1、2021届上海中学新高考英语综合培优讲义（004）介词学习方法与其抽象含义如果要问什么最难学，我会回答是介词。它算是语法知识？词汇积累？还是词汇技能？都是也都不是。【问题】最常用的介词不过四十几个，难在哪里？因为一词多用同一个介词，可以用在时间、地点，比如at work和at six；一词多义例如ondoing（一就）、on a rainy morning（这里不是in）、areport on sth.(关于)。真的没有规律吗？不可能。因为语言文字本身就是共性、规律的产物。关键看你有没有直面复杂、抽丝剥茧、提纲挈领的能力。【分析】越复杂的问题，越要从最基本的概念开始。第一个问题：为什么是pre
2、position、叫“介”词？英文preposition=pre（在前面）+position（位置），就是说，它属于（名词的）“前置”词。再看中文：“介”，有“两者之间”、“介绍”等意义。可以总结为：介词在名词前面、体现名词和前面某个词的关系。第二个问题：在句子中，介词能发挥什么作用？介词附着于名词（人、物、事件），表明它和其他词的关系。这个关系我们可以把它分为三大维度：时间关系、空间关系、逻辑关系。【解决】明确了分类标准，就迈出了解决问题的第一步。按照以上三大类，我们再细分为课时，则包括5个章节1. 地点关系：静态，如in，on，opposite等。2. 地点关系：动态，如into，onto
3、，toward，out of等（有重叠）。3. 时间关系：静态和动态（这个区分意义可有可无）。4. 逻辑关系：这部分难度大，分两次学习。逻辑关系，可视为介词意义的抽象化，包括原因（如due to）、条件（with/without），方式(by)，伴随(with)，包容(including)与排除(but/except)，等。这样，再结合适量适度的操练，在做中学，掌握每个介词的核心功能。【提高】介词在写作中的意义：简化不必要的分句、丰富名词和动词的信息。（1）定语从句介词+名词（2）状语从句介词+名词（3）分词分句介词+名词（4）介词+动名词结构：onby in（5）With +复合宾语针对于此
4、，我们藉此来看看：如何写好travelogue（游记）。一篇好的travelogue，基本有下列内容组成Travelogue:step-to-step writing Must-visit list and Seasonal differences Means to Reach the Destination (Accommodations if necessary)Dontforget to mention all possible options, including local exotic transport. Detailed descriptions or/and Major ev
5、entsThis includes anything from a visit to the local winery or some bargain or elusive items sold at the local market. There is always something interesting to do, especially in big cities: concerts, festivals, performances, exhibitions, etc. Give Some Cultural BackgroundAdd only interesting cultura
6、l and historical facts and avoid too many dates. Mention Some Dos and Donts of the Place（这部分我们根据不同程度学习者，分为：句子优化训练；段落写作与打磨；尝试短文写作。）【词汇】这部分主要针对应试技能。以介词为主线，在题库中抽取相关练习，涉及考纲词汇的活用、活译、搭配。第二、三步的例子之一：介词（01地点）1. There was a birthday gift_the box and I was eager to know what it was.2. While Sam was talking to
7、the bank teller, the woman_him in line kept sighing impatiently.3. Philip waited_ _ _the movie theatre for Simone, so they could buy tickets and go in together. He stood directly_the sign over the entrance to make sure she could find him.4. There was not a single person_the people in the room who sp
8、oke English.5. The campground is_the lake. In fact, it is so close you can actually walk there.6. In English, the wordbackyardmeans a small garden or green area located_a house.7. There was a sign_ _the restaurant saying that it was closed for renovations.And when I peeked through the window, there
9、was nobody_the restaurant.8. A ladder was leaning_the side of the house, so I knew someone was up on the roof.9. The hotel was_a freeway, so there was a lot of traffic noise at night, which made it hard to sleep.10. The air was icy cold, but the children stayed warm_the thick blankets.介词学习介词词表介词+空间名
10、词介词+时间名词介词+抽象词同近义/反义5in在（地点）在通过（方式；语言）inside3behind在后面落后于；迟于ahead of（提前）1before在前面在之前in front of19beneath低于；在之下配不上、不够好beyond（超越、超出）24between在两者之间在中间among21by经过、在旁边到为止；截止通过方式；相差with（工具）; near3behind在后面落后于；迟于ahead of（提前）27against依靠在；在对面反对；与对比for（支持）20under在下面不够；潜在的；在控制下underneath参考答案1. inside 2. Behin
11、d3. In front of; beneath 4. Among 5. Near6. behind 7. In front of; inside 8. Against 9. Near 10. near介词的抽象意义介词的主要作用在于三个：时间关系、空间关系，以及今天要讲的：抽象逻辑关系。如图：介词可表示因果、条件（for, due to，with，without 等）让步、转折（despite，regardless of 等）相同、相异（like，opposite，from 等）数量、程度（about，beyond，over，under 等）支持、反对（for，on，against 等）方式
12、、途径（in，by，with，through 等）重复出现的那些介词，就是学习的难点，需要特别关注。练一练：1. The writing and grammar courses were good but maybe a bit_ my expectations.2. She finished peeling the potato and threw it _the panbeforecontinuing.3. If you have a concern, problem or complaint _work, you might want to take this up with your
13、employer. This is called raising a grievance（委屈）.4. You might want to raise a grievance about things,_ those you are being asked to do as part of your job.5. It may be possible to sort out your complaint_ simply talking to your employer informally.6. You should ask _ a meeting with your immediate ma
14、nager to explain your concerns.7. The time limit still applies even if youre taking out a grievance. This means you need to make sure that you dont run _ time while going through the grievance procedure.8. If you take out a grievance, its always a good idea to keep a note of exactly what happens and
15、 when. These steps are based _ the guidelines in the Acas Code of Practice.9. If you dont agree with your employers decision, you should write a letter of appeal to them: saying that you are appealing_ their decision, and explaining why you dont agree with it.10. If youre still not happy with your e
16、mployers decision, you may want to think _ other ways of sorting out your problems_ your employer.11. Depending _ the circumstances, you may be able to use mediation or make a claim to an employment tribunal.12. 12.Thinking _ the text refers to searching for and using information, monitoring and sel
17、f-correcting, solving words, maintaining fluency, adjusting, and summarizing. When readers think _ the text, they bring their prior knowledge and understanding of how the world works to the text in order to make informed predictions.13. We can readily see Newtons third law at work by taking a look a
18、t how people move about. Consider a swimmer pushing _ the side of a pool, as illustrated below. The swimmer pushes _ the pool wall with her feet and accelerates in the direction opposite to that of her push.14. The womanseated_ himrefusedtostopstaringat him. Then he stood up and walked over to her.1
19、5. I couldnthearwhat she was saying _ thenoiseof theplanestaking off16. -Its a top secret. -Yes, I see. I will keep the secret _ you and me.17. The sunlight came in _ the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.18. Sean has formed the habit of jogging _thetree-lined avenue for two hours every
20、day.19. Four Chinese models were _ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.20. Im looking for a nearby place for my holiday. Any good idea? How about Moon Lake? It is _ easy reach of the city.（答案在下面）广告1. beneath 2. into 3. at 4. like5. by6. for 7. out of 8. on9. against 10. about with11. on 12. within beyond 13. off against 14. Opposite 15. Over16.Between 17. Through18. Along 19. Among 20. within
