1、第1讲 定语从句高考感知单句语法填空1.(2019全国卷)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.答案：who 分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指人的先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。2.(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to ten minutes
2、 a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.答案：that/which 先行词为study，定语从句中缺少主语，故用that或which。published in 2014为过去分词短语作后置定语，也用来修饰study，对做题有一定的干扰。3.(2018天津高考)Kate,sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Australia.答案：whose 先行词为Kate，
3、将其代入定语从句可知，它与sister为所属关系，故填whose。4.(2017全国卷)But Sarah,has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.答案：who 本题为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Sarah，引导词who在定语从句中作主语。5.(2016全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on TV show in the mid-1980s,I was the fi
4、rst Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.答案：when 先行词为the mid-1980s，定语从句中缺少时间状语，故填when。单句写作1.(2019全国卷)在麦克莱斯菲尔德的宠物店里艾琳阿尔伯利从上午九点工作到下午五点，这个宠物店是和她已故的丈夫莱斯一起创立的。Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfi
5、eld,she opened with her late husband Les.2.(2018北京高考)她和她的家人骑自行车去上班，这能帮助她们保持健康。She and her family bicycle to work,.whichwhich helps them keep fit/healthy3.(2018全国卷)他们有一个用来养鱼的小池塘。They also had a small pond they raised fish.4.(2017江苏高考)联合国在1963年设立了世界粮食组织，其目的之一是减轻世界上的饥饿状况。In 1963 the UN set up the World
6、 Food Programme,purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.in whichone of whose5.(2015重庆高考)他撰写了很多儿童读物，其中差不多一半是在二十世纪九十年代出版的。He wrote many childrens books,nearly were published in the 1990s.half of which考点透析考点 1定语从句概述及关系代词引导的定语从句一 定语从句概述1定义：在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。先行词一般是名词或代词
7、。3关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。关系代词：who,whom,which,that,whose,as等。关系副词：when,where,why等。4分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。区别：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，而非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。试比较：He has two sons，who work in the same company.他有两个儿子，他们在同一公司上班。他只有两个 儿子He has two sons who work in the same company.他有两个儿子在同一公司上班。/他
8、有两个在同一 公司上班的儿子。可能不止有两个儿子5功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。6位置：定语从句常置于被修饰的词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。Those who are for the plan raise your hands,please.请支持这个计划的人举手。As is known to us all,the earth moves around the sun.我们都知道，地球围绕太阳移动。二 关系代词引导的定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as等，关系代词可作主语、宾语
9、、定语等。1who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等Ive made good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。2whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose名词”可用“the名词of which”或“of whichthe名词”来代替Do you know the boy w
10、hose handwriting is very beautiful?你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.Id like a room,the window of which looks out over the sea.Id like a room,of which the window looks out over the sea.我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。3which,that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等He was reading a book whi
11、ch/that was about war.他正在读一本关于战争的书。A：指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，而不用which。(1)先行词是all,everything,something,anything,nothing,none,few,little,much等不定代词，或先行词被all,every,some,any,no,few,little等修饰时。I have read all the books(that)you gave me.你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。注意 当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以
12、。There is something that/which keeps worrying me.有一件事一直令我不安。(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词(如：the first，the second,.,the last等)修饰时。This is the best film(that)I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。(3)先行词被the only,the very,the right等修饰时。The only thing that matters is to find our way home.唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。(4)先行词既有人又有物时。They
13、 talked about the persons and things(that)they remembered in the school.他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。B：在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，并指物，只能用which。Our football team won the final,which made us excited.我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。The house in which I used to liv
14、e has become a shoe shop.过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。注意 使用关系代词时，注意两点：1先行词指“人”还是“物”；2关系代词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不可以省略。4as引导的定语从句A：as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same,as,such,so等修饰时，关系代词用as。They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。
15、These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。This is the same knife as I lost.(as作宾语)这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。注意 such.as.与such.that.的区别such.as.中的as引导的是定语从句，而such.that.中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。This is such a difficult problem
16、as most of us cant work out.这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)This is such a difficult problem that most of us cant work it out.这个问题很难，我们大多数人不能解决它。(状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。)B：关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别(1)位置不同as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句
17、之后。As is often the case,little boys tend to be very active and out of control.小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。Einstein,as is well known,is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。There was a bank around here,as I remember.我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。He failed in the exam,which was unexpected.他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。(2)意义不同as常译作“正如
18、，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see“正如人人都能看到的那样”；as is well knownas is known to all“众所周知”；as we had expected“正如我们所预料的那样”；as often happens“正如经常发生的那样”；as is often the case“正如经常发生的那样”；as has been said before“正如已经说过的”；as is mentioned above“正如上面提到的”；as I remember“正如我所记得的那样”。which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事
19、。He opposed the idea,as could be expected.不出所料，他反对这个意见。Tom has made great progress,which makes his parents very happy.汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。(3)用法不同a当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which。He came here very late,which was unexpected/not expected.他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。b当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态，如：be known,be said,be reported等。如
20、果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。She has been absent again,as is expected.她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。考点 2 关系副词引导的定语从句当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语或表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when,where,why是常见的三个关系副词。when表时间的介词(如：in,on,at,during等)which；where表地点的介词(如：in,at,on,under等)which；why表原因的介词(如：for)which。1关系副词when,where,why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，关系副词在从句中作状语Nowad
