1、非谓语动词一、不定式 1、to+动原, 叫做不定式,.与动名词、分词一起叫做非谓语形式。其复合结构也一样;作使役、感观V宾补时, 不带to;而当这些动词变成被动语态时要加上to。省to :(1)help sb / sth (to)动原、dont dare (to)+动原、prefer to +.动原+rather than+(to)动原、do sth but / except (to)+动原, (2)what引导主语从句, everything / all / the best 所带定语从句关系代词作do的宾语,.则作表语的不定式to可省; (3)and并列多个不定式,第一个以后to可省。 t
2、oo + adj / adv+ to 动原； adj / adv + enough to +动原； manage / fail to do appeal to sb/sth to do approve of sb/sth to do only to do 不表将要做某事 arrange for sb/sth to do demand of sb/sth to do .感观动词+sb/sth do sI saw her walk across the square and go into a lane. . . . Set a thief to catch a thief.She was see
3、n to walk across the square and go into a lane. . She is too young to go to school. I often heard him sing in the next room. .Its a pleasure to manaage to get here.What / All I want to do is (to) help you with your study. . He is old enough to join the army.Would you be so kind as to help me with my
4、 English study? To see is to believe. or Seeing is believing.Its (of) no use regretting / to regret what has been done. . . .Its worthwhile writing/to write it all out again.To err is human, to forgive is divine.犯错是凡人,宽恕是圣人.Simon had no choice but to work hard then.Despite a heavy snow, the children
5、 are still looking forward to (not cancel) the outdoor activity at the weekend. My job is (water)all the flowers in the garden.Im pleased to see you here.The best that you can do is (manage) the stress in the day to minimize its impact on your health.2、(un)important, dangerous, terrible, (un)fit, su
6、rprising, (im)possible, easy, hard./ difficult, light / heavy, nice / beautiful, interesting, pleasant, expensive, weak等作表语时,不定式作条件、结果状语,用主动表示被动,表明说话人对不定式动作看法或建议。Why do people come to his lecture since it is hard to understand？The country of Andorra (安道尔) is hard to find on the worlds map. The book
7、is very interesting to read. (条件状语) . .The place is too difficult to get to.（结果状语）This type of music is good to dance to. (条件状语) . The supermarket is expensive to run.These goods are heavy to carry. (条件状语) These goods are too heavy to carry. (结果状语)The fire was (too big) hard (control) 3、不定式复合结构for /
8、 of sb (sth) to do： 1)不定式复合结构作主语,表语是(im)possible, (un)necessary, (un)easy, (un)likely, (un)usual, (un)important 等表示对不定式动作的客观陈述时,用for;而表语是good, nice, kind, friendly, brave, (im)polite, (dis)honest, cruel,stupid/clever, foolish/wise, silly/bright, careless(ful), childish, lucky表说话人对不定式动作及执行者性格 特征、能力特征
9、的主观感受或评价(赞扬、赏识或责备,贬低)时, 用of. .2)作其它成份都用for .One suggested answer is for farmers to limit the numbers of their cattle.(SB2AL34)This is for you to decide. He gave orders for the work to be done at once.Its very kind of you to send me off. Its important for us to arrive there on time. 4、1) only +不定式作结果
10、状语,.表示出乎意料的结果;.句子主语与不定式动作是主谓关系,.不定式用主动式; 若是动宾语关系,.用被动式,.表谓语动作后发生的又一动作,可改为and / but连接,与修饰的谓语动作并列。to +动原作结果状语时，常与否定词连用，表结果未产生。 2) only +v-ing作结果状语,强调谓语动作所造成的结果,是顺理成章的必然结果,谓语与分词是因果关系,不能改成and或but连接,但可用and so连接;句子谓语动词多是终极结果的动词,leave, arrive, die, end,return, break up 等; v-ing表结果时,强调谓语动作引起该结果这个客观事实,但不是意料中
11、必然结果。They lifted the rocks only (have) them drop on their own feet.I hurried to the station only (tell)the train had left already.He dropped the china plate on the cement ground, only (break) it into pieces.He went to the seaside only to be drowned. .Tom was late for class, (criticize)by the head te
12、acher. Lilys mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never (find) again.It rained hard all day yesterday, only (cause)a big flood in this area, for there isnt no river at all.More highways have been built in China, (make)it much easier for people to travel from one place .to another. 5、不定式动词是及
13、物V,与被修饰的n、pron是动宾关系,.且谓语动词是have, need, win等或with + n、pron, 不定式用主动或被动, 含义不同。若句子主语是不定式动作执行者, 不定式多用主动式; 当不定式逻辑主语不是句子主语用被动式.there be+n/pron +不定式(主动或被动),.其余情况该用主动式就用主动式,该用被动式就用被动式。序数词(the first, the second, the next, the last等)或形容词最高级及其修饰之名词被非谓语形式修饰时, 用不定式。I have a lot of work (do) tonight. Have you got
14、something (eat )?Im going to Tibet. Do you have anything (take) to your son there ?He gave orders for the work (do).There are too many cakes (choose)from.One day the man took a pair of shoes (mend). .He is always the first (come) and the last (leave).Tu Youyou became the first Chinese scientist (win
15、)the Nobel Prize in Medicine. 6、be to blame (for)与be to rent / let用主动表被动意义。. You are (blame) (should be blamed) for your fault in the job though it was small. . Who is (blame)(should be responsible) for the serious traffic accident?. This house is (rent)(will be rented).7、1）do any / every / no +thin
16、g but / except / besides +(to)动原,凡谓语不是do, but等后必带 to +动原。2）cannot help / choose but +动原,“只好”。 3）cannot but +.动原,实质上是2）的省略式。He can do nothing but tell lies. He can do everything but steal.What do you like besides to collect stamps ?In twelve years she almost never spoke to me except to say “Good morn
17、ing”.I want nothing from you but (get)your true feelings. I have no choice but / except (listen) to you .8、非谓语形式在特定句型中的运用：1) . what (ever) sb can + to动原 (目的状语) . 谓语+. everything / all sb can + to动原 (目的状语) as much as sb can + to动原 (目的状语) . 2) spend as much (time / money) as sb can/could + v-ing(宾语).
18、The doctors did whatever they could (save) the injured boy. The government should do as much as they could (protect) the natural environment. The theory the man stuck to (prove) right.二、动名词 v-ing既具有动词的特点,可带自己的宾语和状语;又具有名词的特点,做句子的主语、宾语、定语、.表语, 表一般性或习惯性动作。动名词做定语时,说明中心词的类别或用途;做表语时,说明主语.的内容或性质。动名词复合结构：on
19、es doing做主语、宾语、定语、表语, 陈述事件内容; 做宾语、表语时, 名词用普通格,代词用宾格。His fathers (come) back.safely made the family very happy. .Teaching English is my job.My job is teaching English There is a (swim) pool at the back of the garden.The next thing he saw was smoke (rise)from behind the house1.只接v-ing做宾语的动词有: suggest,
20、 consider(考虑), practise, finish, mind, enjoy, avoid, escape, delay, imagine, risk,admit,advise, tolerate(忍受), deny(否定,拒绝), miss(未做成), keep, resist(抵制), report, oppose, quit.She avoided answering such questions. He couldnt resist laughing.Would you mind waiting a few more minutes? I finished reading
21、this novel last night.It has stopped raining. .She suggested bringing the meeting to an end. The squirrel was lucky that it narrowly escaped (catch).2. remember/forget; go on/stop; mean, regret, try, want等接动名词和接不定式，其含义不同。I posted the card, but I forgot (do) that.The light in the office is still on.
