1、专题07名词的基本用法一、名词的类型1.可数名词个体名词:个体名词可以是人也可以是物体，还可以是抽象的。1) The boy didnt see his two aunts in the United States. 2) The poor family has a dog and a cat.3) Two years is too long for me to stay in the poor village. 4) Many stories about the soldier had never been reported.5) Several problems arose when de
2、aling with the case.集体名词:由个体组成，常见集体名词：army, audience, committee, company, community, crew, enemy, data, family, government, flock, gang, navy, police, press(媒体), staff, team, public, media, group, majority, minority集体名词在使用的过程中有些做主语，谓语动词既可以是单数，也可以是复数，取决于是关注的整体，还是强调集团里每个人或都如何。1) The government is plan
3、ning building a dam down the river.政府打算在河流下游建造一座水坝。(做出决定，代表整体意志)2) The government are discussing where to build the dam.政府在讨论在哪建造水坝。(每个人都参与的)3) His family is very large. 他们家人多。(强调整体给人的印象)4) His family are all into pop music. 他们家人都喜欢流行音乐。(强调每个人的爱好)有时候单复数又没太大区别，所以要灵活。The schools staff is(are) excellen
4、t. The audience was(were) excited by the stars song.2. 常见不可数名词（红色为重要的不可数名词）抽象名词:(absence, access, age, agriculture, anger, beauty, behavior, cancer, childhood, comfort, concern, confidence, courage, death, depression, design, duty, economy, education, energy, environment, existence, experience, fail
5、ure, faith, fashion, fear, finance, freedom, fun, growth, happiness, health, help, history, independence, industry, insurance, intelligence, joy, justice, labor, loneliness, love, luck, marriage, mercy, music, nature, patience, peace, pleasure, policy, poverty, power, pride, protection, reality, rel
6、ief, religion, respect, safety, security, silence, sleep, time, strength, technology, trade, transport, travel, trust, truth, violence, waste, wealth, weather, worth, work, welfare, youth) 物质名词: 不好区分个体:(beer, cake, cheese, cloth, coal, coffee, cotton, fabric, fertilizer, fuel, fur, furniture glue, i
7、ce, ink, iron, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil, paint, paper, plastic, poison, rain, salt, ribbon, sand, salad, snow, soap, soil, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool),但是有些可以变可数，表示“一份、一杯、一种”等；有些可以加复数表示特殊的意思。 1) That is a special tea. Would you like some? 2) Waiter! Bring us
8、two beers, please.3) The navy forbade any boats into the waters as they were carrying on military exercises.3. 可数和不可数之间转化： room房间room空间youth年轻人youth 青春church教堂church礼拜bed 床Time for bed睡觉时间beauty 美人beauty美iron 熨斗iron 铁glass 玻璃杯glass 玻璃death 死人death死亡paper文档、件paper纸fruit 各种水果fruit 水果copper硬币copper铜fis
9、h 各种鱼fish 鱼肉二、名词的功能1. 主语: Knowledge is power. 2. 宾语: Nobody knows the secret except him.3. 表语: In seven years, he remained president of the school.4. 定语: The computer company is not a big one. 5. 状语: The teacher came in, book in hand.6. 补语: He painted the door a bright color. 7. 同位语: You girls sit o
10、n this side. 三、高考考点：1. 语法填空可能会用到复数变化。变: es的名词：hero, potato, tomato, echo, mosquito, negro, mango, buffalo, volcano变ves的名词: half, leaf, loaf, self, thief, wolf, shelf, calf, wife, knife, life特殊变化: man, tooth, foot, child, goose, mouse, ox, 单复数同形: sheep, deer, aircraft, Chinese, species, means, work,
11、offspring 2. 名词活用-常常别活用成其他词性:有些名词经常被活用为动词，以下词汇是“出镜率”比较高的词汇，如top, house, condition, position, corner, fire, license, back, head, pair等。下面的例句都是从高空试题中筛出的“名词动用”经典例句，请大家参考。1). The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants. 很多鸟被运送到大城市在饭店中售卖。2). By the closing decades of the 19th century,
12、the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans need for wood, which scattered (驱散) the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline.到19世纪末的十几年里，旅鸽所栖息的阔叶林因为美国对木材的需求而被破坏，这使得鸟群数量骤减，迫使他们北迁，那里的寒冷
13、和春季风暴也使得鸟群数量锐减。3). Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more.不过，我们多数的志愿者在赛季尾声都欣慰的叹了口气。这欣慰伴随着深深地理解了为什么有同一批人不断的回来帮忙做更多的事情。4). In 1947 a group of famous people
