1、高三一轮语法回顾与训练-介词、数词1.介词是虚词，在句中不能独立使用，后接名词、v.-ing形式或代词。介词可分为简单介词（on, in, at, of, from, about等）、复合介词（如 into, throughout等）、短语介词（according to“根据”、instead of“代替”等）、以及分词介词（concerning / regarding“关于”；considering / given“考虑到”等）。表示数目的词称为基数词；表示顺序的词称为序数词。2.考点归纳介词一、表示时间的介词1. in表示在一段时间之内。如：in the 1950s、in 1989、in
2、summer、in January、in ones thirties在某人三十几岁时、in the morning等。2. on表示具体某一天及某一天的上午、下午和晚上。如：on May 1st、on Monday morning、on a rainy night等。3. at表示在一个时间点上。如：at 3:20, at this time of year, at Christmas, at (mid)night, at noon, at this moment等。4. over用作介词时后面接一段时间，表示“超过”或“在期间”。如：over two months、over the past
3、 few years等。又如：We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea. 我们边喝茶边愉快地聊天。5. for用作介词时，后面接时间段，常用于完成时。We have moved here for two years.6. since用作介词时后接具体过去时间，表示“自从以来”，主句用现在完成时。We have not seen each other since two years ago.7. 表示“一段时间之后”：“in+ 一段时间”常用于将来时；“after + 一段时间”常用于一般过去时。My mother will come back in th
4、ree days. He arrived after five days.8. 在last, next, this, that, some, every等词之前不用介词。He went to Japan last year. / We meet every day.We enjoy a variety of colorful activities for an hour, starting at 4:30 every weekday afternoon.9. On / Upon + doing / n.表示“一，就”。 On hearing the shocking news, he burs
5、t into tears. Upon arrival, we began to work immediately.10. by后面接时间，表示“到为止”，常用完成时。He has read about 40 pages of the book by now. （现在完成时）We will have accomplished the work by next month. （将来完成时）By the time I get home, they will have left.By the time the doctor arrived the patient had died. （过去完成时）二、
6、表示地点方位的介词1. at, in, on, to（1）at表示在小地方或“在附近；在旁边”。He arrived at the station at ten. He is sitting at the desk.（2）in表示在大地方或“在范围之内”。He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. Shandong lies in the east of China.（3）on表示毗邻或接壤。Russia lies on the north of China.（4）to表示“在范围外”，不强调是否接壤。Japan is to the east of China.2. a
7、bove, below, over, under, beneath, on（1）above意为“在上方”；below意为“在下方”。The bird is flying above my head.（2）over意为“在正上方”，under / beneath意为“在正下方”。over还表示空间上“越过”，不直接接触。There is a bridge over the river. The naughty boy climbed over the fence.（3）on意为“在之上”，表示在某物体上面并与之接触。He put his watch on the desk.三、表示运动方向的介词
8、1. across, through（1）across表示从物体表面穿过。如：across the square / desert / river（2）through表示从物体内部穿过。如：through the pipe / forest2. in, into（1）in用作介词时通常表示静态，意为“在里面”。We walked in the park. 我们在公园里走着。（2）into通常表示动态，意为“进入到里面”。We walked into the park. 我们走进了公园。四、表示原因的介词1. for表原因。be famous for 因闻名 be grateful to sb
9、for sth 因感激某人be sorry for 因感到难过 be to blame for 因应受责备punish / praise / forgive sb for 因惩罚/表扬/原谅某人2. at表示引起某种情感变化的原因，常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用，意为“因听到或看到而”。He was surprised / excited at the news.3. with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. He was shaking with anger.4. over一般用于cry, weep, lau
10、gh等带有感情色彩的动词后，表示所发生的事情的原因。She wept over the death of her daughter. We laughed over the victory.5. 介词短语。because of / due to / owing to / on account of / as a result of / as a consequence of表原因，意为“因为；由于”。thanks to常意为“幸亏；多亏”。五、表示计量的介词1. at表示“以速度；以价格”。It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour. I sold my
11、car at a high price.2. by表示“以计”，后跟度量单位。The workers here get paid by the hour. 这里的工人按小时计酬。 The arrow missed him by two inches. 箭差两英寸就射中他了。The output of steel this year has increased by 20% compared with that of 2015. 今年的钢材产量比2015年增长了20%。 六、表示工具或手段的介词1. by意为“用某种方式”，后面的名词不带冠词，如：by bus / by train / by h
12、and / by check / by means of ；或者用by doing结构表示“凭借；靠”。2. with表示“用某种工具”，后面的名词需带冠词。如：with this methodHe broke the window with a stone. 3. in表示“用”时，后面的宾语常不带冠词，且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如：in English, in ink, in cash, in red. （注意：in a loud voice, in this / that way）4. on表示“以方式”，多用于固定词组。如：on the telephone /on the rad