22、Oh, I forgot (turn) it off .You should say sorry to your brother. Yes, I regret (quarrel)with him.To buy the IMB PC686 means (waste)a lot of money.Really? I dont mean (waste) much money.I regret (tell)you that(遗憾地). 3. deserve, need, want, require加不定式被动式或动名词主动式。 The door wants (repair). He felt that
23、 he didnt deserve (give) such a great honor.I need (go) there by bike, but something is wrong with it. It needs ( repair). .4.只接to do做宾语的动词有: hope, wish, expect, attempt, desire, claim, (dis) agree, promise, refuse, afford,undertake(同意),prepare, plan, decide, determine, offer, beg, pretend; manage,
24、fail. 三、分词.分词分为现在分词和过去分词.现在分词表主动和正在进行.过去分词表被动和已经完成。分词可作定语、宾补; 作时间、条件、让步状语时可保留原从句连词; 作方式状语要保留连词;作原因、结果、目的状语不保留连词;还可作伴随状语。having (been) done通常不作后置定语、宾补和伴随状语(三不)。judging from; generally/strictly/frankly speaking; taking everything into consideration如全部考虑 everything taken into consideration /account; re
25、maining作前置定语(不及物), 而left及物作后置定语。一)定语：作定语相当于定语从句。. .This is a distressingly grievous (惨痛的) lesson (pay) for with blood.The lecture, (start)at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with pleasure. 二)状语: 作状语相当于状语从句。1、时间状语：相当于before, after, since, until, when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。
26、(When)Hearing the good news, we were all excited.(When)Released from the jail, he had been separated from his folks for nearly 20 years.Children, when (accompany)by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. 2、条件状语：相当于if, unless, once引导的条件状语从句；祈使句+and(肯定)/or (否定) sb will +动原;有时可用n(短语)+and(肯定)
27、/or (否定) sb will +动原。 Given another chance, well do it much better. If were given another chance, well do it much better. Working still harder, youll make greater progress. Once (it is) lost, it will never be found again.One fulcrum (支点) to me, and I will lift up the whole earth. Work hard, or you w
28、ont succeed.More courage of love to me, and I will pay it back all my life. 给我爱的的勇气, 我将一辈子偿还于你。 Time, (use)correctly, is money in the bank. . . (base)an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.3、让步状语：相当于(al)though, even though(if),引导让步状语从句。 (Although) Ad
29、mitting what he has said is right, we still think hes dishonest. (Though) Seriously wounded, the soldier went on fighting.4、方式状语：相当as if, as though, than,引导方式状语从句，连词不省；当从句中有it is (was) 或there is / was (were),也可省略。 The actor threw himself from the horse as if (shoot). He opened his mouth as if (speak
30、). In fact, the situation is much better than (it was) (expect).5、原因状语：相当于because, since, as 等引导的原因状语从句。 Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Because we didnt know her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. (Because he was) Born and brought up in the remote village, he know
31、s nothing about the outside world.6、结果状语：相当and thus (hence) 并列谓语, 或so that引导结果状语从句或表顺承关系, 即分词动作发生在谓语动作之后。 主谓.+ so + adj(表)/adv(状语)+ that 结果状语从句.such + adj + n(不/可数) + that + 结果状语从句 主谓.+ so + adj /adv + as to + 动原 such + adj + n + as to + 动原My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.
32、My car was caught in a traffic jam, and thus caused the delay.He opened the door, greeting the guests. He opened the door and greeted the guests.(顺承关系)He turned off the lamp, hence seeing nothing. .He turned off the lamp, and hence saw nothing.He was late for class, thus criticized by his boss. .He
33、got up early so that he caught the first bus. He got up so early as to catch the first bus.He got up so early as to catch the first bus.He got up late and hurried to his office, (leave)the breakfast untouched. 7、目的状语:主谓+ . so that +sb can / may / will +动原 主谓.+. (so as) to + 动原 in order that . (in or
34、der) to + 动原 He got up early so that he could catch the first bus. He got up early so as to catch the first bus. .Tom did such a bad thing that he could be paid more attention to. .Tom did such a bad thing as to be paid more attention to.The children talked so loudly at the dinner table that I had t
35、o struggle (hear).8、伴随状语：表示与句子谓语动作伴随的情况或状态, 非并列关系, 不可改为相应状语从句。The blind men stood by the roadside all day, begging. They returned home, thirsty and exhausted.The stranger asked me to hand the letter to the police, (say) it was very important.Tom enjoyed himself, (listen) to wonderful light music, an
36、d felt relaxed in the open air. 注1、无须考虑分词与句子主语逻辑关系：1)provided/providing(that)如果,假使; given, assuming, supposing(that)如果; considering (that)鉴于。 (suppose) (that) she doesnt come, what shall we do? (provide)(that) you finish the home-work first, you can go out for a play. (consider) everything into acco
37、unt, the thing is getting well along.2)judging by/fromJudging by his accent, he may be from the south.注2、现在分词作宾补, 分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生, 且处于持续状态, 而过去分词作宾补, 宾语与分词是动宾关系。以下动词, 变成被动语态, 宾补变成主补。现在分词和不定式主动式作 宾补, 说明宾语是非谓语动作的执行者。带宾补的动词：1）感观V：see, watch, notice, observe, look at, catch; hear, listen to; feel. 其它感
38、观V：find, note.2）使役V：let, make, have; set, get, leave, force, order, allow, permit, forbid; 其它V：tell, inform, ask, beg.3）思维V：want, wish, expect, warn, like, advise, prefer, remind.A cook will be immediately fired if found (smoke)in the kitchen.(主补) “ So what ?”said Jack with his arms (cross), looking
39、 angrily at his boss.I caught a thief (steal) from a supermarket yesterday evening. The teacher doesnt wish such questions (discuss) in class.Where did you watch the national flag (raise)at 8:08 August 8?.Believe it or not, I hear David Herbert (clean) the street in a small town not far away from he
40、re.注3、surprised, worried, disappointed, embarrassed (尴尬), prepared , excited, pleased, astonished, delighted, satisfied, devoted (热心的), discouraged, intended等心理V分词以及drunk, lost, known, married, gone,separated作表语,已失去被动意义,只表状态。I found that I was lost. The damage is done. 木已成舟./.生米做成熟饭。.He looked (emba
41、rrass)(尴尬) when questioned. Those hard days are (go)forever.注4、现在分词作宾补,强调与谓语动作同时发生;过去分词作宾补, 强调与宾语的逻辑关系上为被动(已发生或将要发生)或完成;不定式作宾补强调动作全过程或将要发生。see sth done (已发生)/(将要发生 done)My uncle saw me grow up in the countryside. (全过程)I found myself completely (change).Some children are still in the habit of leaving
42、 the tap water (run) after they use it.Ill have it typed(被动) and get someone (send) it to you tomorrow. The citizens expect to see the environment protection (strengthen) through the measures. 注5、分词作状语,可置句首,句中或句末;有时表解释说明,均以逗号与句子主干分开;但伴随状语多置句末。Followed by his assistants, the professor walked out of t
43、he hall.The professor, followed by his assistants, walked out of the hall. “Well done!” the teacher patted the shoulder of the student, satisfied (伴随状语) with a smile on his face.The rescue workers are working around the clock, sending the supplies to the area of earthquake.(解释) 注6、现在分词和过去分词相当于状语从句，主
44、句中不再出现连词；n套主谓，要用(n-1)个连词;.若是并列谓语V, 则强调各谓语动作的先后顺序; 若非并列谓语, 则强调同时进行, 且表伴随。Though invited, but they didnt attend the dinner party. (Though) invited, they didnt attend the dinner party. . Well known for his expert advice, so he was able to help many people with personal problems. . . .Well known for his
45、 expert advice, he was able to help many people with personal problems . . . He opened the door, entered the room, and turned on the electric light.Crusoe hurried home, (look) back constantly. . (observe) carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in lab. 注7、be used to+ doing 习惯于做 be used
46、 to +do被用来做 used to +do过去常常做 注意前二者的非谓语形式和用法：used to+doing / used to +doThe old man used to (get) up early used to (like) to take a walk alone by the river early in the morning.注8、agree, refuse, love, like, hate, try, mean, hope, wish; would like, be able/glad /happy不定式动词与前面动词相同,为避免重复,.省略不定式后动词,保留to;
47、注意to (do),to be(done);to have(done),to have been(done)之别。.You should have thanked her before you left. .I meant (thank), but when I was leaving, I couldnt find her anywhere.Some people suggested she reconsider the matter, but she. (refuse) to.四、独立主格结构：一个独立主格名词或代词(逻辑主语)加上一个分词或不定式(含动作意义), adj/adv或介词短语
