1、一、以文章中的细节为依据进行判断判断是指对已知的事实仔细评价之后做出的合理的决定。这里所说的合理的决定,并非指唯一的决定。对同一事实所作的判断可能不止一个。譬如,两个人都对某天早晨的阴天作了观察,一个人可能会做出天要下雨的判断,出门时带了雨伞;而另一个判断天将放晴,因此出门时没带雨伞。谁的判断是正确的,只有等未来的天气变化后才能得到验证。人们不仅在生活中需要进行判断,在阅读中同样需要进行判断。在阅读中判断,一定要以材料提供的事实为依据,做出的判断要合乎情方法技巧理。阅读判断的方法和步骤如下:1.通过辨认细节的技巧,了解并理解有关的事实或证据。2.对这些事实或证据进行分析和评价。3.在分析和评价
2、的基础上作合理的决定。有时需要借助常识做决定。如:例 The brown bear approached the family in order to .A.catch shore birds B.start an attackC.protect the children D.set up a barrier for itself(原文)The Brown BearMy wife Laura and I were on the beach,with three of our children,taking pictures of shore birds near our home in Ala
3、ska when we spotted a bear.The bear was thin and small,moving aimlessly.Just a few minutes later,I heard my daughter shouting,“Dad!The bear is right behind us!”An aggressive bear will usually rush forward to frighten away its enemy but would suddenly stop at the last minute.This one was silent and i
4、ts ears pinned backthe sign(迹象)of an animal that is going infor the kill.And it was a cold April day.The bear behaved abnormally,probably because of hunger.I held my camera tripod(三脚架)in both hands to form a barrier as the bear rushed into me.Its huge head was level with my chest and shoulders,and t
5、he tripod stuck across its mouth.It bit down and I found myself supporting its weight.I knew I would not be able to hold it for long.分析 根据文章第二段第二句和第三句 An aggressive bear will usually rush forward to frighten away its enemy but would suddenly stop at the lastminute.This one was silent and its ears pi
6、nned backthe sign of an ani-mal that is going in for the kill.可以判断出这头熊接近这家人是要展开攻击,故选择B项。文中所描述的细节很清晰地阐述了熊的行为,但由于问题和选项的设置,需要考生将细节进行处理做出简单判断才能获取正确答案。二、紧扣文章主旨进行推理推论不同于判断。尽管二者都以事实为依据,但推论超越了已知的事实,是对未知所作的陈述。假如一个司机发现马路前方围着一大群人,他就会对此(已知的事实)做出发生了车祸的推论;如果他发现马路前方有一个小孩在玩皮球,他必须立即做出紧急刹车或从侧面绕过去的判断。在阅读中,读者要从文字的表面深入到
7、字里行间,理解所读的内容,悟出作者的言外之意。只有对字面的含义有了深刻的理解,方可推断出作者未明确说出来的意思、作者的态度及写作的意图等。下面举几个文学作品的例子,说明如何在阅读中作推论。(1).The young man quickly answered,“Yes,sir.”从“quickly”和“Yes,sir.”可以推论出,说话者似乎态度谦卑,甚至有点诚惶诚恐。(2)“.Lots of people think Im just a green kid(child).Ill show them.”green原意为“绿色的”,由此引申为“不成熟的”,green kid可以理解为“毛孩子”。从
8、“Ill show them.”可推论出两层意思:“许多人认为我只是个毛孩子,我要做个样子让他们看看。”(表示很自信);“许多人认为我只是个毛孩子,我要给他们一点颜色看看。”(威胁的口气)(3)When the phone finally rang,Joe leaped from the edge(边缘)of his chair and grabbed(抢;抓)for it.在这段材料中,有几个能引发联想的关键词语:finally,leaped,edge以及grabbed。“finally”这个词暗示Joe 等电话已多时了。“leaped”和“grabbed”暗示他的紧张而迫不及待的心情。“f
9、rom the edge of his chair”暗示他坐卧不安地期待着。读者从上述的关键词语可以推论出作者的真正意图是说明这个电话很重要。如果作者不制造悬念,而采用直接描写的手法(如下所示),就会平铺直叙,激发不出读者的想象力,文章也就失去了感染力。Joe was very nervous and anxious as he waited for an important phone.Un-able to relax for a moment,he sat on the edge of his chair.When the phone rang,Joe reached for it.读者应
10、该记住,推论一定要紧扣文章中提供的事实和证据。离开文章中的事实,曲解文章的事实,或对文章的事实缺乏全面的了解,都可能会做出不合理的推论。如:The old man staggered(摇摇晃晃地走)along the sidewalk.He grabbed at the picket fence to keep from falling.His torn gray overcoat swayed open inthe winter wind.粗心的读者可能会从“staggered”,“grabbed.from falling”推断出这个老人喝醉了。但这种推论缺乏足够的证据,因为读者忽略了“Hi
