1、Module 3 Adventure in Literature and the CinemaExplanations for new words and phrases1、have connection with：与有联系/有关联。 同练P52-1 connection前可加a/some/much/(a)little/no等修饰词表不同含义，如“与有某种/一些/较多的/很少的/没有任何联系(关联)”等。当询问“是一种什么样的关系”时，多用what进行提问。教材P21a story which has no connection with reality 一个和现实毫无关联的故事Does sm
2、oking have connection with his lung cancer? 吸烟和他的肺癌有关系吗？His illness must have some connection with his diet. 他的病想必与他的饮食有关。He have a wide connection with the press. 他与新闻界有广泛的联系。What connection do you have with those shipping companies? 与那些船运公司有着什么往来关系？拓展： in connection with 关于，与有关系。 be connected with
3、 与有联系。have something to do with 与有关系。 be related to 与有关系。 be involved in 与有牵连。I am writing to you in connection with your job application. 此信是有关你求职一事的。Your cough is connected with your bathing with cool water. 咳嗽与你用凉水洗澡有关。 This broken vase has nothing to do with me, but it just might have something
4、to do with Susan.爸爸，这个打破的花瓶跟我不相干，不过可能和苏珊有关系。 素质有关。Peoples understanding of the rule of law is related to their educational level. 法制观念与人们的文化2、solve： vt. 解决。 宾语多为：problem，difficulty，conflict，dispute等词。 同练P53-2 The government is trying to solve the problem of pollution. 政府正在解决污染问题。Each student should
5、help each other to solve the difficulties in life and learning.同学之间应该互相帮助，共同解决在生活中和学习中遇到的困难。拓展： solution：n. 解决办法；处理手段。 a solution to sth.： 解决的办法。Theres no easy solution to this problem. 解决这个问题没有容易的方法。 的办法。It may take a long time to find a solution to the problem. 也许要花很长时间才能找到解决这个问题辨析：answer：回答，解答。用于
6、对口头问题的解答，后常接question。solve：解决问题，侧重的是给出一个答案。 常跟的宾语有：problem，mystery，puzzle，difficulty等。settle：表“解决”时，其对象通常是某种争端。 其宾语常是：argument，quarrel，matter等。Help me to slove my financial troubles. As far as were concerned, the matter is settled.Do you think he will answer your question?3、account： 同练P54-3 1) n. 叙述
7、；描写；报道；账目/单；账户。 a true account of the past对过去的真实描述。 短语：give sb.an account of 向某人描述. by/from all accounts据说，据报道 on account of 因为，由于on all accounts = on every account 总之/无论如何 on no account 决不(句首时句子要半倒)。take.into account把考虑在内。 take no account of对不予考虑/不重视。 open an account开户头。The policeman gave an accoun
8、t of the traffic accident. 警察叙述了交通事故的经过。There were several different accounts of the story in the newspapers.报上对此事有几种不同的说法。I have never been there, but it is by all accounts a lovely place. 从没去过那地方但据说那地方很好。We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather. 因天气不好，我们把启程的时间推迟了。On no account should
9、 you lose heart. 你决不应该失去信心。When judging his performance, dont take his age into account. 评定他的表现时，不必考虑他的年龄。 He has an account with the Bank of China. 他在中国银行有账户。My salary is paid directly into my bank account. 我的工资直接存入我的银行账户。2) vi. 把.视为；解释/说明；占(一定数量或比例)。 account for 解释/说明；占(比例等)。He was accounted a fir