48、（表状态）。语法功能：相当一个状语从句,表示行为方式或伴随情况,也可以表示时间、条件、让步、原因、对比和顺承关系等, 但不做定语。1、表时间Spring coming, all trees will turn green. . . . .The meeting over, they left the meeting room.Our work (do), we went home hurriedly.Water changing into ice, we call it ice.The signal (give), the players ran as fast as possible.2、表
49、示条件Time permitting, well visit the Imperial Palace. Weather (be) fine, well start at 6 oclock.The party will be held in the garden, weather (permit). Winter (come), is spring far behind?3、表示让步Losses heavy(Although losses were heavy), we recovered production soon with their help.It (be) emergent for
50、time, we must try our best to solve this problem.Bad weather (cause) great damage to their crops, the output didnt fall.Tom (work) hard all the time, the results of all his subjects arent satisfactory.4表示原因It being Sunday, the library was closed. There being no buses, we had to walk home.The key (lo
51、se), she could not enter the room.Such good cadres to carry out the Partys policies, well be at ease(放心). She (not do)her homework, the teacher got angry.5、表示伴随情况或补充说明。 Last night I followed him and came in, sword in hand (伴随). Mother Teresa died a virginThe teacher came into the classroom, books un
52、der arm (伴随).In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the others (补充说明).He lay on his back, his teeth (set), his right hand (clench) (紧握) on his breast, and his glaring eyes (look)straight upward (伴随).I have bought a new coat, the old one (wear) out (补充说明).The plane cras
53、hed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground (补充说明). She walked along the path, her son (follow) close behind.Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some (have) a life span of around 20 years.6、表示对比 Tom is fat, his wife (be) very slim. Tom is fat while his wife is very slim.Silver is the condu
54、ctor (导体) of electricity, copper (follow) it closely.We went swimming, he (read) at home.We went swimming while he was reading at home. .His temperature was very high, the breathing (be)shallow .7、表示顺承关系Today, I send you three quarters of the sum (数目), the rest of it ( follow) within a month. Now I
55、give you so much, the rest ( follow) soon . 非谓语动词种类及句法功能 概述: 在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词(the Past Participle)。 1非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语
56、修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
57、（4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语） 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： （1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 （2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语
58、补足语。 （3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。 非谓语动词用法： （一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。 1 不定式的形式：（以动词write为例） 否定式：not + (to) do （1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后, 如： Im glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan (pay) a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked ( operate) on at o
59、nce. The teacher ordered the work (do). （2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems (play) computer games in his room. （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happened (see) the film. He is pleased (meet) his friend. 2不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语
60、： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. （2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall. .He appears to have caught a cold. （3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词
61、有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正 的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important (study) the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but (to
62、)repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. （4）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语： want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do, h
63、e didnt go to the cinema 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. （5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to
64、 live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything (send)? 说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a
65、 plan to finish the work. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here. （6）作状语： 表目的： He worked day and night (get) the money. She sold her hair (buy) the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. wrong：To learn E
66、nglish well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone. 常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.表原因：They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to
67、 answer. （7）作独立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. （8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. （9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。 He wished (study) medicine and become a doctor. （二）动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1动名词的形式： 否定式：not + 动名词 （1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 （
68、2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 （3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 （4）完成被动式：He forgot (take) to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 （5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 （6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested
69、 our (try) it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2动名词的句法功能： （1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 Its no use (quarrel). 争吵是没用的。 （2）作表语：In the ant city, the queens job is (lay) eggs.
70、在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 （3）作宾语They havent finished (build) the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from (pollute). 我们必须阻止空气被污染。 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, ex
71、cuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in),
72、succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like （4）作定语： He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？ The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 （5）作同位语: His shortcoming, (talk) in class, is
73、very serious. His habit, (listen) to the news on the radio, remains unchanged 他收听收音机新闻的习惯仍未改变。 （三）现在分词： 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 1、现在分词的形式： 否定式：not + 现在分词 （1）现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。 Having
74、 done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。 （2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 The problem (discuss) is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 2现在分词的句法功能： （1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修
75、饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。 In the (follow) years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。 The man (speak) to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to t
76、he teacher. （2）现在分词作表语： The film being shown in the cinema is (excite). 正在这家上演的电影很棒。 The present situation is (inspire). 当前的形势鼓舞人心。 be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。 （3）作宾语补足语： 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, obs
77、erve, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her (sing) the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？ He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。 （4）现在分词作状语：作时间状语： (work) in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always (help) others. 由于是
78、共青团员， 他经常帮助他人。 作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 作条件状语：(If) (play) all day, you will waste your valuable time. 整天玩，你就会浪 费宝贵的时间。 作结果状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。 作目的状语：He went (swim) the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。 作让步状语：Though (rain) heavily,
79、 it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大， 但不久天就晴了。 与逻辑主语构成独立主格： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。 All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。 Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。 有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）
80、+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 作独立成分：Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。 Generally (speak), girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。 （四）过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 过去分词的句法功能： 1 过去分词作定语： Our class went on an organiz
