1、第五讲从“定语”角度释解形容词、介词和介词短语的用法规则编者按：定语修饰名词或代词，用来说明人或事物的品质或特征。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词(短语)、从句等均可用作定语。单个词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面；短语或从句作定语则放在被修饰词的后面。本讲主要讲形容词和介词(短语)，其他形式放到后面讲解。第1课时形容词真题集训明考点语法填空/短文改错常考点1(2020全国卷)The (beauty) long branches covered with pinkcolored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.解析：beauti
2、ful设空处和long一起修饰后面的名词branches，应用形容词。2(2020新高考全国卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries， (wealth)people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.解析：wealthy分析句子结构可知，修饰名词people要用形容词。3(2020全国卷)One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to c
3、ome and present their (fine) work, so that he could choose the best.解析：finest根据语境可知，皇帝命令所有的知名画家献上他们最好的作品，故填fine的最高级finest。4(2019全国卷)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are (high) than t
4、hey actually are.解析：higher根据空格后than they actually are可知，应用形容词的比较级，故填higher。5(2019全国卷)But then we got an official letter and we were blown away.We are so proud of her.“Its (wonder)”解析：wonderful设空处前有系动词is，应用形容词作表语，故此处应用形容词wonderful。6(2019全国卷)They also shared with us many (tradition) stories about Hawa
5、ii that were hugely popular with tourists.解析：traditional设空处修饰名词stories，此处应用形容词形式，故填traditional。7(2020全国卷)Im surely youll have a good time. 解析：surelysure系动词am后应用形容词作表语。8(2019全国卷)One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after seeing a doctor. 解析：去掉morebetter
6、是形容词的比较级形式，more不能用于修饰比较级，故去掉more。9(2018全国卷)I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people. 解析：largerlarge根据语境可知，“我”害怕在一大群人面前讲话，这里没有比较的含义，故将larger改为large。语法精析知规则(一)形容词的功能1作定语修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征等。These are valuable suggestions.这些是宝贵的建议。2作表语与系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征。His suggestions are very valuab
7、le.他的建议很有价值。3作补足语说明宾语或主语的性质、状态或特征。I consider his suggestion very valuable.我认为他的建议很有价值。4作状语主要表示原因、伴随等。He returned home, safe and sound.他回到了家，安然无恙。(二)形容词和副词比较等级的构成规则1规则变化构成例词原级比较级最高级单音节的词一般情况下直接加er和estsmallsmallersmallestgreatgreatergreatest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词加r和stnicenicernicestcutecutercutest以一个辅音字母结尾，且前面
8、只有一个元音的词，先双写词尾的辅音字母后再加er和estfatfatterfattestthinthinnerthinnest以“辅音字母y”结尾的词，先把y变为i再加er和esteasyeasiereasiesthappyhappierhappiest其他双音节和多音节的形容词或副词都在前面加more和mostpopularmore popularmost popularefficientlymore efficientlymost efficiently名师指津(1)有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加er和est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common,
9、handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以ow, er结尾的词。(2)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的), wrong(错误的), excellent(优秀的), possible(可能的), empty(空的), first(第一的), wooden(木制的), final(最后的), east(东方的), last(最后的)，favourite(最喜欢的)等。2不规则变化原级比较级最高级good, wellbetterbestbad, badly, illwor
10、seworstmany, muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther(指时间或空间距离“更远的”)farthest(指时间或空间距离“最久的；最远的”)further(指空间距离“更远的”；指程度“更深入的”)furthest(指空间距离“最远的”；指最大程度上的)(三)形容词、副词比较等级的用法1原级的用法(1)“as形容词/副词原级as”与“notas/so形容词/副词原级as”表示同级比较，即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同/不同。He doesnt run so/as fast as his younger brother.他没有他弟弟跑得快。(2
11、)当as .as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.亨利的书没有我的书多。2比较级的用法(1)“形容词/副词比较级than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更”。“less多音节形容词/副词原级than”结构表示“一方不及另一方”。The book is less interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书有趣。(2)“the形容词/副词比较级.，the形容词/副词比较级”表示“越，就越”。The more interaction the robot has with humans, th