10、st-rate actor. 他被认为是一流演员。Can you account for your absence last Friday? 你能解释一下上周五你为什么缺勤吗？He could not account for his absence from school. 他无法说清楚为什么旷课。 事故占了20.5%。Accidents involving two women drivers account for 20.5 percent of all crashes. 两个女司机相撞的4、run away：(秘密地)逃跑，逃离；突然离开。 动副结构，跟宾语时要加from。 同练P56-4
11、-2 教材P21Huck is a teenage boy who has run away from home. 哈克是一个离家出走的少年。When he got back home he apologized and promised that he would never run away again. 他回家以后，表示道歉，并且保证以后再也不跑了。常用短语：run away from some place 突然离开(某地)；逃离(某地)。 run away from sth.逃避/回避某事。He broke the window and ran away. 他打破窗户逃跑了。He ra
12、n away from the prison though the enemy watched carefully. 尽管敌人看管得很紧，他还是从You cant just run away from the situation. 这事你不能只是回避。 监狱里逃跑了。拓展： run after 追赶，追求。 run acrossrun into (sb.) 偶遇。 run into 偶遇；撞上。run out (指供应品)用完；耗尽。 run out of (人)用完/耗尽(供应品)。 He ran after her, calling her name. 他叫着她的名字追赶她。I ran a
13、cross my old friend Joan in Paris last week. 上周我在巴黎遇见了老朋友琼。I ran into an old schoolfriend at the supermarket this morning. 今天早上我在超市碰见了一个老校友。Do your homework before you run out of time. 在你还有时间时做你的家庭作业吧。Our petrol is running out. 汽油快用完了。 We are running out of petrol. 我们的汽油快用完了。5、pour： vi. 倾/倒(倾盆大雨)；涌出
14、。 It was pouring all night. 整夜下着倾盆大雨。 She poured a glass of water. 她倒了一杯水。 He poured me a cup of tea. 他给我倒了一杯茶。After the meeting the people poured out in crowds. 散会后人们成群地涌出来。The chimney was pouring out black smoke. 烟囱里冒出滚滚黑烟。6、shelter：n.遮蔽物；栖身之地；避难所/庇护所。 vt./vi. 掩蔽；庇护/保护；躲避/避难。 同练P58-5-3 Trees are a
15、 shelter from the sun. 树木可以遮挡阳光。We took shelter from the rain in a cave. 我们在一个山洞里避雨。We sheltered under a tree until the shower passed. 我们在树下躲雨, 直到雨过天晴。He sheltered himself behind a hedge. 他躲在树篱后面。7、paddle： vi. 用桨划(小船)。 n. 短桨。They paddled down the river in a canoe /knu:/. 他们坐在独木舟上向下游划去。Paddles are us
16、ed to propel /prpel/ canoes. 短桨用于划独木舟。8、lie：1) vi. 说谎；撒谎。 过去式和过去分词都是lied。 lie to sb. 向某人说谎。 同练P60-7 You could see from his face that he was lying. 从他的表情上你可以看出他在说谎。He was fired because he lied to his boss. 他因为对老板说谎被开除了。More than 8 in 10 students said they had lied to a parent. 10名学生中就有8名以上承认对家长撒过谎。2)
17、 n. C 撒谎，谎言。tell a lie / lies。 big lie弥天大谎。 white lie善意的谎言。 tell the truth讲实话。His story is nothing but a pack of lies. 他说的纯粹是一堆谎言。 I always know when hes telling lies. 他说谎话的时候我总是能知道。3) lie还有“躺/卧；位于”之意。 lie on ones back / side / stomach仰卧/侧卧/俯卧。 lie down躺下；屈服lie in/ on /to在于/位于(在某范围之内)。 lie on/upon依靠
18、/全凭。 He broke his leg and had to lie all the time. 他折断了腿, 不得不总是躺着。 有个小镇。The town lies on the coast.该城镇位于海边。 There lies a small town at the foot of the mountain.山脚The solution lies in alternative sources of power. 解决的方案在于找到替代能源。It lies on him to support his family. 赡养家庭是他的责任。4) lay：vt/vi. 下蛋/产卵；搁置/放置
