1、Welcome unit Section IIIDiscovering Useful Structures句子成分和基本句型课本P6句子成分的说明:众所周知,组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。根据各部分在句子中所起的作用,可以把句子成分分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等,它们在句子中的作用如下图:成分意义位置主语S(subject)句子的主体;谓语陈述、说明的对象,说明动作由“谁”发出位于句首谓语V(verb)表示主语的行为或状态,是句子的灵魂、核心主语之后宾语O(object)表示行为或活动的对象、接受者或受影响者动词或介词后直接宾语DO(direct object)表示动作的
2、承受者,一般是物动词后间接宾语IO(indirect object)表示动作是对谁或为谁做的,一般是人动词后表语P(predicative)用来说明主语的身份、性质、状况等系动词后定语(attribute)用来修饰名词或代词,说明其本质或特征名词或代词前宾语补足语OC(object complement)补充说明宾语的动作或状态宾语后状语A(adverbial)说明动作“何时、何地、如何”发生;说明形容词或副词的程度位置灵活不同句子成分构成不同的句型。本单元语法主要讲述句子成分和8种基本句型。观察分析课本图片中的例句:1All of us laughed.2I miss my grandma.
3、3The teacher was kind and friendly.4He told us a funny story.5. I found most of my classmates teachers friendly and helpful.6. He talked too much.7. I had my first maths class at senior high school.8. There is a lot to explore at senior high.归纳总结句子1:主谓结构(SV):主语谓语(不及物动词)这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语),故后不能直接接宾语
4、,也没有被动语态。主谓结构常用来表示主语的动作或状态。常见的不及物动词(短语)有:rise,matter,begin,come,go,happen,last,appear,work,disappear,exist, take place等。例如:He apologized. 他道歉了。Class begins. 开始上课。注意:在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身不具有的特征,不用被动语态,以主动形式表达被动的含义。常见的次有:sell, wash, shut, cut等。例如:The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。The door wont shut. 这
5、个门关不上了。句子2:主谓宾结构(SVO):主语谓语(及物动词)宾语这种句型中的谓语动词必须是及物动词或动词短语,一般有被动语态。用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等。例如:He lost his watch. 他的手表丢了。(名次作宾语)He cant afford to such a price. 他负担不起这样的价格。(不定式作宾语)句子3:主系表结构(SP):主语系动词表语这种句型中的谓语动词为系动词,无被动语态,也无进行时态。常见的系动词有be动词,还有常见的五个感官系动词(sound/look/smell/taste/feel),变化系动词(become/get/g
6、row/turn/go/fall/run),持续系动词(remain/keep/hold/stay),表象系动词(seem/appear/look)等。表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式或从句充当。例如:She is an engineer. 她是一名工程师。(名次作表语)Gradually he became silent. 他渐渐地变沉默了。(形容词作表语)The problem reminded unsolved. 问题还没有解决。(过去分词作表语)He kept standing for an hour. 他一直站了一个小时。(现在分词作表语)His dream is to b
7、e a musician. 他的梦想是成为一名音乐家。(不定式作表语)The machine is out of order. 这台机器出问题了。(介词短语作表语)注意:有些形容词作表语时后面常跟不定式。easy, difficult, willing 等。例如:The question is easy to answer. 这个问题很容易回答。They are willing to help. 他们很乐意帮助。句子4:主谓宾宾结构(SVIODO):主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语,指人的宾语称为间接宾语,指物的宾语称为直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后,也可把间接
8、宾语置于直接宾语后,但间接宾语前需用介词for或to。间接宾语之前用介词to的常见动词有give,tell,teach,write,bring,lend,hand,show,offer,send,pay,order等。间接宾语之前用介词for的常见动词有buy,fetch,save,choose,sing等。例如:He handed me a book.=He handed a book to me. 他递给我一本书。She sang us a pop song.=She sang a pop song for us. 她给我们唱了一首流行歌曲。句子5:主谓宾宾补结构(SVOOC):主语谓语宾
9、语宾语补足语该结构中的动词可以跟复合宾语,其中宾语补足语通常是考试的重点,宾补可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。该句式常用于三类动词:使役动词keep,make,let,have,leave,get等;感官动词或短语see,watch,notice,observe,find,catch,look at,listen to,hear,feel,smell等;ask,tell,order,request,permit,persuade等。例如:He found his new roommate very stupid. (形容词作宾补)他发现他的新室友很笨。What he sa
10、id made all of us laughing. (非谓语动词作宾补)他的话让我们哄堂大笑。We thought him to be an honest person. 我们认为他是一个诚实的人。(不定式作宾补)注意:在这种结构中,如果出现it作形式宾语,则真正的宾语放在宾补的后面,宾补通常是不定式或宾语从句。例如:We make it a rule to be polite to others.句子6:主谓状(SVA):主语谓语状语该句型的谓语动词通常为不及物动词;副词或介词短语在句中作状语,修饰或说明谓语动词。例如:He stood there quietly. 他静静地站在那儿。W
11、e will start tomorrow. 我们明天准备出发。句子7:主谓宾状(SVOA):主语谓语宾语状语该句型的谓语动词通常为及物动词;副词或介词短语在句中作状语,修饰或说明谓语动词。例如:The man raised his arms above his head. 那个人把手臂举过头顶。The girl enjoys running in the morning. 这个女孩喜欢早起跑步。句子8:There be句型There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。基本结构是:There is/are/was/were.地点状语。谓语动词有时候可用表示存在的其他动词,如live,stand,
12、lie,seem/appear to be(好像有),happen to be(碰巧有),used to be(曾经有)等。例如:There were two boys and a girl under the tree just now.刚才树下有两个男孩和一个女孩。There happened to be a man walking by. 碰巧有个人在此经过。注意:There be句型后面接表示物的主语时,其后常用不定式作定语,且不定式通常以主动形式表示被动的含义。后面接表示人或动物的主语时,常用V-ing形式作定语。例如:There are a lot of problems to s
13、olve.有很多问题有解决。There were many students playing on the playground. 操场上有很多学生在玩耍。即学即练标出下面句子的成分(用S,V,O,P,A,DO,IO,OC)I will return you the book tomorrow.I found the film interesting.She is beautiful and smart.He offered me a job yesterday.The English class begins at eight oclock.答案: . . . 能力提升1. Facing t
14、he situation,he felt _(confuse).2. He thinks the problem is _(challenge).3. When he came to life, he found himself _(lie) in a hospital.4. Now I _(formal) tell you that you are accepted by our company.5. She just stood there _(anxious) and didnt know what to do.6. It is quite _(annoy) that a fly is
15、flying around me.7. There is an old temple _(stand) on the top of the mountain.8. Unfortunately he got his left ankle _ (break) during yesterdays match.9. In order to finish the task on time, workers had the machine _(run) allday and all night.10. He didnt think the problem was easy _(solve).答案:1. confused 2. challenging 3. lying 4. formally 5. anxiously 6. annoying 7. standing 8. broken 9. running 10. to solve