12、e more it learns.机器人与人类交流得越多，它学会的就越多。(3)“形容词/副词比较级and形容词/副词比较级”表示“越来越”。It becomes colder and colder when winter comes.冬天来了，天气越来越冷。(4)“the形容词/副词比较级of the two名词”表示“某人或某物是两者中较的”。Mike is the taller of the two boys.迈克是两个男孩中个子比较高的那个。(5)形容词/副词比较级可以用much, even, still, far, a little, a lot, rather等来修饰。It was
13、 also much more than we could afford, but far less than the original asking price.这个价格仍然远远超出我们能够负担得起的价位，但是它已经远远低于最初的要价了。3最高级的用法(1)表示三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构为“the形容词最高级(名词)表示比较范围的短语或从句”，表示“是中最的”。The dog has a funny, short tail and certainly the funniest face of the dogs in the world.这只狗有一条逗人而短的尾巴，它的脸肯定是世上最逗人
14、的狗脸了。(2)“one of the形容词最高级可数名词复数”表示“最的之一”。This is one of the most important events in modern history.这是现代历史上最重要的事件之一。(3)用比较级或原级表示最高级含义。“否定词语比较级”表示最高级含义。比较级形式表示最高级含义。比较级than(4)最高级可以用序数词及by far, nearly, almost, much, by no means等修饰。(四)倍数表达法倍数表达法例句A谓语倍数形容词/副词比较级(名词)thanBThe electronic waste stream is in
15、creasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole. 总的来说，泛滥成灾的电子废弃物正以比传统垃圾快三倍的速度增加。A谓语倍数as形容词/副词原级asBThis restaurant wasnt half as good as that other restaurant we went to. 这家饭店还不如我们以前去过的那家饭店的一半好。A谓语倍数the名词(size, length, height, weight等)ofBWhen you study the local map, youll find this t
16、own is twice the size of that one. 当你研究当地的地图时，你会发现这座城镇是那座(城镇)的两倍大。A谓语倍数thatofBA谓语倍数what引导的名词性从句The output of this year is three times that of 2019.The output of this year is three times what it was in 2019. 今年的产量是2019年的三倍。应用落实通方法一、单句语法填空1(2021昆明模拟) Because of Richard Sears enthusiasm for traditional
17、 (tradition) Chinese culture, he began learning Chinese in 1972.2(2021驻马店模拟)“Autumn” caught on quickly, likely because it replaced the original (origin) name “harvest”3(2021大连质检)They thought that the receivers would feel more awkward (awkward) and uncomfortable over the letters than they actually we
18、re.4For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt pleased (please), because there were many empty seats in the room.5But more (many) seabirds are eating plastic waste in the ocean than ever before.6It was the latest (late) evidence of Chinas efforts to redevelop the “Silk Road” trade routes that onc
19、e stretched from Asia to Europe.7Keeping a diary in English is one of the most effective (effective) ways to improve our English writing ability.8During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, Beijing Opera finally formed and became the biggest (big) of all operas in China.解题技
20、法语法填空解题“3策略”1利用提示词看到提示词在名词前作定语、在系动词后作表语，或在宾语后作宾补，要想到用形容词。2利用标志词若是两者之间相比，且空格后有than, 要想到用比较级。3利用修饰语看到修饰语much, still, even, far, a lot, a little, a great deal, (by) far, a bit等以及百分数，要想到比较级；看到修饰语by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not really以及序数词等，要想到最高级。二、单句改错1(2021驻马店模拟)Its a country of deserts, beac
21、hes, mountains, rivers and lakes, mostly on a hugely scale.hugelyhuge2(2021焦作联考)To travel and visit other places is one of the better things you can do in your life. betterbest3Though we were busily with our study, some students still kept on their hobbies.busilybusy4But he stays outside the list of
22、 the worlds 10 rich people.richrichest5To make matters bad, now I have to share a room with my younger sister, Maggie.badworse6Jiuzhaigou is wellknown for its beautiful lakes, of which water is clear and looks colorfully.colorfullycolorful解题技法短文改错解题“3关注”1关注比较范围如果是两者之间的比较，则用比较级；如果是三者或三者以上的比较，则用最高级。2关
23、注搭配句式看含有比较等级的固定搭配和句式是否准确。3关注常见形容词的用法三、高考写作佳句1(2020全国卷书面表达)李老师性格成熟，戴着厚眼镜，眼睛炯炯有神，他不仅具有学者的典型特征，而且是一位真正的学者。With mature nature, thick glasses and insightful eyes, not only does Mr Li possess the typical characteristics of a learned man, but he is also a genuine scholar.2. (2020新高考全国卷写作)我们都希望以后能参加更多类似的活动。