19、。 The duck laid ten eggs this month. 这只鸭子本月下了十个蛋。The hens dont lay during this cold weather. 这样冷的天气母鸡不会下蛋。He laid his coat over a chair. 他把外衣放在椅子上。The little boy lying on the ground lied that his cock laid an egg. 躺地的小孩撒谎说他的公鸡下了一个蛋。辨析： 撒谎： lie-lied-lied-lying躺/卧/位于： lie-lay-lain-lying产蛋/放置： lay-laid
20、-laid-laying9、panic：vt.(使)恐慌；(使)惊慌失措。 panicked, panicked, panicking. 同练P61-8 教材P22 When he heard these words, Jim panicked and ran to the raft.听到这些话时,他惊慌了并跑向木筏。The thunder panicked the horse. 雷声使马受惊了。panic sb. into doing sth. 使某人(因惊惶)仓促做某事。 We will not be panicked into making a decision in haste. 我们
21、不会惊慌失措地草率作出决定。 n. 惊慌；恐慌。 get into a panic陷入恐慌 be in (a) panic 在恐慌中。I got into a panic when I found the door was locked. 我发觉门锁上了，十分惊慌。The crowd ran out in a panic. 群众惊慌失措地跑出去。 In panic, he began to throw water on the burning pan of oil. 慌乱中，他开始用水浇起火的油锅。10、curious： adj. 好奇的，奇特的，求知欲强的。 同练P61-9 教材P22But
22、 although I was frightened, I also felt very curious, so I put my head round the door. 而尽管我很害怕，但还是感到十分好奇，于是就把头凑向了那扇门。be curious about sth.对好奇 be curiouswh从句 be curious to do sth.渴望做；因好奇而想做某事。curiosity： n. 好奇，好奇心。 be full of curiosity充满好奇心 out of curiosity 出于好奇Children are naturally curious about eve
23、rything around them. 孩子天然会对周围每件事感到好奇。Im curious whether he passed the exam. 我急切地想知道他是否通过了考试。A student should always be curious to learn. 学生应该始终具有强烈的求知欲。 烈的好奇。Such words, you may imagine, strongly excited my curiosity. 你可想象得到，此番言词激起了我强 Im full of curiosity about our new house. 我对我们的新家充满了好奇。The boy pr
24、essed that button out of curiosity. 那个男孩出于好奇按了按那个按钮。辨析：curious强调好奇心态；anxious侧重“忧虑”；eager作“渴望的/热切的”讲，强调一种积极向上的心态。I love those who know when its time to be serious and when its time not to be even it is an anxious time. As for me, I am curious about almost everything and always eager to learn.我爱那些知道什么
25、时候应该严肃认真，什么时候应该保持清醒头脑(即使是在焦虑状态下)的人，而我自己，则对几乎任何事情都心怀好奇，并随时渴望着去学习。11、tie： vt. (用绳、带等)系, 拴, 绑。 n. 领带/领结；关系/联系。He tied the parcel.他捆上包裹。 This is a rope too heavy to tie.这是一根重得不能打结的绳子。Her long hair was tied back in a bow. 她的长发用一个蝴蝶结扎在后面。He always wears a shirt and tie. 他总是穿衬衫打领带。They have ties with an Am
26、erican corporation. 他们与美国一家公司有关系。12、fright： n. 恐惧，害怕。 教材P23“He sounds as if hes going to die of fright！” I thought. “I have to find a way to save him！” “听起来他就要吓死了，”我想，“我得设法去救他。”I used to suffer from stage fright before I gave a lecture. 我过去在作演讲前经常怯场。He cried out in fright as the dark figure approach
27、ed. 那个黑影向他逼近，他吓得叫了出来。The loud thunder gave me a fright. 这声响雷吓了我一大跳。frighten：vt.使害怕。 frightened：adj.恐惧的。 frightening：adj.令人害怕/恐惧的。13、crawl： vi. 爬(行) /匍匐前进; 徐缓而行。 They crawled from under the table. 他们从桌底爬过来。We learn to crawl before we learn to walk. 我们学会走路之前先要学会爬。A tiny spider was crawling up his arm.