81、ed trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 Those (elect) as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2. 过去分词作表语：The window is broken. 窗户破了。 They ( frighten) at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的
82、动作是被动语态。 区别：The window is broken.（系表） The window was broken by the boy.（被动） 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界） 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3过去分词作宾语补足语： I
83、 heard the song (sing) several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语： With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 4过去分词作状语： Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。 （表示原因） Once (see), it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
84、 (give) more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。 （表示条件） Though told of the danger, he still risked his life. 非谓语动词专项练习1. The great hall was crowded with many people, (include) many children (seat) on their parents laps.2. Its said that the Olympic Games (hold) in London in 2012 cove
85、red more events than any other Olympics did.3. There (be) no rain for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.4. Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly, (make) him a millionaire overnight.5. In the face of the big fire in October in California, ma
86、ny people in the fire-stricken areas moved out (escape) (burn)6. Taking this medicine, if (continue) , will of course do good to his health.7. The little boy still needs the (remain ) 20 dollars to do with some things (settle).8. (consider) his age, the little boy read quite well.9. (judge)from the
87、appearance, it is very peaceful; but in fact, a war will break out soon.10. Tom enjoys (play) basketball on Sunday afternoons, doesnt he? Yes, he does. But what his sister enjoys is (dance) .11. His letter, (address) to the wrong number, reached me late.12. The Space Shuttle Columbia broke into piec
88、es over Texas as it returned to the earth on February 1, 2003, (kill) all seven astronauts aboard.13. There are lots of places of interest needing (repair) in our city.14. What caused the party to be put off? Toms delaying (send) the invitations.15. I was afraid (talk) back to my customers because I
89、 was afraid of (lose)them.16. Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but (enjoy) the flowing of the smog around me.17. Is Tom a good talker? No, he never speaks to me other than (ask) for something.18. I cant get my car (run) on cold mornings, so I have to try (fill) the radiator w
90、ith some hot water.19. The drunken husband knocked against the table and sent the bowls (fly) in all directions before he was sent (sleep) by his wife.20. When we got back from the cinema, we found the lamp (burn) on but the door (shut).21. We found the students seated at tables and had their eyes (
91、fix) on the scene of the launch of Shenzhou V spaces.22. A doctor can expect (call) at any hour of the day or night.23. The boy often gives a satisfactory answer to the teachers question, (think) just a minute. So hes usually the teachers pet.24. The policeman came up to the lonely house with the do
92、or (open), (stand) there for a while and then entered it.25. I (drive) along the quiet road at forty miles an hour, and then an old man suddenly started to cross the road in front of me.26. Mr. Smith was much surprised to find the watch he had had (repair) was nowhere to be seen.27. What did the lib
93、rarian forbid (take) out of the library?28. Mum, why do you give me so much popcorn? (kill)the boring time.29. What Yang Liwei wanted to do when he got out of the spaceship was (share) the joy with all the Chinese.30. When she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend with whom (play).31. (see)the big
94、 snake, the little girl stood under the tree (frighten) out of life.32.The competitor never dreamed of there (be) a chance for him to win the first prize in the 100-meter race.33. (except) everything to go wrong in advance, and you wont feel quite so bad when it does.34. You should ( take) part in t
95、he party on time. Sorry, I was delayed by the accident.35. When (compare) with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesnt seem high at all.36. (dress)in her best suit, the girl tried to make herself (notice) at the party.37. The matter (relate) to your study surely requires (deal) with
96、 carefully.38. Her (not come) back made her parents worried a lot.39. Everything (take) into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.40. He moved away from his parents and missed them too much to enjoy the (excite) life in New York.41. What do you think of the pl
97、an? Its easier said than (carry) out.42. Many businessmen attended the Boao Forum (博鳌论坛)because they knew what (get) from the forum.43. There was a famous person at the party everyone would like (introduce) to themselves.44. Were you at home last Sunday? Yeah! I devoted the whole day to (review) the
98、 English grammar.45. Once (catch) (steal) at the shop, you will be dismissed immediately.46. Prices of daily goods (buy) through a computer can be lower than store prices.47. The summer vacation (be) over, John returned to school from his hometown.48. (suppose) she cant come, who will do the work?49
99、. Is there anything you want from town? No, thank you. But I would like to get those letters (mail).50. After the guests left, she spent as much time as she could (tidy) up the rooms.不定式、动名词、分词、独立主格结构用法之区别 总述： 分词短语作定语时,相当一个定语从句;单个现在分词作定语,常前置;单个过去分词常后置,表一次具体动作;而前置表通常状况。非谓语的否定式是把not置于非谓语动词前。分词短语作状语时,相
100、当于各种状语从句,即各种状语从句的主语与主句主语相同,去掉连词和从句主语,把谓语动词改为非谓语形式;当从句主语与主句主语不同时,则主语不能去掉,即变成独立主格结构, 但不能作定语和补语。不定式表示(过去或将来)具体某一次动作,强调全过程;或表示将要发生的动作。 不定式表示一般状况与动名词用法相同。不定式还可做目的状语和结果状语。 单个动名词做主语,谓语用单数;做表语时, 表示主语的性质或具体内容。 一、不定式：1、to+动原, 叫做不定式,.与动名词、分词一起叫做非谓语形式。其复合结构也一样;作使役、感观V宾补时,不带to;而当这些动词变成被动语态时要加上to。省to :(1)help sb
101、/ sth (to)动原、dont dare (to)+动原、prefer to+动原+rather than+(to) 动原、do sth but / except (to)+动原, (2)what引导主语从句, everything / all / the best所带定语从句关系代词作do的宾语,.则作表语的不定式to可省; (3)and并列多个不定式,第一个以后to可省。 too + adj / adv+ to 动原； adj / adv + enough to +动原； manage / fail to do appeal to sb/sth to do approve of sb/
102、sth to do only to do 不表将要做某事 arrange for sb/sth to do demand of sb/sth to do .感观动词+sb/sth do sI saw her walk across the square and go into a lane. . . . Set a thief to catch a thief.She was seen to walk across the square and go into a lane. . She is too young to go to school. I often heard him sing
103、in the next room. .Its a pleasure to meet you here.What / All I want to do is (to) help you with your study. . He is old enough to join the army.Would you be so kind as to help me with my English study? To see is to believe. or Seeing is believing.Its (of) no use regretting / to regret what has been
104、 done. . . .Its worthwhile writing/to write it all out again.To err is human, to forgive is divine.犯错是凡人,宽恕是圣人.Simon had no choice but to work hard then.Despite a heavy snow, the children are still looking forward the outdoor activity at the weekend. A. to canceling . B. not to canceling C. not to c
105、ancel . D. to not cancelingThe best that you can do is the stress in the day to minimize its impact on your health. .A. managing B. managed .C. manage .D. to have managedMy job is all the flowers in the garden.A. water .B. watering .C. to water . D. watered2、(un)important, dangerous, terrible, (un)f
106、it, surprising, (im)possible, easy, hard / difficult, light / heavy, nice / beautiful, interesting, pleasant, expensive, weak等作表语时,不定式作条件、结果状语,用主动表示被动,表明说话人对不定式动作看法或建议。Why do people come to his lecture since it is hard to understand？The country of Andorra (安道尔) is hard to find on the worlds map. The
107、 book is very interesting to read. (条件状语) . .The place is too difficult to get to.（结果状语）This type of music is good to dance to. (条件状语) . The supermarket is expensive to run.These goods are heavy to carry. (条件状语) These goods are too heavy to carry. (结果状语)The fire was (too big) hard . A. to control B.
