1、专题五 书面表达 把脉考情明考向,知规律卷别语用目的语用对象文体形式提示类型2020全国卷人物简介尊敬和爱戴的人记叙文提纲式半开放2020全国卷采摘活动你和同学记叙文提纲式半开放2020全国卷请外教Miss Evans帮忙指导改编的一个短剧外教Miss Evans电子邮件提纲式半开放卷别语用目的语用对象 文体形式提示类型2019全国卷 申请做志愿者 伦敦美术馆申请信提纲式半开放2019全国卷告知队友Chris球队近期将参加比赛队友Chris告知信提纲式半开放2019全国卷邀请英国朋友Allen参加学校音乐节英国朋友Allen邀请信提纲式半开放卷别语用目的语用对象文体形式提示类型2018全国卷李
2、华向新西兰朋友Terry介绍中国做客习俗新西兰朋友Terry介绍类书信提纲式半开放2018全国卷写一则观影通知 校宣传栏“英语天地”书面通知提纲式半开放2018全国卷向英国朋友Peter介绍学生体育运动情况英国朋友Peter介绍类书信提纲式半开放从表中我们可以看出以下特点:一、语用目的讲好中国故事,增强文化自信高考书面表达的情境设置真实,任务要求符合考生能力水平,又自然融入了我国优秀传统文化的内容,能够引导考生在使用外语了解世界的同时,注重传承和发扬中华民族优秀文明成果,运用中国元素讲好中国故事,增强文化自信。二、文体形式以应用文为主,兼顾记叙文,主要考查书信/电子邮件从近几年高考全国卷来看,
3、书面表达主要考查应用文兼顾记叙文,其中以电子邮件为主,邀请信、告知信、介绍类书信考查较多,只有2018年全国卷考查了书面通知。电子邮件是生活中最常用的应用文体,近几年来,当仁不让地成为命题专家的最爱,而这也符合了高考“重考查深度更重考查广度”“贴近生活”的趋势特点。第一讲 审题、构思,细化提纲 一、为什么要审题、构思审题是书面表达的第一步,也是关键一步,考生在真正开始写作之前,必须留出时间做审题、构思的准备工作。只有审准了题,弄清了题目要求,才有可能让写作方向不跑偏。另外,写作的提纲只是给出了文章的大体框架、主要内容,需要我们围绕关键词拓展思路,发挥联想,对这些提纲进行细化和拓展。将要点逐项列
4、出,做好写作前的要点整理工作才不至于在写作时东一榔头、西一棒槌,写了上句、忘了下句,挤牙膏式东拼西凑写作窘态的出现。题目要求考场作文由低分作文知审题构思的重要性 (2020高考全国卷)上周末,你和同学参加了一次采摘活动。请你为班级英语角写一篇短文,介绍这次活动,内容包括:My WeekendTo let us experience the life in the countryside,our school organize a fruit-picking activity on a farm last weekend.1.要点缺失:本文遗漏要点“农场情况”。2.时态错误:our school
5、 organize应表述为our school organized。and teaches us the importance of working应表述为and taught us the importance of working。题目要求考场作文由低分作文知审题构思的重要性1.农场情况;2.采摘过程;3.个人感受。Our class were then assigned to pick strawberries.Although our clothes were soaked with sweat,we didnt mind it at all.Seeing our fruits of
6、labor were packed and loaded onto the truck,we all felt satisfied.3.词数不足:(72词)可在第二段开头描述农场情况,如On the way to the farm,fantastic scenery came into view.You can imagine how attractive the farm is:fresh air,clean water and warm sunshine.题目要求考场作文由低分作文知审题构思的重要性注意:1.词数100左右;2.题目已为你写好。题目:My WeekendThis fruit
7、-picking experience benefited us a lot and teaches us the importance of working.可在we didnt mind it at all后加原因,如 because it paid off.可在最后加As a saying goes,no pains,no gains.二、怎样准审题审题时要注意,一是确定体裁、格式、主体时态、要点要求等内容,做到心中有数;二是明确哪些内容需要表达,哪些无须表达;哪些需要详写,哪些需要略写;哪些内容可以整合。因此在动笔前,要通过审题全面了解写作要求,理清写作思路。1审时间,避免时态错误与汉
8、语不同,英语中的句子是有“时态和语态”的,而时态与时间密切相关。因此动笔之前,一定要注意结合提示中提供的或明或暗的“时间”或“场合”,正确判断文章的主体时态,这是写作的核心,不可小觑。通常情况下,如果文章中句子的时态和语态错误过多,阅卷老师往往会认为考生的写作水平较低,这会影响到作文的“定档”。例如2020年全国卷中的写作内容中,在表达“农场情况和使用谚语”时应使用一般现在时;介绍“采摘过程”时应使用一般过去时。2审内容,避免要点缺失遗漏要点是写作大忌。通常,阅卷老师评分时首先要做的就是判断文章的要点是否全面。一篇文章如果要点不全,即使语言正确,结构合理,语篇连贯,也不可能得高分。例如,202
9、0年全国卷由三部分组成:第一部分介绍农场情况;第二部分陈述采摘过程;第三部分为个人感受。但是有的考生在写作时漏掉了“介绍农场情况”这一要点,这是写作中的一个重大失误。3审语气,避免直白生硬由于书信种类很多,包括求助信、申请信、建议信、咨询信、邀请信、感谢信、致歉信、慰问信、投诉信、求职信等。不同的书信应用不同的语气。例如2018年全国卷是一封建议信,开头可用“Nice to hear from you.I learn that youre coming to visit one of your Chinese friends.I am writing to tell you some rele
10、vant details.”开门见山地指出自己写信的背景和目的。结尾可用“I hope these suggestions would be helpful to you.”表示委婉语气。建议信常用的开头和结尾句有:I know you have trouble in.from your letter.I am writing tomake you some suggestions/offer you some advice.Youve asked me for advice in/with regard to.and Ill try tomake some useful suggestion