28、 一只小蜘蛛慢慢爬上了他的胳膊。14、terrified：adj.很(非常)害怕的,极度惊(恐)慌的,吓坏了的。 He is terrified of spiders.他很怕蜘蛛。He looked so terrified I thought hed seen a ghost. 他看上去如此害怕,我以为他看见鬼了。We heard a scream from the terrified girl. 我们听见那个受惊的女孩发出一声尖叫。terrifying：adj. 可怕的，令人害怕的。The most terrifying aspect of nuclear bombing is radia
29、tion. 核轰炸最可怕的方面是核辐射。terrify：vt.使恐怖/惊吓, 恐吓。= frighten That sort of thing terrifies people. 那样的事令人感到恐怖。terror： n. 恐怖/惊骇；恐怖活动。 The government rules by terror. 那个政府实行恐怖统治。a terror of darkness.对黑暗的恐惧 people fled in terror.人们惊恐地逃走。15、play a trick on sb. 捉弄某人，对某人恶作剧。 教材P24 He particularly enjoyed playing a
30、 trick on the three men. 他特别喜欢捉弄这三个人。If the children dont get a treat，they will play a trick on the people. 如得不到招待，将开这人的玩笑。Its bad manners to play a trick on the disabled. 捉弄残疾人是没有礼貌的。play a joke on sb.跟.开玩笑 make fun of sb.取笑某人 make a fool of sb.愚弄某人 laugh at sb.嘲笑某人I cannot bear to be made a fool o
31、f. 我无法忍受被人愚弄。Sometimes the boys would play a joke on their teacher. 有时孩子们常要对他们的老师开个玩笑。He put on a lot of weight, and this gave the kids something more to make fun of him.他的体重大增，而这又给了孩子们更多可以用来取笑他的话题。16、make up: 动词短语，本句中意“编造(故事)”，此处,还有“组成, 占比例, 化妆, 铺床, 和好/和解”等意。I couldnt remember a story to tell the c
32、hildren，so I made one up as I went along.我想不出什么故事可讲给孩子们听，只好现编现讲。 医疗队由十二名医生组成。Twelve doctors make up the medical team.The medical team was made up of twelve doctors.Farm workers make up only a small section of the population. 农民只占人口的一小部分。She spent an hour making (herself) up before the party. 她在聚会前化妆
33、用了一个小时。We made up the bed in the spare room for our guest. 我们在空着的房间里给客人铺好床。They had an argument，but they have already made up. 他们有过争执，不过现在他们已和解了。拓展： make up for弥补。 Saturday to make up for the lost time. 周六我们全天工作，来弥补失去的时间。We worked all day Nothing can make up for the loss of a child. 孩子的遗失是不可弥补的损失。复习
34、： make A into B把A变成B; be made from由制成(不见原材料，如酒);be made into (成品)制成; be made of由制成(可见到原材料，如门窗);(be) made up of由组成，由构成; make up ones mind下决心，决定。17、outline： n. 外形；轮廓；提纲/要点/概要。 vt. 画标出的轮廓；概述/列提纲。The outline of Italy suggests a boot. 意大利的轮廓像只长统靴。Make an outline before trying to write a composition. 写作文之
35、前先写个提纲。He outlined his responsibilities. 他概述了自己的职责。18、disturb： vt. 妨碍/打扰；搅乱/弄乱；使焦虑/使不安。 教材P25“Who is it disturbing me at this time of night?”said the captain. “深更半夜的谁在打扰我？”船 disturb后加人或物作宾语。 disturb sb.with sth.为常见结构，意思是“因而打扰某人”。 长问。Im sorry to disturb you with this question. 对不起，打扰你了，我有个问题请教。She op
36、ened the door quietly so as not to disturb the sleeping child. 轻轻开门以免惊扰睡着的孩子。Dont disturb the papers on my desk. 别把我写字台上的文件弄乱了。She was disturbed to hear you had been injured in the accident. 她听到你在事故中受了伤感到不安。She was disturbed to hear of her mothers sudden illness. 她获悉母亲得急病后感到心神不安。disturbing：adj.令人不安的
37、。 disturbed：adj.烦恼的；精神紊乱的。 disturbance： n.打扰。辨析： bother常表用某事麻烦某人，给人行动带来不便或身心上带来痛苦，多与介词with/about连用。disturb含有“骚扰、使不安”之意，尤其是妨碍正发生的事，还可指打扰睡眠、休息、工作等。不一定中断。interrupt是“打断、中断”的意思，一般指打断某人的讲话。往往使之中断。Dont disturb the headmaster；he is busy.不要打扰校长了，他很忙。 费心(烦恼)。Dont interrupt when others are talking.别人谈话时不要打断。Do