21、ays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。Ill never forget the day when my son was born.我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。注意 1当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point，situation，case，stage，family等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。Remember that there is still one point t
22、hat/which we must make clear at theconference tomorrow.记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。Shes in a hopeless situation，where we will keep a very close eye on her.她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。2先行词occasion当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties.请描述你所遇到的真正困境的场景。Oc
23、casions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。2way和time后接定语从句的情况(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that,in which或省略。I dont like the way(that/in which)he looks at me.我不喜欢他看我的方式。(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关
24、系副词when或“介词at/duringwhich”引导定语从句。This is the first time(that)I have talked with a foreigner face to face.这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。There was a time when I hated going to school.曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。考点 3“介词which/whom”引导的定语从句掌握“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：1关系代词的确定在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用who
25、m。This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。2介词的位置介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，但也可以放在原来的位置上。The house in which we live is very large.The house(which)we live in is very large.我们住的房子很大。This is the man from whom I learned
26、 the news.This is the man(whom)I learned the news from.就是这个男人，我从他那里获悉的这个消息。注意 如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。My youngest brother，whom I have to look after，is demanding.我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。3关系代词前介词的确定(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)The
27、West Lake,for which Hangzhou is famous,is a beautiful place.西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famous for)(2)根据先行词来确定。Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)Air,without which man cant live,is really important.空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(without air
28、)4“名词/代词介词关系代词”结构此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/noneofwhich/whom”等。Here are the questions,some of which I think are difficult for you.问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。He has three sons,none of whom are doctors.他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。5“复合介词短语关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序He lived in a big house,in front of
29、 which stood a big tree.他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。6“介词which/whom不定式”结构The poor man has no house in which to live.The poor man has no house to live in.The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。注意 有时为表达清楚，也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，平时也应掌握，但非高考重点。China is the birthplace of kites，from where
30、kite flying spreads to Japan，Thailand，India and so on.中国是风筝的发源地，从这里，放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。误区警示误区一 关系词的漏用或关系词的误用(1)【误】There are many people think that wealth is better than health.【正】There are many people who/that think that wealth is better than health.【正】There are many people thinking that wealth is be
31、tter than health.分析 此句是there be句型，故判断“think that.”用作定语；先行词是people，从句中缺少主语，故用who/that引导定语从句，相当于现在分词thinking。(2)【误】I still remember the days when I spent with farmers in the countryside.【正】I still remember the days(that/which)I spent with farmers in the countryside.分析 先行词是the days，从句中动词spent缺少宾语，故用关系代
32、词that/which引导定语从句，关系词也可省略。(3)【误】All the books which were borrowed from the library must bereturned on time.【正】All the books that were borrowed from the library must be returned on time.分析 当定语从句的先行词被all,some,any,no,few等修饰时，关系代词用that。(4)【误】Until now,we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,w
33、ho is quite unexpected.【误】Until now,we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,as is quite unexpected.【正】Until now,we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,which is quite unexpected.分析 考查非限制性定语从句，先行词并非children，而应为整个主句所述的内容，另外，as在引导非限制性定语从句时，常用于肯定句，而which常用于否定句，故本题应用which来引导非限制性定语从句
34、。误区二 关系代词与替代词的重复或与普通代词的误用(1)【误】He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for himeverywhere.【正】He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for everywhere.分析 关系代词在定语从句中作动词look for的宾语，而him与关系代词that指代的内容重复，均指the lost boy，因此him多余，需删除。(2)【误】They were deeply moved,most of them had tears in th
35、eir eyes.【正】They were deeply moved,most of whom had tears in their eyes.【正】They were deeply moved,and most of them had tears in their eyes.分析 分析句式可知，此处是“介词关系代词”型的定语从句，先行词指人，故用whom引导定语从句。此句还可以改为并列句。误区三 定语从句中主谓不一致的误用或与其他结构的误用(1)【误】This is one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire.【正】This is one of
36、 the rooms that were damaged in the fire.分析 句意：这个房间是那次大火中被烧毁的房间之一。在one of.结构中，先行词为of后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数形式。但当先行词是“the only/very one of复数名词”时，从句谓语则用单数形式。比较：This is the only one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire.这就是那次大火中唯一一个被烧毁的房间。(2)【误】The university in France that I am applying for having its o
37、wn requirement.【正】The university in France that I am applying for has its own requirement.分析 此题中that I am applying for为定语从句，修饰先行词the university，介词for与have无关。分析句式结构可知，该句主语为the university，缺少谓语，且谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。误区四 定语从句与强调句型结合考查时造成的误用【误】Could it be in the restaurant that you had dinner with me yesterday
38、 where you lost your handbag?【正】Could it be in the restaurant where you had dinner with me yesterday that you lost your handbag?分析 本句中where引导的为定语从句，而that为强调句型中的连接词，如颠倒误用则导致句子结构混乱、语义不明。考点过关1.单句语法填空The house windows face the north belongs to him.I bought a great many books,which I spent all of my mone
39、y that I saved.I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone elses fault.That is the reason I want to know.Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important as sales skills.whose on that(that/which)where2单句写作众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。us all,China has the largest population in
40、 the world.在这黑暗的街上，她没有人可以求助。In the dark street,there wasnt a person she could turn for help.As is known to to whom 他假装不认识我，对此我无法理解。He pretended not to know me,.你知道他今天缺席的原因吗？Do you know the reason today?他可能会赢得比赛，要是那样的话他可能会进入国家队。He may win the competition,case he is likely to get into the national team.which I didnt understand why he is absent in which本课结束