24、We are all looking forward to taking part in more similar activities later.3(2019全国卷书面表达)如果您有问题，请不要犹豫向我询问更多信息。Please do not hesitate to ask me for more information if you have questions.4(2019天津高考书面表达)我坚信这也将给我们一些不一样的生活和学习的动力。I hold the firm belief that it will also give us some other motivation of l
25、ife and study.第2课时介词和介词短语真题集训明考点一、语法填空常考点1(2021浙江1月高考)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.2(2020全国卷)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist earth, Mother Nature. 解析：onon earth，固定搭配，意为“世界上”。3(2020全国卷)Bamboo plants are asso
26、ciated health, abundance and a happy home.解析：withbe associated with是固定搭配，表示“与有关，和有联系”。4(2020新高考全国卷)Museums must compete peoples spare time and money with other amusements.解析：for此处表达的是“为得到人们的空闲时间和金钱，博物馆要和其他娱乐活动竞争”，compete for“为竞争”，故填介词for。5(2020浙江7月高考)Some time after 10,000 BC, people made the first
27、real attempt to control the world they lived ，through agriculture.解析：inlive in是固定词组，表示“在地方生活”，故填in。6(2019全国卷)Modern methods tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.解析：of/for名词method后常接介词of/for, 表示“的方法”，此处
28、表示追踪北极熊数量的现代方法，故填介词of/for。7(2019全国卷)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dogs, seven to be exact.解析：of句意：我们最先听到了一群狗的叫声，准确来说是7只狗的叫声。a pack of为固定搭配，表示“一群”，故填of。8(2019浙江6月高考)The answer this question is not clear.解析：to句意：这个问题的答案并不明朗。the answer to sth.“的答案”。二、短文改错常考点1(2020全国卷)After that I pou
29、red oil into a pan and turned off the stove. 解析：offonturn on“打开”，turn off“关闭”。把油倒进锅里后，应该是打开炉子。2(2020全国卷)Im glad to know that youve come China to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown. 解析：come后面加tocome是不及物动词，表示“来到某地”，用come to地点名词。3(2020全国卷)Then I can spare some time to learn it again, so that we c
30、an practice together on every day. 解析：去掉oneveryday/week/month/year作状语时，前面不加介词。4(2017全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road. 解析：onofin the middle of “在中间”，是固定搭配。5(2017全国卷)They have also bought for some gardening tools. 解析：去掉for句意：他们还购买了一些园艺工具。buy为及物动词，其后直接跟宾语。b
31、uy sth.(for sb.)或buy sb.sth.表示“为某人买某物”。语法精析知规则(一)介词1方位介词(1)图解常见的方位介词(2)存在对应关系的几组介词介词意义反义词on在上(与物体表面有接触)beneathover在正上方(与物体表面没有接触)underabove在上方(与物体表面没有接触)belowinto进入out ofto到，向from(3)along, through, across, over介词用法例句along表示“沿着”某一路径行进 I saw them running together along the road yesterday. 昨天我看见他们沿着马路一
32、起跑。through意为“穿过”，表示从内部空间“穿过”The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea. 长城从西向东蜿蜒而行，横穿沙漠，越过高山，穿过峡谷，最后抵达大海。across表示“横穿”，强调从某一物体的表面“通过”over意为“越过”，表示从上方“跨过”(4)at, on, to, in介词用法例句at其后一般接较小的地点。接地名时，常将此地视为空间的一点My elder s
33、ister lives at 105 Beijing Road. 我姐姐住在北京路105号。on表示两地接壤Guangdong is on the southeast of Guangxi; Fujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China. 广东在广西的东南方向，福建在江苏南边，它们都位于中国。to表示两地不接壤in其后一般接大地方或表示在某个范围之内2时间介词(1)in, afterin表时间，常表示“在某段较长的时间内”，有时in时间段还有“在之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：所在句子的谓语动词必
34、须表示将来；后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可，否则用after或later。after时间段，表示“在之后”，常与过去时连用。My father will be back in three days.我父亲将在三天以后回来。My father will be back after three oclock.我父亲将在3点后回来。 My father came back after three days/three days later.我父亲是三天后回来的。(2)during, through, overduring指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次，或在整个
35、时间段里的某一点发生过，起止时间比较明显。He often falls asleep during the class.课堂上他常常打瞌睡。He swims every day during the summer.夏季他每天都游泳。through表示“在期间；从开头到结尾(所指时间包括在内，此时与throughout相同)”。Tom put up well under the strain of supporting his family through his fathers illness.在他父亲生病期间，汤姆坚强地撑起了养家的压力。over表示“在(做)期间”；此外，over还有“贯穿