38、nt bother with/about it.不要为此事 “May I disturb you for a moment?”She interrupted me.“I didnt mean to listen to your conversation，but what you two talked just now really bother me so much.” 她打断我的话说：“我打扰你们一会儿行吗？我无意偷听你们的谈话，但是你们刚才所说的真的令我很不安。”19、be/feel in the mood for sth. / to do sth. 有意(做某事)；有(做某事的)心情。
39、教材P26Which film doesnt Billy feel in the mood for? 比利不想看哪部电影？If you are not in the mood for fish, you can have beef. 如果没有心情吃鱼，你可以吃牛肉。She was in the mood to have a romantic walk in the woods. 她想在树林里浪漫地走一走。be in no mood for (doing) sth. / to do sth. 没有做某事的心思或兴致。be in a good / bad mood 情绪好/坏。Hes in no
40、mood for (telling) jokes/to tell jokes. 他没心情说笑话。 出积极的话来。He was always in a good mood and always had something positive to say. 他总是心情愉快，总能说20、set (a play, novel, etc.) in .： 设置(戏剧、小说等的)背景于；以某地为.的背景。 be set ina private-eye novel set in Berlin. 发生在柏林的私家侦探小说故事。21、resemble： vt. 与相似。 = look like或be simila
41、r to，不用于进行时或被动语态。She resembles her mother in appearance. 她跟她妈妈模样很像。So many hotels resemble each other here. 这里的许多酒店看上去差不多。resemble常见短语有：sb./sth.resemble sb./sth.； A resemble B in sth. (A与B在某方面相似)。22、create： vt. 塑造/创造；创作/创建。 = produce / bring about / makeGod created the world.上帝创造世界。A novelist create
42、s characters and a plot.塑造人物并设计情节。creation： n. 创造/创建；创造物/作品。 creative： adj. 创造性的；有创造力的。23、exception： n. 例外/除外。 This is considered an exception to the rule.我们把这看作是该规则的例外。There is always an exception to any rule. 任何规律总有例外。He works every day, with the exception of Sunday. 他每天工作,只有星期天例外。 with the except
43、ion of 除外。 without exception无一例外；一律。 make an exception破例。beyond exception 无可非议。 make no exceptions 不许有例外地；一视同仁。All his novels are set in Italy with the exception of his last. 除最后一部，所有作品都以意大利为背景。All students without exception must take the English examination. 所有学生都必须参加英语考试，无一例外。 儿童进入，但是这次我打算破例。Child
44、ren are not usually allowed in, but Im prepared to make an exception in this case. 一般不允许except： vt. 把.除外。 prep./conj. 除.外；除了。 except for /that You will be punished, I can except no one. 你们都得受到惩罚, 我不放过任何人。I didnt tell him anything except for money. 我只是告诉他我需要钱。I know nothing about him except that he l
45、ives next door. 我对他一无所知, 只知道他住在隔壁。24、warn： vt. 警告；提醒/告诫。 （常与of,against连用） 教材P29“Mark Twain”, which means “watermark two”, was a call used by sailors on the Mississippi to warn shipmates that they were coming into shallow water. “马克吐温”意思是“水深二英尺”，这是密西西比河上的水手们用来警告正在进入浅水区(安全通行)的同船水手们的口号。warn sb. of/abou
46、t sth. 警告某人某事。 warn sb. against (doing) sth. 警告某人提防某事/不要做某事。warn sb. that. 警告某人/事先通知某人-。 warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人(不)做某事。Earth Day was founded to warn people of/about the dangers to the environment. 地球日的建立是告They were warned not to climb the mountain in such bad weather. 诫人们环境危机的状况。已经劝过他们天气这么恶劣不