13、io / on the Internet / on TV.七、表示“在之间”的介词1、between表示在两者之间，或者三者以上的每两两之间。2、among表示在三者或三者以上之间。八、表示“除了”的介词1. besides, in addition to表示“除之外；还有”。We have lots of things in common besides / in addition to music. （注意：beside表示“在旁边”）2. except表示“除外”。We all went to see the film except you.3. but与except同义，句中常有no，
14、nobody，nothing等字眼。She had no choice but to wait. = She could do nothing but wait. The problem is anything but easy. 这个问题一点也不容易。4. except for表示“除外”，指在整体中除去某细节或某方面。His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.5. except that / except when表示“除外”，后面接句子。I know nothing about him except that he is f
15、rom Beijing. He is always ready to offer his help except when he is busy.6. apart from既有besides的含义，又有except的含义。Apart from / Besides English, he has a good command of Russian and French. He has no interests, apart from / except his work.九、难掌握的介词1. against反对 / 与.相反 / 违反；靠；以.为背景 / 衬托Are you for or agai
16、nst it? 你是赞同还是反对？ They were rowing against the current. 他们划船逆流而上。A little piano stood against the wall. 一架小钢琴靠墙放着。Her red clothes stood out clearly against the snow. 她的红衣服在白雪中格外显眼。You should weigh the benefits against the cost. 你应该权衡一下收益与成本的得失。2. beyond在的较远的一边；晚于 / 迟于；超出范围；非所能及Beyond the river stand
17、s a power station过了这条河有一个发电站。 Some shops keep open beyond midnight. 有些商店营业到半夜以后。 The bicycle is beyond repair. 此自行车已坏到不能修理。She was really touched beyond words她确实感动得无法用言语来表达。It is beyond me how you can share the apartment for so long. 我实在难于理解你们怎么能合住这么久。3. off离开；从去掉；削价We are getting off the subject. 我
18、们完全离题了。I want about an inch off the back of my hair. 我想把脑后的头发剪短约一英寸。They knocked 500 dollars off the car. 他们对这车杀价500美元。 4. like作介词表示“像”，而as作介词表示“作为”。Like me, she is keen on all kinds of music. 她像我一样，各种音乐都感兴趣。As president of the Student Union, Im incredibly honored to deliver a speech here. 作为学生会主席，我
19、很荣幸在这里发言。十、一些固定搭配里的惯用介词1. 后面接to的名词：access, approach, key, answer, entrance, devotion, attention, attitude, apology, solution, introduction, visit, journey, trip, threat, shortcut(捷径)等。如：the entrance to the park 公园的入口处 the approach to attending to the matter 处理这件事的方法2. to与某些情感名词连用，在句中作状语，译为“使某人的是”，可在
20、to前加much，或在名词前加great以加强语气。(much) to ones delight / joy / pleasure / surprise / amazement / astonishment / horror / sorrow / regret = to the (great) delight / joy / pleasure / surprise / amazement / astonishment / horror / sorrow / regret of sb3. Its + adj. + for / of + sb. + to do sth如果该句型中的形容词是用来说明
21、sb的性格或品质时（如kind, good, nice, wise, stupid, polite, clever），介词用of；其它情况介词用for。如：Its polite of you to offer your seat to one in need on the bus. Its quite necessary for us to help each other. 4. be of + 名词。如：be of value / importance / significance / help / use / benefit = be valuable / important / sign
22、ificant / helpful / useful / beneficialThe two boys are of the same age. 5. 牢记下列短语：He gave me a lot of practical advice, for which I was very grateful (to him).6. “介词 + which / whom”是定语从句考点，介词的选用视从句中的动词搭配而定。There is always someone to whom you can turn for help.7. with的复合结构 （1）with + 宾语 + 形容词 I like
23、to sleep with the windows open. （2）with + 宾语 + 副词 She left the room with all the lights on. （3）with + 宾语 + 现在分词（-ing形式） With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. （4）with + 宾语 + 过去分词（-ed形式） With what she needed bought, she went home merrily.（5）with + 宾语 + 动词不定式 With a lot of work to deal wi
24、th, he wasnt allowed to go out.（6）with + 宾语 + 介词短语 With the children at school, we cant take our vacation when we want to. 数词1. 基数词：（1）dozen一打；十二, score二十, hundred, thousand, million, billion的用法。 表示概数“许多”。dozens of desks 许多桌子；thousands of millions of people 许许多多人 上述词前有具体数字修饰时，不加s，后面不带of。seven hundre