36、(一时间段)”的意思，相当于during。We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。He will stay in Wales over/during Christmas and the New Year.他将在威尔士度过圣诞和新年。3表示方式、手段、工具的介词(1)by, in, on三个词都可以表示旅行的方式。不涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词前不带冠词。如：by sea, by water, by land, by air等。涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如：by bike, by
37、 taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如：He travels in his car, I go to school on my bike等。名师指津步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如：on foot, on horseback/on a horse, on a camel等。(2)with, inwith用于具体的工具、手段、材料或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、形容词性物主代词等修饰。They are digging w
38、ith a pick/spade.他们正在用一把镐/铲挖掘。We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。inPlease answer me in English.请用英语回答我。Please write in capital letters.请用大写字母写。The artist wrote in ink/pencil (with a pen/a pencil)那个艺术家用钢笔/铅笔写字。注意以下固定短语：on/over the telephone/radio通过电话/广播用
39、这/那种方式(二)介词短语1介词与动词构成的搭配call for需要 pay for为付款apply for申请 search for寻找，搜索wait for等待 begin with以开始play with同一起玩 care about关心；介意feel like想要 hold up举起rely on依靠 pass by经过figure out想出 dream of梦想listen to听 refer to 提及；参考；查阅laugh at嘲笑 focus on集中于charge . for . 为要价exchange . for . 用来交换go back to 追溯到contribut
40、e to 贡献；有助于；促成2介词与名词构成的搭配(1)atn.表示状态at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态at war 处于交战状态 at work 在工作(2)onn.表示状态on exhibition/show 在展出on fire 着火on sale 出售，打折on the way 在途中on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加on holiday/vacation 在度假(3)byn.表示方式by accident偶然地 by air/plane乘飞机by chance偶然 by coincidence碰巧by hand用手工 by m
41、istake错误地by the day按天算 by nature天生地(4)inn.表示方式in cash用现金付款 in depth在深度上in detail详细地 in height在高度上in length在长度上 in English用英语(5)ofn.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit有益处的 of help 有帮助的of importance重要的 of significance有意义的of use有用的 of value有价值的(6)out ofn.表示状态out of balance失去平衡 out of breath上气不接下气out of control失去控
42、制 out of date过期；过时out of order发生故障 out of sight看不见out of the question不可能 out of work失业(7)undern.表示被动under attack遭到袭击 under pressure在压力下under treatment在治疗中 under control处于控制之中3介词与其他词构成的搭配next to紧挨着 instead of代替apart from除之外 according to根据along with随着 together with和一起owing to因为；由于 but for要不是regardless
43、 of不管，不顾 up to直到；由而定 to and from 往返，来来回回in between 在中间，在两者之间by means of 用办法；借助应用落实通方法一、单句语法填空1(2021金华月考)Although understanding it might not make sitting in the car any better, it can teach you how to avoid some of the mistakes we made while driving.2(2021大连统考)The writers often underestimated (低估) th
44、e positive effect that the emails would have on/upon the receivers.3(2021厦门模拟)NightShining White represents both an actual charger belonging to Xuanzong and a “heavenly horse” of Chinese legend.4Many foreigners get more familiar with Chinese culture through “red packets”5When I was younger, I didnt
45、have the great love for music as I do now.6The third thing to keep in mind about failure is that its a part of life.7If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that?8Foot traffic accounts for 80% of all traffic in the Copenhagen city center.解题技法语法填空解题“2策略”1分析句子成分
46、如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。2记牢搭配(1)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；(2)注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。二、单句改错1(2021常德质检)I am sorry to know that you are in low spirits because your poor exam grades.because后加of2(2021滁州模拟)Then the student was called for and asked some easy questions, but he didnt know
47、any of the answers.forin3(2021银川调研)On weekends, in company by my father, I typically get out to explore the neighborhood in which I live. bywith4Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining the heavy plaining后加about5The match will be played among Xinhua Middle School Basketball Team and ours.