47、要攀登那座山。 He warned me against going outside alone at night. 他提醒我晚上不要单独出去。The doctor warned us against overtiring the patient. 医生告诫我们不要让病人过度疲劳。Experts warn smokers that they could lose one third of their everyday memory.专家们告诫烟民他们可能会丧失三分之一的日常记忆。warning： n. 提醒，警告。 He gave a warning. 他提出了警告。 信我们不了解的人。He
48、gave us a warning against placing confidence in people we did not know. 他告诫我们, 不要轻25、determined：adj.坚决/坚定/有决心的；果断的。 determined为分词化的形容词，表示人的决心和意志。 教材P29He left school early, and as an adolescent, determined to make his fortune in South America, set off from his home in Hannibal, Missouri, for New Orl
49、eans. 他很早就离开了学校，还是青少年时就下决心要去南美洲碰运气，于是他离开家乡密苏里州的汉尼拔，动身去了新奥尔良。常用结构： be determined to do sth.或be determined从句，表“决心”，相当于make up ones mind。Im determined to get this piece of work finished today. 我决心今天完成这项工作。He is determined to give up smoking. 他决心戒烟。He was determined that the same mistake would not be re
50、peated. 他下决心不会再犯同样的错误。She gave me a determined look the kind that said she would not change her mind.她给了我一个坚决的表情那种表明她不会改变主意的表情。 不允许再发生。We were determined that we should never allow such things to happen again. 我们决定这种事情决We are determined to fulfill the task，whatever happens. 不管发生什么了，我们决心完成任务。determin
51、e： vt. 决定/决心/确定。 = decide，意为“决定”，用于：determine to do sth. 决心做某事(表动作)。 determine on/upon (doing) sth. 决定。How can scientists determine which view is correct？科学家如何确认哪一种看法才是正确的？I have determined on/upon setting up my own business after graduation.已决定毕业后建立己的事业。They have determined where the new school wil
52、l be built. 他们已经决定在什么地方建这所新学校。We have determined to get the work done before National Day. 我们已决定国庆节前完成这项工作。We determined on an early start/(that) wed make an early start. 我们决定早些出发。注意：determine是非延续性动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用；be determined to do表一种状态，可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。determination： n决定，决心。26、set off： vi.出发/动身/启程
53、 set off for sp = leave for。 vt. 点燃/引爆/使爆炸；引起/使开始；衬托。The children set off for school. 孩子们上学去了。 去欧洲了。He is so excited because he will set off for Europe next month. 他很兴奋，因为下个月他就要出发Terrorists set off a bomb in the city centre. 恐怖分子在市中心引爆了一颗炸弹。Do be careful with those fireworks；the slightest spark coul
54、d set them off. 对那些烟火要格外小心，稍有火星就能引起爆炸。 椅套衬托得很好看。The new yellow cushions nicely set off the pale green of the chair covers. 黄色的新靠垫把浅绿色的拓展： set off/out for动身去某地。 set up竖立/建立/设立，建起/设置。set out to do sth.着手做某事。 set about doing开始做/着手做。set sb.off doing使某人开始做。 set aside把放一旁(不理会或备用)；留/拨出；取消/驳回。set in以为背景；到来。
55、 set down放下，搁下；记下，记载，写下。辨析：set about： 是“开始做，着手做”的意思，后面接名词或者v.-ing形式。set off：是“出发，动身，启程”的意思。如果说“动身去某地”，通常说“set off for”。set out： 除了表示“动身，出发”(也常与for连用)之外，还有“着手做”的意思，此时要与不定式连用。If you really want to set about finding a solution to this tough matter，it is necessary for you to set out to take some actions
56、 before we set off for Europe. 如果你真的想着手寻找一个解决这个棘手问题的办法，那你就非常有必要在我们启程去欧洲之前着手采取些行动。27、force： vt. 强迫；迫使。 force sb. to do sth./ into doing sth. 迫使.做. 。force.on/upon sb. 将强加于.。 force.open 将强行推(撞)开。The president was forced into resigning / to resign. 主席被迫辞职。You cant force others into accepting your ideas.