11、s here.In my opinion/Personally/As far as Im concerned,it would be wisefor you to.I hope you will find these suggestions helpful./I hope mysuggestions will be of benefit to you.I hope you will take my advice into consideration.If you haveany questions or requirements,please do not hesitate to tell m
12、e./If youhave further questions,please feel free to ask me at any time.三、怎样发散思维,细化提纲近三年高考英语全国卷基本上都是书信(包括电子邮件),可划归为提纲类作文,但开放性在增大,例如,2020年全国卷完全可以划归为半开放类作文。半开放类作文的最大特点就是让考生必须具备发散思维的能力,在提纲所给要点的基础上进行适当拓展联想,从而让内容充实连贯。况且,在作文试题中一般都有这样的要求,即“可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯”。这里的“细节”,就需要发散思维,进行联想拓展。下面介绍几种细化提纲的方法,让作文“有话可说”,达到基本
13、的词数要求。1追加成分在要点基础上适当增加合乎逻辑的附加成分,如定语(从句)、状语(从句)、非谓语动词、独立主格结构等。不仅增加了词数,而且使表达更清晰、准确,主题更突出。(2020高考全国卷)(介绍农场情况)这个农场的农作物种类繁多。The farm,located in the suburb of our city,has a wide range of crops such as vegetables and fruits.2补加语句根据行文走向,适当增加一些与主题相关的语句,或由要点衍生的句子,既能起到前后关联的作用,又能补充一些相关信息,帮助读者理解所写内容。(2020高考全国卷)(
14、李叔叔对工作负责)不管感染的风险有多大,李叔叔对自己的工作都很有责任心和奉献精神。Regardless of the risk of getting infected,Uncle Li is responsibleand devoted to his job.Even in terrible weather,he still sticks to hispost and leaves no one unchecked.(谈论募捐善款用途)募捐得来的钱将送给急需的人。The money collected in the charity sale will be sent to those ingr
15、eat need.This will not only help them through difficulties,butalso give them warmth and happiness.3添加过渡根据行文或段落需要,在句与句或段与段之间适当增加过渡词语,甚至过渡句,这样可以使文章浑然一体,同时又能充实文章。话题介绍利用网络学习英语的优点First,there are a lot of free resources related to English on theInternet,so I learn English by reading books or news,listenin
16、g tobroadcasts and watching streaming videos of TV and films.Besides,the Internet gives me the chance to communicate in realtime withnative speakers using instant messaging,video calling and onlineforums,which improves my spoken and written English.话题学习与身体锻炼Recently,a hot issue has been under discus
17、sion in our class,which is whether it is necessary for us Senior 3 students to go running three times a day.Students opinions are divided.Some students hold the view that there is no need to do so.On the one hand,it is a waste of time;on the other hand,they find it difficult to calm down and concent
18、rate on lessons after running.Whats worse,those who sweat may catch a cold easily.However,others have the opposite opinion,arguing that runningis the best way to refresh them and thus study efficiency can beimproved.After running,they will be relaxed.As far as I am concerned,running of course does good to us,but there seems no need to run so many times a day.4不忘收尾书信中“适当的结尾”也是必需的,它不仅能呼应开头,深化主题,还能表达祝愿,阐述愿望。书信常用的结束语如下:Im looking forward to./Lookingforwardto./Look forward to.Im waiting for your early reply.Best wishes to you.I would be grateful if you./Id appreciate it if you.