108、 controlling C. controlled D. to have controlled 3、不定式复合结构for / of sb (sth) to do：1)不定式复合结构作主语,表语是(im)possible, (un)necessary, (un)easy, (un)likely, (un)usual, (un)important等表示对不定式动作的客观陈述时,用for;而表语是good, nice, kind, friendly, brave, (im)polite, (dis)honest, cruel,stupid/clever, foolish/wise, silly/b
109、right, careless(ful), childish, lucky等表说话人对不定式动作及执行者性格特征、能力特征的主观感受或评价(赞扬、赏识或责备,贬低)时, 用of.2)作其它成份都用for .One suggested answer is the numbers of their cattle.(SB2AL34)A. of farmers to limit B. for farmers to limit C. farmers to limit D. farmers limitingThis is for you to decide. He gave orders for the
110、work to be done at once.Its very kind of you to send me off. Its important for us to arrive there on time.4、不定式作条件、结果状语或补语时,用主动表被动;不定式动词是vi,中心词或句子的主语是不定式动作发生的范围,处所或方式,不构成动宾关系,此时不定式动词要加上相关介词，或介词+wh- +不定式,表修饰或限制。还可做目的、原因状语及后置定语,而time、way、place +不定式+介词, 其中介词可省。the first / last(+n) / only +n +to do. the
111、 ability/decision/way/responsibility + to do(仅用不定式作定语,表将要或通常发生的动作) She has no more courage to live on.This is a very beautiful place to live (in). She had very little money to live on. I was born in Merthyr Tydfil, a small town in Wales, an excellent place in which to grow up.Every day the lion is u
112、sed to bringing him meat . A. to live B. to live in C. living on D. on which to liveEveryone had a form, but no one knew which office . A. to have it sent B. to send it .C. to be sent to . D. to send it toIts the right time for us to work hard (at). The light is too weak to read by.A staff (棍棒) is q
113、uickly found to beat a dog with. 欲加之罪，何患无词？John will come back soon. There is no need to worry.Rose had an application in her hand, but she didnt know which office to send it to.Im not sure which restaurant to eat at / in. The river is too shallow to swim in. I went to live in France to learn French
114、. (目的, 动作未发生)We came home (only) to find our garden neat and tidy. (结果状语, 动作已发生)They jumped with joy to hear the news. He was pleased to meet his old friend.(原因,不定式动作已发生) 5、1) only +不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果; 句子主语与不定式动作是主谓关系,不定式用主动式,若是动宾语关系,.用被动式,表示继谓语动作之后发生的又一动作,可改为and / but连接,与所修饰的谓语动作并列。to +动原作结果状语时，表结果
115、未产生。 2) only +v-ing作结果状语,强调是谓语动作所造成的结果,是顺理成章的必然结果,谓语与分词是因果关系,不能改成and或but连接,但可用and so连接;句子谓语动词多是终极结果的动词,如leave, arrive, die, end,return, break up 等; v-ing表结果时,强调谓语动作引起该结果这个客观事实,但不一定是意料中必然结果。They lifted the rocks only to have them drop on their own feet.I hurried to the station only to be told the tra
116、in had left already.He dropped the china plate on the cement ground, only breaking it into pieces.He went to the seaside only to be drowned.Tom was late for class, being criticized by the head teacher. Lilys mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never again.A. to find B. to be found C. findi
117、ng . .D. being foundIt rained hard all day yesterday, a big flood in this area, for there isnt no river at all. A. only to cause B. to cause C. caused D. only causingMore highways have been built in China, it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. A. making .B. made .C. to make
118、D. having made 6、不定式动词是及物V,与被修饰的n、pron是动宾关系,且谓语动词是have, need, win等或with + n、pron, 不定式用主动或被动,含义不同。不定式用主动式,表示句子主语是不定式动作执行者;用被动式表示不定式 逻辑主语被省略或不是句子主语。there be+n/pron +不定式(主动或被动),.其余情况该用主动式就用主动式,该用被动式就用被动式。I have a lot of work to do (to be done) tonight. Have you got something to eat ?Im going to Tibet.
119、Do you have anything to be taken to your son there ?He gave orders for the work to be done. There are too many cakes to choose from.Nowadays, in Britain calculators (计算器)can be used freely in school exams and already in many schools; the only sound to be heard during a mathematics exam is the one of
120、 children tapping out their answers.One day the man took a pair of shoes to be mended.7、1）do any / every / no +thing but / except / besides +(to)动原,凡谓语不是do, but等后必带 to +动原。2）cannot help / choose but +动原,“只好”。 3）cannot but +.动原,实质上是2）的省略式。He can do nothing but tell lies.He can do everything but steal
121、.What do you like besides to collect stamps ?In twelve years she almost never spoke to me except to say “Good morning”.I want nothing from you but to get your true feelings. .I have no choice but / except to listen to you .8、关于there be 的非谓语形式： there being + n / pron 作主、宾、状语（时间、条件、原因）。 there to be +
122、n / pron 作宾语、状语。 for there to be + n / pron作主语,多用形式主语, 实质是不定式复合结构;有时作(条件/目的/结果)状语。 1)作主语用there being + n / pron . 2)作宾语:作like, love, prefer, hate, expect, want, mean, intend 等心理V宾语时,常用there to be + n/ pron。 作deny(否定)等其它V及at, about, for, of, on的宾语,常用there being +n / pron.3）作状语：there being +n / pron 作
123、时间、条件、原因等状语。 a bus stop near the house (主语) is a great advantage.A. For there to be B. There to be C. There being D. For there beingIt would be surprising for there to be no objections (主语). We expect there to be no argument (宾语).People didnt want there to be another war (宾语). There being nothing to
124、 do (原因状语), we went home. The secretary arranged for there to be another interview (宾语).I have never dreamed of there being any chance for me to try (宾语).He was disappointed at there being so few friends present at his birthday party .There being nobody in the room (原因状语), I didnt go in.The teacher
125、was waiting for there to be complete silence (宾语).It was too late any buses (结果状语). A. for there being B. there to be C. there being .D. for there to be Id like there to be more flowers in the garden (宾语).For there to be life (条件) there must be air and water.I really dont approve of there being chil
126、drens makeup.Let there be light. (让阳光普照-圣经.旧约) The reason for there not being enough labor forces to fill jobs in future in some countries is low birth rates.For there to be successful communication (目的状语), there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. 为了成功地进行交
127、流, 所有参加者都必须认真倾听并参与讨论。 9、be to blame (for)与be to rent / let用主动表被动意义。.You are to blame (should be blamed) for your fault in the job though it was small. .Who is to blame (should be responsible) for the serious traffic accident?.This house is to rent(will be rent).10、非谓语形式在特定句型中的运用：1) . what (ever) sb
128、can + to动原 (目的状语) .谓语+. everything / all sb can + to动原 (目的状语) as much as sb can + to动原 (目的状语) .2) spend as much (time / money) as sb can/could + v-ing(宾语)The doctors did whatever they could to save the injured boy.The government should do as much as they could the natural environment. A. protect B.