57、 你不能强迫别人接受你的观点。Parents should not force their children to study. 家长不应该强迫自己的孩子学习。I have never forced my idea on you. 我从来不把我的想法强加于你。The thief forced the window open. 小偷破窗而入。He was forced to leave school and support his family at an early age. 他在早年不得不辍学养家。n. 力量；武力；pl.军队。 by force用暴力/靠武力；强行/强迫地。The forc
58、e of the explosion broke all the windows in the building. 爆炸力震碎了建筑上的窗户。But I do not want to open it now by force. 但眼下我不愿硬把它打开。The thief took the money from the old man by force. 小偷用暴力夺走了老人的钱。短语： in force有/生效的；大批地/大规模地 be in force生效，有效 be forced into被迫bring into force使.生效，实施. by force of 由于，通过，凭借，以.手
59、段拓展：forced： adj. 被迫的，强迫的，动用武力的。 forcedly： adv. 强迫地，勉强地。forceful：adj.强有力的/有说服力的。 forcefully：adv.强有力地/激烈地。forceless：adj.无力的/软弱的。28、vivid： adj. 生动的/逼真的, 栩栩如生的；鲜艳的。 a vivid description. 栩栩如生的描绘。A vivid picture is present to our eye. 一幅栩栩如生的画面出现在我们眼前。Memories of that evening were still vivid. 那个晚上的情景还记忆犹
60、新。Her dress was a vivid colour. 她的服装颜色很鲜艳。同义词：lifelike 反义词：dull29、establish： vt. 建立/成立；确立(风俗/信仰/惯例/制度)；确定/证实。We have established diplomatic relations with many countries. 已和许多国家建立了外交关系。We need to establish a clear objective. 我们需要确立/制订一个明确的目标。The police established that she was innocent. 警察查明她是无罪的。1、
61、to ones astonishment 令某人吃惊的是。介词短语，用作状语。 教材P22To our astonishment，there was a light in one of the cabins. 令我们吃惊的是有间船舱里还亮着灯。To her astonishment, the bank charged her 6 yuan as“counting fee”. 令她吃惊的是，银行竟然向她收取了6元的“点钞费”to ones + 表示喜怒哀乐的名词，常见的有：surprise, shock, sorrow, horror(惊恐), joy，pleasure，regret，anger
62、，disappointment，astonishment等。可改写为“to the名词of sb.”的形式，也可使用what引导的主语从句形式。名词前可以用great，deep等形容词修饰，也可在to 前加much，以加强语气。To my astonishment，the keys were in the door. 让我惊讶的是，钥匙竟然在门上。To our great delight，the day turned out fine. 令我们感到高兴的是天气转晴了。To my great satisfaction，I was proved right. 令我非常满意的是，我被证明是正确的。T
63、o my surprise，the plan succeeded.What surprised me was that the plan succeeded.我感到惊奇的是那计划竟然成功了。Much to his disappointment，the boss turned down the request. 让他很失望的是老板拒绝了这个请求。To the great joy of my son，he passed the entrance exam. 让我儿子极为高兴的是，他通过了入学考试。2、“It looks as if itll go under soon”Jim said, afte
64、r a couple of minutes.“ 看起来它快沉了”过了一会儿，吉姆说。1) 句中as ifas though “好像/似乎”，引导表语从句，表从句中情况发生的可能性较大，用的是陈述语气。It looks as if someone has already been here. 看起来已经有人来过这里了。It looks as if the water has been badly polluted. 看起来好像河水已经被严重污染了。2) as if也可引导方式状语从句。 当说话人认为as if引导的从句所陈述的不是真实的情况或发生的可能性很小时，从句用虚拟语气。若是对现在的虚拟，
65、从句用一般过去时；对过去的虚拟，从句用过去完成时；对将来的虚拟，从句的谓语用“would动词原形”。 若使用现在时，则是表达实际的事实关系；as if/as though从句里的主语和动词，有时可省略。She behaves as if she were a child. 她的举止像孩子一样。He talked about the Eiffel Tower as if he had seen it for himself. 说起埃菲尔铁塔就像亲眼见过似的。She looks as if she were drunk. 她看起来简直就像喝醉了似的。He treats me as if I am
66、(were) a stranger. 他待我好像我是陌生人。It seems as though he would leave for Shanghai. 他好像要动身去上海。It looks as if its going to rain. 看起来似乎要下雨。(的确有可能发生)He walked up and down as if (he was) worried. 他来回走动，似乎挺着急。3、He arrived in New Orleans without a penny in his pocket only to find that there were no boats for So
67、uth America. 他身无分文地到达新奥尔良时，却发现那里没有开往南美洲的船了。only to find that there were no boats for South America为动词不定式短语作结果状语。表示“意外的，意想不到”的结果。v.-ing作状语，表示“自然而然”的结果。He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。When he hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.当他匆忙赶到车站时，结果被告知车已开走了。She turned up the driveway，only to find her way blocked. 她开上汽车道，不料发现路已被堵。He woke up only to find everyone gone. 他醒来时发现大家都走了。现在分词也可作结果状语，但它往往表示自然而然的结果。The fire lasted nearly a month，leaving nothing valuable.大火持续近一月，几乎没剩下有用的东西。
