, try giving some of it to other people and see how you feel.DAnd if so, how can we use it to our advantage?EAlmost everywhere we look in the world, we
49、see that giving money to others is positively related to happiness.FAnd while youre saving up for these greatest experiences, dont forget the daily joys in life.GIn fact, people who win a lottery (彩票) often become extremely unhappy.答案：16.D17.G18.C19.A20.E第二部分英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分)第一节完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分
50、30分)阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。I was a few years out of college when I took the postal exam and was hired in as a mail carrier. The Post Office_21_each carrier with pepper spray as a defense against aggressive dogs.As time went on, I finally got a(n)_22_of my own. It was a walking
51、 route in a middle class _23_. I had no dog problems, except for one. Ginger lived at the end of a street, my_24_delivery before I rushed back to my truck. Nearly every warm day, she stood in front of her house，_25_it and the mailbox. She always greeted me with rapidfire_26_In this case we would bri
52、ng the mail back and_27_it “dog out”. The owner would then have to_28_to the post office to get the mail. But I knew the owner was a little _29_lady, who lived alone. I didnt have the heart to make her _30_ her mail in the post office. Besides, I wasnt going to admit defeat to a ten pound ball of fu
53、r._31_， each day Ginger was out, we would do our own pas de deux(双人舞), until I had _32_the mail in the box and hurried away.Then one day, I_33_to try a new way. I borrowed a dog biscuit from a fellow carrier. When I threw it to Ginger, she eyed it_34_， as if I was trying to poison her. But, after I
54、walked away, I turned back for a_35_， and there she was, tasting the_36_cautiously!Every day after that, I took Ginger a treat. It wasnt long _37_she was greeting me with a full body_38_. We were friends. Now Ive applied this_39_to other areas in my life.I wonder sometimes if we each, as individuals
55、 and as societies，should not reach too_40_for our pepper spray when wed be better served to carry a pocket full of dog biscuits.【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。作者是一位邮递员，他每次给一位独居的老太太送邮件时都会遭到凶犬的狂吠和追逐，但最终邮递员和该犬成了好朋友，得以顺利完成投递工作。文章给我们的启示是对无礼者友善相待会收到意想不到的好结果。21A.donatesBsuppliesCdecorates Dburdens解析：邮局给每位邮递员提供了辣椒喷剂，作为对凶犬的防备
56、。donate“捐献”；supply“提供，供给”；decorate“装饰，装潢”；burden“(使)担负(任务、职责等)”。B项符合文意。答案：B22A.channel BexitCroute Dpassage解析：由下文中的“a walking route”可知，此处表示“我”最终拥有了一条自己投送邮件的“路线”。channel“通道，海峡”；exit“出口，通道”；route“(送邮件、报纸、牛奶等的)固定路线”；passage“过道，走廊”。答案：C23A.neighbourhood BfarmlandCcity Dvillage解析：由“middle class”可知答案为A项。n
57、eighbourhood在此意为“居民区，街区，城区”；middle class neighbourhood指“中产阶层生活的社区”。答案：A24A.first BformerCnext Dlast解析：金吉就住在这条街的尽头，是“我”递送最后一批邮件的地方，然后“我”就匆忙赶回邮车前。根据“a walking route”和“rushed back to my truck”可知选择D项。答案：D25A.preventing BguardingCsaving Dcuring解析：在几乎每个晴天里，它都会坐在房前，“守卫”着住宅和邮筒。prevent“阻止”；guard“守卫，守护”；save“
58、挽救”；cure“治疗”。B项符合句意。答案：B26A.smiling BshoutingCbarking Dcoughing解析：她总是以连珠炮似的“吠叫”来招呼“我”。Ginger是一只犬，barking符合其行为特征。答案：C27A.mark BcarveCmiss Dsignal解析：在这种情况下，我们总是把邮件带回去，并在上面标出“dog out”字样。mark“标示，标出”；carve“雕刻”；miss“错过”；signal“发出信号”。答案：A28A.phone BexplainCreply Dgo解析：然后，狗的主人不得不去邮局取回邮件。根据下文内容，尤其是“.to make
59、her_30_her mail in the post office.”可推知D项为正确答案。答案：D29A.young BoldCenergetic Dhealthy解析：由下文“I didnt have the heart to make her.”可推断，狗的主人是一位老年人，故选择B项。energetic“精力充沛的”；healthy“健康的”。答案：B30A.put aside Bthrow awayCpick up Dhold out解析：“我”不忍心让她到邮局“取回”她的邮件。put aside“节省，保留”；throw away“扔掉，丢弃”；pick up“取回，收集”；ho
60、ld out“伸出，坚持”。第三段第二句“.to the post office to get the mail.”暗示答案为C项。答案：C31A.Therefore BHoweverCSomehow DOtherwise解析：上文提出的两条理由(不忍心和不认输)与下文构成因果关系，故选择A项。therefore“因此，所以”；however“然而”；somehow“不知怎么地，莫名其妙”；otherwise“否则”。答案：A32A.caught BtouchedCtook Dplaced解析：所以，每次金吉守在室外的时候，“我”总是与它像跳双人舞一样地来回周旋，直到把邮件放进邮箱为止，然后匆
61、匆离开。place在此为“放置”之意，等于put。答案：D33A.demanded BdecidedCpromised Dagreed解析：后来有一天，“我”决定尝试一种新的做法。demand“要求”；decide“决定”；promise“允诺”；agree“同意”。B项符合句意。答案：B34A.happily BtrustfullyCdoubtfully Dsatisfyingly解析：由下文“.as if I was trying to poison her.”判断，应选择贬义色彩的C项。happily“快乐地”；trustfully“信任地”；doubtfully“怀疑地”；satisf