129、to protect C. protecting .D. protected The theory the man stuck right.A. proved B. to proved C. to prove .D. to proving二、动名词:v-ing既具有动词的特点,可带自己的宾语和状语;又具有名词的特点,做句子的主语、宾语、定语、表语, 表一般性或习惯性动作。动名词做定语时,说明中心词的类别或用途;做表语时,说明主语的内容或性质。动名词复合结构：ones doing做主语、宾语、定语、表语, 陈述事件内容; 做宾语、表语时, 名词用普通格,代词用宾格。 .safely made t
130、he family very happy.Teaching English is my job.My job is teaching English.A.His father coming back B.His fathers coming back C.His father came back D.That his father coming back There is a pool at the back of the garden.A. swim B. swimming C. swum .D. to swimThe next thing he saw was smoke from beh
131、ind the house. A. rose .B. rising C. to rise .D. risen1.只接v-ing做宾语的动词有：suggest, consider(考虑), practise, finish, mind, enjoy, admit, miss(未做成), delay, imagine, risk, deny(否定,拒绝), advise, escape, keep, resist(抵制), report, oppose, quit, tolerate(忍受).She avoided answering such questions.He couldnt resis
132、t laughing.Would you mind waiting a few more minutes?I finished reading this novel last night.It has stopped raining.She suggested bringing the meeting to an end. The squirrel was lucky that it narrowly escaped .A. to catch B. to be caught C. catching .D. being caught2. remember/forget; go on/stop;
133、mean, regret, try, want等接动名词和接不定式，其含义不同。I posted the card, but I forgot _ that.A. to do B. to be done C. do . .D. doingThe light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot _.A. turning it off . B. turning off it C. to turn it off .D. having turned it off You should say sorry to your brother. Yes, I reg
134、ret_ with him.A. quarrelling . B. quarreled C. to quarrel D. to have quarrelling To buy the IMB PC686 means _ a lot of money.Really? I dont mean _ much money.A. to waste; to waste . B. wasting; wasting C. to waste; wasting D. being wasting; to waste I want to see my son now. I regret to tell you tha
135、t(遗憾地). The door wants repairing.3. deserve, need, want, require加不定式被动式或动名词主动式。The door needs repairing/to be repaired. He felt that he didnt deserve _ such a great honor.A. to give B. give .C. to be given . . .D. being givenI need _ there by bike, but something is wrong with it. It needs_.A. going;
136、 being repaired .B. to go; being repaired C. to go; to repair . . D. go; to be repaired .4. 只接to do做宾语的动词有: hope, wish, expect, attempt, desire, claim, (dis) agree, plan, promise, refuse, afford,undertake(同意),prepare, promise, decide, determine, offer, beg, pretend; manage, fail. u三、分词：.分词分为现在分词和过去分
137、词.现在分词表主动和正在进行.过去分词表被动和已经完成。分词可作定语、宾补; 作时间、条件、让步状语时可保留原从句连词; 作方式状语要保留连词;作原因、结果、目的状语不保留连词;还可作伴随状语。having (been) done通常不作后置定语、宾补和伴随状语(三不)。judging from; generally/strictly/frankly speaking; taking everything into consideration如全部考虑 everything taken into consideration /account; remaining作前置定语(不及物), 而lef
138、t及物作后置定语。一)定语：作定语相当于定语从句。. This is a distressingly grievous (惨痛的) lesson with blood.A. paying for . B. paying C. paid for D. paid.The lecture, at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with pleasure.A. starting .B. being started .C. to start D. to be started 二)状语: 作状语相当于状语从句。
139、1、时间状语：相当于before, after, since, until, when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。(When)Hearing the good news, we were all excited.(When)Released from the jail, he had been separated from his folks for nearly 20 years.Children, when by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. A. to be accompanied .B. to accom
140、pany .C. accompanying .D. accompanied2、条件状语：相当于if, unless, once引导的条件状语从句；祈使句+and(肯定)/or (否定) sb will +动原;有时可用n(短语)+and(肯定) /or (否定) sb will +动原。 Given another chance, well do it much better. If were given another chance, well do it much better. Working still harder, youll make greater progress. Once
141、 (it is) lost, it will never be found again.One fulcrum (支点) to me, and I will lift up the whole earth. Work hard, or you wont succeed.More courage of love to me, and I will pay it back all my life. 给我爱的的勇气, 我将一辈子尝还于你。 Time, correctly, is money in the bank. . A. to use .B. used C. using .D. use. an
142、important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.A. Based .B. Basing C. Base D. To base. , and Ill get the work finished. A. Have one more hour B. One more hour .C. Given one more hour .D. If I have one more hour3、让步状语：相当于(al)though, even though(if),引导让步状语从句。 (Al
143、though) Admitting what he has said is right, we still think hes dishonest. (Though) Seriously wounded, the soldier went on fighting.4、方式状语：相当as if, as though, than,引导方式状语从句，连词不省；当从句中有it is (was) 或there is / was (were),也可省略。 The actor threw himself from the horse as if (he were) shot. He opened his m
144、outh as if (he waswere) speaking. In fact, the situation is much better than (it was) expected.5、原因状语：相当于because, since, as 等引导的原因状语从句。 Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Because we didnt know her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. (Because he was) Born and brought up
145、 in the remote village, he knows nothing about the outside world.6、结果状语：相当and thus (hence) 并列谓语, 或so that引导结果状语从句或表顺承关系, 即分词动作发生在谓语动作之后。 主谓.+ so + adj(表)/adv(状语)+ that 结果状语从句.such + adj + n(不/可数) + that + 结果状语从句 主谓.+ so + adj /adv + as to + 动原 such + adj + n as to + 动原My car was caught in a traffic
146、jam, thus causing the delay. My car was caught in a traffic jam, and thus caused the delay.He opened the door, greeting the guests. He opened the door and greeted the guests.(顺承关系)He turned off the lamp, hence seeing nothing. .He turned off the lamp, and hence saw nothing.He was late for class, thus
147、 criticized by his boss. .He got up early so that he caught the first bus. He got up so early as to catch the first bus.He got up so early catch the first bus.A. to B. so as to C. in order to .D. as toHe got up late and hurried to his office, the breakfast untouched. A. left B. to leave C. leaving D
148、. having left7、目的状语:主谓+ . so that +sb can / may / will +动原 主谓.+. (so as) to + 动原 in order that . (in order) to + 动原 He got up early so that he could catch the first bus. He got up early so as to catch the first bus. .Tom did such a bad thing that he could be paid more attention to. .Tom did such a b
149、ad thing as to be paid more attention to.The children talked so loudly at the dinner table that I had to struggle .A. to be heard B. to hear C. being heard . D. hearing8、伴随状语：表示与句子谓语动作伴随的情况或状态, 非并列关系, 不可改为相应状语从句。The blind men stood by the roadside all day, begging. They returned home, thirsty and ex
150、hausted.The stranger asked me to hand the letter to the police, it was very important.A. said .B. to say .C. saying . .D. say 注1、无须考虑分词与句子主语逻辑关系： 1)当分词暗含的逻辑主语表示泛指意义的one或you. In doing such work, patience is needed. When one does such work, patience is needed. During completing so complex a task, know
151、ledge and technology is very important.2)provided/providing(that)如果,假使; given, assuming, supposing(that)如果; considering (that)鉴于。 Supposing (that) she doesnt come, what shall we do?Provided (that) you finish the home-work first, you can go out for a play.Considering everything into account, the thin
152、g is getting well along.3)judging by/fromJudging by his accent, he may be from the south.注2、当主句含there be + n +定从句 或it be +adj +that(主语从句)时,分词与从句主语一致。.Having so little time, there was not much that I could do.Being a Frenchman, its surprising that hes such a terrible cook.注3、现在分词作宾补，分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生
153、,且处于持续状态, 而过去分词作宾补, 宾语与分词是动宾关系。以下动词, 变成被动语态, 宾补变成主补。现在分词和不定式主动式作宾补,说明宾语是非谓语动作的执行者。带宾补的动词：1）感观V：see, watch, notice / note, observe, look at, catch; hear, listen to; feel.2）使役V：let, make, have; set, get, leave, force, order, allow, permit, forbid; 其它V：tell, inform, ask, beg.3）心理V：want, wish, expect, w