14、 from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music, dance and theatre in Edinburgh.在1974年，在一名澳大利亚指挥的主导下，一群来自世界各地的著名音乐人决定在爱丁堡举行一场国际级别的音乐、舞蹈、和戏剧盛典。5). In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1,695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different co
15、untries.在2004年，有200多个地方来自于世界50多个不同国家的600多个不同团体共举办了1695场展出。6). It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.这是我梦寐以求的工作，所以我做着各种事情包括从书籍上架到故事时间给孩子阅读7). Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use e
16、very day.我们正在思考如何能改良植物让其替代我们日常品功能。8). On the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach. I voiced my biggest concern to my mother.“How will I make friends?”在我上学的第一天，我站着门口，内心忐忑不安。我跟妈妈说出了我最大的担心“我怎么和人交友呢？”完形填空：重点理解上下文的线索，让内容保持在“同一话题”上，所以简单的词语辨析已经不是很重要，重在文章的上下逻辑。2020
17、年全国1卷的完形填空共有8个空考查名词（20空），全国2卷有4个名词考查（20空），全国卷3有3个（20空），山东卷7个（15空），北京卷6个（20空）。四、相关练习。1. Now, lots of_(country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them. 2. Oliver is a host of a TV programme on_(food). 3. So we just take for granted that he needs no supervi
18、sion (指导) for managing his17 .Aemotion Btime Cmoney Dstuff4. Lancom is the only product to offer courses_(tailor)to your native language, building on grammar and words you already know. 5. Babies and young kids may be _higher risk of developing lung problems. 6. The old man has a serious _(eye) prob
19、lem so he cant see things clearly. 7. Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 _(year) experience of teaching comedy. 8. People may have a wide _(choose) of apples in the supermarket. 9. Filled with _ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 10. Chinese New Year is a (celebrate) marking the e
20、nd of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 11. In library books and computers, you can find information _ starting a business. 12. Other European countries laid down a similar_(require) for immigrants 13. The real problem is _ some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds
21、 of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others. 14. Theres a huge chance_ youre wrong anyway 15. _ (grown-up)are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since 16. There are probably decades in which t
22、o plan for the_(arrive)of super intelligent machines. 17. When _(face)with so many options, the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair. 18. The car is _ convenient means of transport, but we have made it our way of life. 19. Such a person has great difficulty
23、_ waking up in the mornings. 20. Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by _(stamp) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing. 五、翻译句子。1. However，now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence，during which many of todays students and are not shouldered with adult respon
24、sibilities 2. People of all ages happily walk along the pavement with eyes and hands glued to the mobile phone, quite unaware of what is going on around them.3. In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations have for many years been documenting dying languages and the
25、 cultures they reflect. 4. I say that the green of forests is the minds best light.5. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night. 6. I was wrapped (包裹) heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather. 7. A few people have experie
26、nced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. 8. Once youve put yourself in anothers shoes youre less likely to think ill of them. 答案：1. countries, 2. food, 3.D,4.tailored, 5.at, 6.eye, 7.years, 8. choice, 9.curiosity, 10.celebr
27、ation, 11.on,12.requirement, 13.that, 14.that, 15.Grown-ups, 16.arrival,17.faced,18.a, 19.in, 20.stamping参考译文：1. 然而，现在大学正成为学生们延长的青春期，在此期间好多当代的学生都没有担负起成年人应负的责任。2. 各年龄段的人都高兴地走在人行路上，而眼睛和手却都被粘在手机上，全然不觉周围发生的一切。3. 在防止语言消亡的努力中，来自于好多组织的学者们已经努力好多年在记录即将要消失的语言以及他们反映出的文化。4. 我认为树木的绿色是点亮心灵之窗的最好明灯。5. 研究表“夜猫子”是最警觉并且在夜晚表现最佳地。6. 我穿得严严实实以免被寒冷的天气所冻到。7. 多亏了一中不寻常的虚拟现实的仪器，一些人体验了一把作为他人的体验。8. 一旦你“变成他人”，你就不太可能会把他们往坏了想。