11、s torn gray overcoat.in the winter wind”这一事实。事实上,作者描写了一幅凄凉的情景。合理的推论应该是:这个老人上了年纪,贫病交加,身体很虚弱。在做阅读题时,经常能够遇到推理判断题,帮助学生解题的一个重要方法就是紧扣文章的主旨,这样所做出的推断才是合理且与文章的中心思想相符的。如:The story of Grace inspires people to .A.stick to their dreamsB.treat animals friendlyC.treasure what they haveD.face difficulties bravely(原
12、文)Tail SpinTwo dolphins race around in a big pool in the Ocean Park.The smaller dol-phin,Grace,shows off a few of her tricks,turning around and waving hello to the crowd.The most amazing thing about her,however,is that shes even swimming at all.She doesnt have a tail.swim by moving their flukes and
13、peduncle up and down.Grace taught her-self to move another waylike a fish!She pushes herself forward through the water by moving her peduncle from side to side.The movements put harmful pressure on Graces backbone.So a company offered to create a man-made tail for her.The tail had to be strong enoug
14、h to stay on Grace as she swam but soft enough that it wouldnt hurt her.The first time Grace wore the artificial tail,she soon shook it off and let it sink to the bottom of the pool.Now,she is still learning to use the tail.Some days she wears it for an hour at a time,others not at all.“The new tail
15、 isntnecessary for her to feel comfortable,”says Stone,“but it helps to keep that range of motion(动作)and build muscles(肌肉).”Now,the dolphin is about to get an even happier ending.This month,Grace will star in Dolphin Tale,a film that focuses on her rescue and recovery.Herprogress has inspired more t
16、han just a new movie.Many people travel fromnear and far to meet her.Seeing Grace swim with her man-made tail gives people so much courage.分析 通过审题我们可以看出此题需要考生通过对全文的理解抓住主旨,然后再针对作者的写作目的进行合理推断。文中的海豚Grace在面对困难时没有放弃,而是勇敢地面对和克服困难,这让读者通过Grace的故事受到了启发,就像文章最后一句写到的那样:“Seeing Grace swim with her man-made tail
17、gives people so much courage”,所以紧扣主旨可以推测出本题选择D项。三、准确推测作者的观点态度在一篇文章中,不管作者对某一观点是支持、反对还是中立,是同情、冷漠还是失望,是批评还是赞扬,主观还是客观,都表达了作者一定的观点和态度。只是这些观点、态度的提出有的直截了当,有的隐含在字里行间,有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现,有的则需要通读全文,把握主旨才能领会。一般情况下,所选的文章不带有强烈的感情色彩,因此不会引起太大的争议和分歧。有关作者观点态度的试题可细分为作者态度题(支持或赞同;中立或客观;怀疑、批评或反对)和作者观点题(表明作者对某事物的观点)。题干中的关键词有a
18、ttitude,opinion,tone等。其命题模式如下:(1)某一事物是好是坏,作者对它是支持还是反对,态度都非常明确,而带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案。在问作者对某事物的态度时,表示“客观”的词多为正确选项,如:objective,impartial等;问作者对其提到的人或事的观点或态度时,答案只能是肯定或否定,支持或反对。如:critical,approving,disapproving,supporting等。(2)既然写了文章,那么作者的态度就不可能是漠不关心的,因此见到in-different,uninterested这类词可以首先排除。(3)考生不要把自己的好恶态度混进去,要
19、注意区分作者本人的态度和作者引用的观点的态度。(4)当作者的态度没有明确提出时,考生要学会根据作者使用的词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度,如:wonderful(ly),successful(ly),positive(ly),ac-tive(ly),negative(ly),unfortunate(ly),doubtful(ly)等。(5)区别作者的观点、态度与其他人的观点、态度。文章中陈述的内容并非都是作者的观点,作者引用别人的观点时,是作为支持或抨击的对象,因此别人的观点是为了证明作者观点的论据。作者的观点一般与文章主旨相关联。如:What is the authors general att
20、itude towards the book?A.Contradictory.B.Supportive.C.Cautious.D.Critical.(原文)Science has a lot of uses.It can uncover laws of nature,cure diseases,make bombs,and help bridges to stand up.Indeed science is so good at what it does that theres always a temptation(诱惑)to drag it into problems where it m