154、arn, like, advise, prefer, remind.A cook will be immediately fired if found smoking in the kitchen.(主补) “ So what ?”said Jack with his arms crossed, looking angrily at his boss.I caught a thief stealing from a supermarket yesterday evening. The teacher doesnt wish such questions discussed in class.W
155、here did you watch the national flag being raised at 8:08 August 8?.Believe it or not, I hear David Herbert the street in a small town not far away from here.A.cleans B. clean C. cleaning D. to clean 注4、surprised, worried, disappointed, embarrassed (尴尬), prepared , excited, pleased, astonished, deli
156、ghted, satisfied, devoted (热心的), discouraged, intended等心理V分词以及drunk, lost, known, married, gone,separated作表语,已失去被动意义,只表状态。I found that I was lost. The damage is done. 木已成舟./.生米做成熟饭。.He looked embarrassed (尴尬) when questioned. Those hard days are gone forever.注5、现在分词作宾补,强调与谓语动作同时发生;过去分词作宾补, 强调与宾语的逻辑关
157、系上为被动(已发生或将要发生)或完成;不定式作宾补强调动作全过程或将要发生。see sth done (已发生)/(将要发生 done)My uncle saw me grow up in the countryside. (全过程) I found myself completely changed. (已发生)Some children are still in the habit of leaving the tap water running after they use it.Ill have it typed and get someone to send it to you to
158、morrow. (被动)The citizens expect to see the environment protection (将要发生) strengthened through the measures. 注6、分词作状语,可置句首,句中或句末;有时表解释说明,均以逗号与句子主干分开;但伴随状语多置句末。Followed by his assistants, the professor walked out of the hall.The professor, followed by his assistants, walked out of the hall. “Well done
159、!”the teacher patted the shoulder of the student, satisfied (伴随状语) with a smile on his face.The rescue workers are working around the clock, sending the supplies to the area of earthquake.(解释) 注7、现在分词和过去分词相当于状语从句，主句中不再出现连词；n套主谓，要用(n-1)个连词;.若是并列谓语V,则强调各谓语动作的先后顺序;若非并列谓语,则强调同时进行,且伴随。Though invited, but
160、 they didnt attend the dinner party. (Though) invited, they didnt attend the dinner party. . Well known for his expert advice, so he was able to help many people with personal problems. . . .Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people with personal problems . . . He opened the
161、door, entered the room, and turned on the electric light.Crusoe hurried home, looking back constantly. . carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in lab. .A. Observe B. To observe C. Observed D. Observing注8、be used to+ doing 习惯于做 be used to +do被用来做 used to +do过去常常做 注意前二者的非谓语形式和用法：used t
162、o+doing / used to +doThe old man used to up early used to take a walk alone by the river early in the morning. A. getting; like to B. get; like to .C. getting; liking to .D. got; like to注9、agree, refuse, love, like, hate, try, mean, hope, wish; would like, be able/glad /happy不定式动词与前面动词相同,为避免重复,.省略不定
163、式后动词,保留to;注意to (do),to be(done);to have(done),to have been(done)之别。.You should have thanked her before you left. .I meant , but when I was leaving, I couldnt find her anywhere.A. to do so B. to have C. doing so D. to thank her Some people suggested she reconsider the matter, but she. .A. refused .B.
164、 refused to have .C. refused to D. refused to do四、独立主格结构：一个独立主格名词或代词(逻辑主语)加上一个分词或不定式(含动作意义), adj/adv或介词短语（表状态）。语法功能：相当一个状语从句,表示行为方式或伴随情况,也可以表示时间、条件、原因、对比和顺承关系等,但不做定语。1、表时间Spring coming, all trees will turn green. . . . .The meeting over, they left the meeting room.Our work having been done, we went
165、home hurriedly.Water changing into ice, we call it ice.The signal , the players ran as fast as possible. A. given B. to give C. being given D. having given2、表示条件Time permitting, well visit the Imperial Palace. . Weather (being) fine, well start at 6 oclock.The party will be held in the garden, weath
166、er . A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit 3、表示原因It being Sunday, the library was closed. There being no buses, we had to walk home.The key having been lost, she could not enter the room.Such good cadres to carry out the Partys policies, well be at ease(放心). She not having done her homew
167、ork, the teacher got angry.4、表示伴随情况或补充说明。 Last night I followed him and came in, sword in hand (伴随). Mother Teresa died a virginThe teacher came into the classroom, books under arm (伴随).He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched (紧握) on his breast, and his glaring eyes looking straig
168、ht upward (伴随).I have bought a new coat, the old one worn out (补充说明).In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the others (补充说明).The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground (补充说明). She walked along the path, her son following close behind.Bats are surprisi
169、ngly long-lived creatures, some a life span of around 20 years.A. having B. had C. have .D. to have5、表示对比 Tom is fat, his wife being very slim. Tom is fat while his wife is very slim.Silver is the conductor (导体) of electricity, copper following it closely.We went swimming, he reading at home. .We we
170、nt swimming while he was reading at home. .His temperature was very high, .A. the breathing is low B. which the breathing low C. and the breathing shallow D. the breathing shallow6、表示顺承关系Today, I send you three quarters of the sum (数目), the rest of it to follow within a month. Now I give you so much
171、, the rest to follow soon .综 合 练 习.1、_ such heavy pollution from the leakage (泄漏)，the river may be too late to clean up. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. Suffered D. To suffer2、The old man is always generous. Hes willing to spend as much as he can _the people in trouble. A. helping .B. to be helpe
172、d C. help D. helped3、While seeing the _ movie, most of the _ children cried with great fear. A. frightened; frightened B. frightening; frightening C. frightened; frightening .D. frightening; frightened 4、With a lot of difficult problems _ , the newly elected president is having a hard time. A. settl
173、ed B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 5、A clerk will be immediately paid off if he is found _ in the office of this company. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked6、“So what ?”said Jack with his arms _ , looking angrily at the assistant. A. cross B. crossing .C. to cross D. crossed7、 Why a
174、re you looking so disappointed, Ken ? The outdoor concert _ for tomorrow will be put off.A. planned B. planning C. to plan D. to be planned8、The little boy still needs the _ 20 dollars to do some things _. A. remaining; remained to be settled B. remaining; remaining to be settled. C. remained; remai
175、ned to settle .D. remained; remaining to settle.9、_to attend the course he isnt interested in, Brown always prefers at home to do what he likes to. A. To going; staying B. To go; to stay C. To going; to stay D. To go; staying10、A terrible storm struck the area last night, _ many villages _. A. left;
176、 ruin B. leaving; in ruins C. and left; in ruins D. and left; in ruin11、The final exams _ near, your parents wont probably allow you to go online. A. drawing .B. draw .C. is drawing D. is drawn12、The boss often has his workers _ for 14 hours a day, which makes them angry. A. work B. working .C. work
177、ed .D. to work13、The doctor, _to make the patient anxious , didnt explain the seriousness of his illness.A. not determined B. not determining C. determining not D. determined not14、Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan.A. his being not able B. him not to be able .C. his not
178、being able D. him to be not able15、Which would you enjoy _ , the city or the countryside ?Countryside certainly, for its quiet and free of pollution there .A. to live in B. living C. to live D. living in16、Energy drinks(热能饮料)are not allowed _ in Australia but brought in from New Zealand. A. making B