48、amongbetween6It had never occurred me that studying could be so interesting until I met Ms.Li.occurred后加to7As time went by, the weather turned to cold gradually.去掉to8Gathering around here, we practise spoken English by talking about everything we are interested.interested后加in解题技法短文改错解题“3视角”1介词的漏用(1)
49、如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前经常是缺少介词；(2)某些不及物动词后漏加介词，以及某些短语中介词缺失，如look (at), listen (to)等。2介词的多余(1)不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如next year常写成in next year；(2)有些及物动词后多加了介词，如serve for the people应去掉for, enter into the room应去掉into, marry to sb.应去掉to, return back/to my book应去掉back/to等。3介词的误用受汉语思维影响误把介词当连词。三、高考写作佳句1(2
50、020全国卷书面表达)我最尊敬他的原因有两个方面。The reasons why I have the greatest respect for him lies in two respects.2(2020全国卷书面表达)我们穿过树林，寻找苹果，把它们一个接一个地摘下来。We walked through the trees, looked for apples and picked them one by one.3(2019全国卷书面表达)从生活到日常训练上我们队现在正忙于准备比赛。Our team is now busy in preparing for the game, from
51、living to daily training.4(2019天津高考书面表达)同时，我也有兴趣在你的讲座中学习一些民间舞蹈，这将有助于我提高我的舞蹈水平。Meanwhile, Im also interested in learning some folk dances from you in your lecture, which will help me improve my dancing.5(2018北京高考书面表达)你可能在适应北京生活方面有困难，因此我建议你提前做好充分准备。You may have trouble in adjusting yourself to the lif
52、e in Beijing, so I suggest that you make full preparations in advance.语篇巧训全融会一、形容词专练(用所给词的适当形式填空)Some people think that they will get ill if they use their brains too much.It is not true (truly)Through many studies, scientists show us that the more (much) you use your brain, the better it will be an
53、d the cleverer (clever) you will become.Of course, if you want to keep your mind clear (clearly) and active, you must take a proper (properly) rest and study properly.To the teenagers, using their brains in the morning is good (well) for their health.There are many ways to rest.One is a peaceful (pe
54、ace) rest.Sleep is a peaceful rest.Another is an active (act) rest. For example, take a walk outdoors and do more (much) exercise every day.To change the way of brains activities is also a good way to rest.In everyday life, to eat some eggs, meat, fresh vegetables and fruit is also good for the brai
55、ns.Wish you a wise man and a happy (happily) life.二、介词专练(依据汉语提示补全短文)My husband and I were paying a visit to my parents (在拜访我的父母) in Tucson.We went to a fast food restaurant for dinner together (一起去吃饭)My husband went to the counter to order dishes and I stood with my parents.My dad is 90 years old.He
56、 can hardly see very well and walks with a stick (借助一个拐杖)I was scanning the restaurant, waiting to sit at the first table that was more convenient than others.A woman who was sitting with her son made eye contact with me (与我目光相遇) and asked me to come to her.With a puzzled look on my face (在我脸上), I p
57、ointed to (指着) myself and said, “Me？” She nodded and said, “Yes，you.” I walked to the table and she said, “Bring your family here.I can finish eating at the counter.My son is in a hurry (匆忙，仓促) to leave anyway.” My eyes were filled with tears (充满了眼泪) as she wiped down the table and guided my dad to the seat.I always believe that there are naturally kind people in this world (在这个世界上)This has set a good example to her son (为她的儿子树立了榜样), who is a really lucky guy.