21、ay not be helpful.David Brooks,author of The Social Animal:The Hid-den Sources of Love,Character,and Achievement,appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.Brooks gained fame for several books.His latest book The Social Animal,however,is more ambitiou
22、s and serious than his earlier books.It is an at-tempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.The book focuses on big ques-tions:What has science revealed about human nature?What are the sources of character?And why are some people happy and successful while others arent?To answer these questions,Broo
23、ks surveys a wide range of disciplines(学科).Considering this,you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts.But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox(非常规的),and perhaps unfortunate,way.Instead of introducing scientific theories,he tells astory,within which he tries to make his poi
24、nts,perhaps in order to keep the readers attention.So as Harold and Erica,the hero and heroine in his story,live through childhood,we hear about the science of child development,andas they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction.Brooks carries this through to the death of one of
25、his characters.On the whole,Brookss story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would ex-pect,his writing is mostly clear and,to be fair,some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed,for instance,the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not s
26、trong ormemorable characters,the more serious problems with The Social Animallie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brookss attempt to translate his tale into science.分析 本文作者介绍了Brooks写的一本书,有些考生认为既然是介绍这本书,那么作者对所介绍的书就应该持支持态度。做题切不可主观臆断,一定要综合全文,从字里行间尽可能多地寻找能够体现作者观点态度的表达。从文章第三段中的“But Brooks has stru
27、ctured his book in an unorthodox,and perhaps unfortunate,way.”和最后一段可以看出作者对这本书的态度是批评的。注意:找文中带有感情色彩的名词、动词、形容词、副词,根据作者使用词语的褒贬性来判断作者的态度。一般来讲,如果文中出现的褒义词比较多,那么作者的观点或态度往往是正面或积极的;如果文中出现的贬义词较多,那么作者的观点或态度往往是负面或消极的;如果文中没有出现多少表示褒贬的词语,通篇使用的都是中性词语,那么作者的观点或态度往往是中立的。表示积极的词:support(支持),supportive(支持的),supporting(支持的
28、),approve(赞成),approving(赞同的),optimistic(乐观的),positive(积极的),objective(客观的),helpful(有帮助的),admiring(羡慕的),interesting(引起兴趣的),praising(赞扬的),serious(严肃的),enthusiastic(热情的),pleasant(愉快的),polite(礼貌的),concerned(关切的),humorous(幽默的),unbiased(无偏见的),confident(自信的),impressive(给人深刻印象的)等。表示消极的词:disgusted(厌恶的),disgus
29、ting(令人厌恶的),critical(批评的),negative(否定的),suspicious(怀疑的),intolerable(无法忍受的),disap-pointed(失望的),biased(有偏见的),doubtful(怀疑的),pessimistic(悲观的),depressed(沮丧的),uninterested(不感兴趣的),worried(担心的),hostile(敌对的),ironic(讽刺的),sarcastic(挖苦的),bitter(惨痛的),cynical(愤世嫉俗的),sentimental(感伤的),emotional(易情绪激动的),sceptical(表示
30、怀疑的),opposed(反对的),angry(气愤的),doubt(怀疑)等。表示中立的词:indifferent(冷淡的,漠不关心的),impersonal(不受个人感情影响的),informative(提供有用信息的),impartial(不偏袒的),factual(事实的),objective(客观的),neutral(中立的)等。根据作者举的例子进行判断。作者在文章中常会通过举例来论证观点,因此结合例子内容往往可以推断出作者所持的态度或观点。理解文章,合理推断,切不可犯经验主义的错误。有的作者没有明确表达自己的观点,而是将其隐含在字里行间,借助一些置于特定环境中的语言以及一些词语表达感情、观点或态度。