179、. to be made C. being made D. made17、Why, you have failed again ! Why not _ it in another way ? .A. to try to do . B. try to do .C. try doing D. to try doing18、Mr. Tumor, _ home very late from his job, found his angry wife waiting for him at supper table. A. returning B. returned .C. to return .D. h
180、ad returned19、_ into use in October, 2006, the freeway has solved the long-standing problem of traffic jams of this district. A. Put .B. Putting .C. Having been put D. Being put20、_out of work for several months, Mom took up the job of waiting on patients in a hospital.A. Been . B. To be . C. Having
181、 been D. Being21、_ of danger in the street at night, the girt had to go home, with a friend _ her. A. Warned ; followed B. Warning ; followingC. Having warned ; following .D. Having been warned ; following22、All the tickets _ out, we had to wait for the next weeks show.A. had been sold B. being sold
182、 C. having sold D. having been sold23、John looked at Mary quietly, tears _ his eyes, and shouted out the words _ in his heart for years. A. filling ; having been hidden B. filled ; hidden C. filling ; hidden .D. filled ; hiding24、_ many times, he still didnt understand it. A. Having been told .B. Th
183、ough having told C. Having told D. He had been told.25、His mother _ , he has to stay at home to take good care of her today. A. is ill B. being ill C. to be ill D. having been ill 26、The train was held up by the snowstorm in the area, thus _ five hours delay. A. causing B. to cause C. caused D. bein
184、g caused27、He rushed into the room, his face _ with sweat. A. covering B. covered C. to be covered D. was covered28、John Smith used to sleep with the window _ and the curtain _ . A. opened; drawn B. opening; drawing C. open; drawn D. open; draw 29、She intended to go to college, but at that time wome
185、n were not allowed _. A. to go B. going to college C. to D. going30、_ five minutes _ before the last bus left, we arrived at the station. A. There were; to go B. With; to go C. It has; left D. It had; left31、_ the work _ by the end of the month is completed, the construction company will be fined. A
186、. If; to be completed . .B. Unless; to be completed C. If; has been completed .D. Unless; is completed32、The naughty boy tried several times to escape from school, _ by his head teacher each time. A. having been caught .B. unfortunately caught C. always being caught D. only to be caught33、Dont make
187、any mistakes in your composition, will you ?Ill try _ . A. not B. to not C. not to do D. not to34、Who would you rather _ the Olympic Math Competition ?James, I think, is the best choice.A. have attended B. have attend C. attending D. to attend35、It was nearly ten oclock. However, the doors of the re
188、pairing shop remained _ .This washing machine I _ repaired last week went wrong again.A. locked; had had B. to be locked; having C. locking; had wanted .D. locked; having had36、Any application form _ properly will not be accepted by the company.A. not to be filled . B. not filled C. not being filled
189、 .D. having not been filled37、The hotline, _ into use in 1980, has now become an important way for citizens to make their voices heard by the government.A. to be put B. put C. having been put D. being put38、Having passed all the tests, the girl felt a great weight _ off her mind.A. taken B. taking .
190、C. took D. to be taken39、When I came home last night, I saw my little kid _ on bed, with his whole attention _ on the book about Harry Potter. A. lying; focusing B. lay; focused C. sitting; to focus D. seated; focused40、Dont worry. Ill have it _ and get someone _ it to you tomorrow. A. typed; send B
191、. to type; to send . .C. type; sent D. typed; to send41、_ sufficient time, well make a first-class tennis player. A. Given . .B. To give .C. Giving D. Having given42、Little Franz will be better soon. There is no need _. A. to worry about . B. being worried .C. to worry D. to be worried about43、_ in
192、her most beautiful skirt, the girt tried to get herself _ at the party. A. Dressed ; noticed B. Dressing ; noticed C. Dressed ; noticing .D. Dressing ; noticing44、After his long journey from abroad, Jack returned home, _ . A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having been exhausted45、Mich
193、ael looked hurt and _ when _ . A. surprising ; scolding .B. surprising ; scolded C. surprised ; scolding .D. surprised ; scolded46、There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. to follow B. followed C. following D. being followed47、John went up to the boy and _ him on the shoulder, took
194、him away. A. patted B. pat C. to pat D. patting48、All the afternoon I sat on the floor of my room, _ the sad stories, _ down my cheeks. A. read; streaming tears B. read; streamed tears C. reading; tears streaming .D. reading; tears streamed49、Dear Frank, when will our wedding be ?“Ah, when ? God kno
195、ws!” he said, _ away from her, and walked away rapidly. A. turning .B. turned .C. to turn D. turn 50、On seeing the police, the burglars ran away separately, _ carrying a bag. A. all B. each .C. who .D. either51、You can use a large plastic bottle, _ cut off as a pot to grow young plants in. A. the to
196、p was B. the top of which C. whose top D. with its top52、A large part of our ability even _ depends on our language. A. of thinking .B. to think . C. to think of . D. thinking about 53、_ shopping on Sundays seems to my mother a rule never . A. Make; broken .B. To go; to break .C. Going; to be broken
197、 D. Doing; broken54、The necklace is very beautiful _ . A. to look B. to see .C. looking at D. to look at55、I havent got enough money _ to buy a car. A. for which B. with which C. as .D. on which56、He spoke in such a high voice _ at the further end of the great hall. A. as to be heard B. so as to be
198、heard C. as to hear D. to hear57、The fire was _ big that _ was impossible _. A. so; that; to control B. too; it; to control C. very; X; controlling D. so; it; to control it58、To learn English well, _ . A. much practice is needed .B. lots of practice is necessaryC. one needs enough practices D. one n
199、eeds much practice59、The photos are all so beautiful that they are hard _ .A. to choose B. to choose from C. for choosing D. to choose between 60、The travelers built a small wooden house _ the forest.A. to live in B. to live on C. to live in in D. living in in 61、Im going to Beijing. Do you have any
200、thing _ your son there ?A. to take to B. to be taken to C. to bring D. taken for62、The dew (蜜露) passed through their bodies, _ a little thicker and sweeter.A. only getting B. only to get C. to get D. got63、It isnt cold enough for there _ frost (霜) tonight, so I leave Jims car out quite safely. . A.
201、to be .B. would be C. being D. was64、She made no comment (评论) except _ him to work hard.A. telling .B. say C. to tell .D. saying65、I dont expect there _ any misunderstanding between us and dont want _ to be any student lagging (落后) behind. A. is; that .B. to be; there .C. being; it D. will have; whi
202、ch66、Since I dont like vegetables, can I eat fruits every day instead _ the nutrients I need? A. to get .B .of getting C. of to get D. of get 67、For _ so few people in the streets was unusual. A. there to be .B. there was C. there being D. having68、She was disappointed because of _ any chance left.
203、A. there being not B. there not being C. not there being D. there not to be69、All he did was _ and the first thing she talked about was _. A. complaining; parting .B. complained; parting C. complain; to part .D. complain; to part70、Her husband died, _ her 5 children and plenty of debts. A. leaving .B. left C. only leaving D. only to leave