25、d dollars 七百美元（2）“基数词 + 名词”构成的合成定语中，名词用单数。a five-year plan 五年规划2. 基数词变序数词。（1）一般情况下基数词前加the，后加th。如：the sixth; the eighteenth（2）以y结尾的基数词，把y变成i，再加eth。如：the twentieth; the fiftieth（3）不规则的序数词：the first / second / third / fifth / eighth / ninth / twelfth3. 分数表达法。分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子大于一时，分母的序数词后加s。如：a / one ha
26、lf 二分之一a / one third 三分之一 one fourth / a quarter四分之一 two fifths 三分之二 one and two thirds 一又三分之二强化训练一、填空：在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。1. How long has he worked _an inventor? 2. My uncle arrived _the airport _the morning of May 3.3. _the age of twenty, he had written two books. 4. He left the classroom
27、 _all the windows open. 5. My sister is ill today. She doesnt feel _eating anything.6. I couldnt have the man getting away _stealing!7. You should apologize _her _stepping on her foot. 8. Do you know what happened _Peter yesterday?9. Its bad _you to go to work _breakfast. 10. Its very nice _you to g
28、et me two tickets _the World Cup. 11. I have a swim every day _yesterday. 12. We all know that the earth moves _the sun. 13. The sunlight is coming in _the window. 14. It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _easy reach.15. Flowing _the Tibetan Plateau（高原）to the East China Sea, the
29、 Yangtze River is a natural division _north and south. 二、改错：每句错误最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除和修改。1. His efforts to raise money for his program were into vain because no one showed any intention to take a cent out their pockets.2. - When did you last hear from Jay? - He phoned me in this morning, and we agree
30、d with a time and place to meet. 3. He played a trick on Alice and he had to apologize for treating her with a meal.4. He has got a comfortable chair to sit, but nobody to talk.5.The little pupil took his grandma by her arm and walked her through the street. 6. She drove so fast at the turn that the
31、 car almost went from the road.7. The mother continued to care the young panda more than two years.8. Two fifth of the magazines is borrowed from the reading room.9. Mary, liked her twin sister, didnt like the color of the two bags and asked for the third one. 10. There are two scores eggs in the ba
32、sket.三、翻译。1. 现在我们要离家上大学了。2. 和体育有关的一个栏目将会受男生的欢迎。3. 在为期两周的节日前夕，我们做好了充足的准备。4. 节日举办的很成功，从中我们受益匪浅。5. 有各种新书可供选择，包括科幻小说、大众杂志。6. 我想感谢那些帮我熬过难关的人。7. 除了优质的服务之外，这家餐馆还给我们提供了独特的传统菜肴。8. 要不是你及时的警告，我们就不会意识到危险。9. 他们很感激汤姆，没有他的支持他们就不会成功。10. 为了培养我们的创造力，一年一度的节日将在5月18日举行。参考答案：一、填空1. as 2. at; on 3. By 4. with 5. like 6. w
33、ith 7. to; for 8. to 9. for; without 10. of; for 11. except 12. round / around 13. through 14. within 15. from; between二、改错1. into - in; out后加of 2. in删掉; with - on3. for - by; with改成to4. Sit 后加in / on; talk后加to / with5. her - the; through改成across6. from - off7. care 后加for; panda后加for8. fifth - fifth
34、s; is - are9. liked - like; the改成a10. scores - score三、翻译1. Now we are leaving home for college.2. A column related to sports will be popular with / among boys3. Before the two-week festival, we made full / ample preparations.4. The festival was held successfully, from which we benefited a lot.5. The
35、re were a variety of new books to choose from, including science fictions and popular magazines.6. I would like to thank those who have helped me (get) through the tough years.7. Apart from good services, the restaurant also provides us with unique traditional dishes.8. But for your timely warning, we wouldnt have been aware of the danger.9. They are grateful to Tom, without whose support they would not have succeeded. 10. Aimed at developing / To develop our creativity, the annual festival will be / is scheduled to be held on May 18th.