62、yingly“令人满意地”。答案：C35A.look BrestCchat Dwave解析：“there she was，tasting the _16_ cautiously”是“我”看到的景象，故选择A项。look“看”；rest“休息”；chat“聊天”；wave“挥手”。答案：A36A.poison BmailCspray Dtreat解析：由下一段第一句“.I took Ginger a treat.”可知D项正确。poison“毒药，毒物”；mail“邮件”；spray“喷剂，喷雾器”；treat“款待，特别待遇，馈赠物”。答案：D37A.after BbeforeCsince D
63、when解析：It wast long before.为固定句型，意为“不久之后”。答案：B38A.roll BdropCwag Dpush解析：不久之后，金吉就全身摇摆着来迎接“我”了。roll“滚动”；drop“下落，下降”；wag“摇摆”；push“推动”。根据常识可知选择C项。答案：C39A.technique BbehaviourCinstruction Dprotection解析：现在，我把这种技巧运用到了生活中的其他领域。此处应选择与第四段中的“a new way”词义相近的选项，A项符合语境。technique“技巧”；behaviour“行为”；instruction“指示，
64、指令”；protection“保护”。答案：A40A.slowly BbravelyCproudly Dquickly解析：有时“我”想知道，当我们，作为个人和社群，携带着狗饼干更有用的时候，是不是应该慢一些去拿辣椒喷剂呢？“not.reach too quickly for.”意为“不要太快地去拿”，D项符合文意。答案：D第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。A few days ago，I was sitting in a Thai restaurant enjoying a meal 41._ I got
65、on a phone call from a friend I hadnt spoken to for 42._ long time.In my enthusiasm and excitement，I talked quite 43._ (loud) than usual voice and in Spanish，my mother tongue.A few minutes into the call，an old lady 44._ (sit) at the table beside mine got up，45._ (seem) offended，and asked the restaur
66、ant staff to relocate (重新安排) a table as far away as possible from me 46._ seemed to be impolite.I sank into my seat out 47._ embarrassment.I ended the call soon afterwards and felt the urge 48._ (apologize)Right then I 49._ (abandon) my plan for a conventional apologetic gesture.Seeing those funny s
67、mile cards in my wallet，I took one out and wrote some words to express my apology.On signing my restaurant bill，I asked a waiter to secretly charge 50._ (she) meal to me and hand her the smile card instead of her bill.I felt nervous but to my pleasant surprise，things turned out the best possible way
68、.The waiter returned joyfully，telling me，“In the many times she had dined here before，I had never seen the old lady smile as she did when receiving the smile card and the D|S0 bill.”答案：41.when42.a43.louder44.sitting45seemingly46.who47.of48.to apologize49abandoned50.her第三部分写作(共两节，满分35分)第一节短文改错(共10小题；
69、每小题1分，满分10分)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()画掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。2只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。Students need enough sports and activities to keep fit and relax, and in some schools students a
70、re not giving enough time to do outdoor activities. Teachers ask students to spend most of their time at studies. But if students feel tired, they cant pay attention to that theyre studying. They will be in a bad health. Its also not good for his studies. In my opinions, its important give students
71、enough time to do outdoor activities. Then they will enjoy better health and work hard. So please pay more attention to student health and growth.答案：Students need enough sports and activities to keep fit and relax, in some schools students are not enough time to do outdoor activities. Teachers ask s
72、tudents to spend most of their time studies. But if students feel tired, they cant pay attention to theyre studying. They will be in bad health. Its also not good for studies. In my ， its important give students enough time to do outdoor activities. Then they will enjoy better health and work . So p
73、lease pay more attention to health and growth.第二节书面表达(满分25分)请你根据以下提示，结合生活中的一个事例，用英语写一篇短文，谈谈微笑的作用。The best example of universally understood body language may be the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and make friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear dow
74、n walls.注意：1.无须写标题。2内容只需涉及一个方面。3词数100左右。_答案：I still remember how nervous I was on my first day in the new school three years ago，when I found it difficult to follow my teacher in the first English class.The teacher spoke English throughout the class，which was totally different from the lessons I had
75、 taken before.In the morning class the next day，the English teacher came to me while I was reading the text aloud as other students.After listening to me for a while，she gave me a big smile and said she liked my voice very much.The smile shone on the whole day and the following days.A week later，I volunteered to take charge of English study in my class.Thanks to the comforting smile in my first morning class，I began to be confident.
