1、阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Grown- ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a
2、 bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears
3、.One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long afte
4、r we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle, twinkle, little star”and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables (乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather qu
5、ickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming (突击学习) for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may
6、 learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for ones future development.1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?A. People remember well what they learned in ch
7、ildhood.B. Children have a better memory than grown- ups.C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D. Stories for children are easy to remember.2. The author explains the law of overlearning by.A. presenting research findings B. setting down general rulesC. making a comparison D. using examples3.
8、 According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is.A. a result of overlearning B. a special case of crammingC. a skill to deal with math problems D. a basic step towards advanced studies4. What is the authors opinion on cramming?A. It leads to failure in college exams. B. Its helpf
9、ul only in a limited way.C. Its possible to result in poor memory. D. It increases studentslearning interest.【参考答案】14、ADAB阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。【2013界广东珠海市高三上期末质量监测】-ASTOCKHOLM, Oct11 （Xinhua） - Chinese writer Mo Yan has won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature, announced Peter Englund, P
10、ermanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy in Stockholm on ThursdayThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 is awarded to Chinese writer Mo Yan who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary, said Englund at a press conferenceMo Yan, a pseudonym for Guan Moye, was born in 19
11、55 and grew up in Gaomi in Shandong province in eastern ChinaHis parents were farmersAs a 12-year-old during the Cultural Revolution he left school to work, first in agriculture, later in a factoryIn 1976 he joined the Peoples Liberation Army and during this time began to study literature and writeH
12、is first short story was published in a literary journal in 1981In his writing, Mo Yan draws on his youthful experiences and on settings in the province of his birthThis is apparent in his novel Hong gaoliang jiazu （1987, in English Red Sorghum 1993）, said the academy in a statement of Mos biography
13、The book consists of five stories that unfold and interweave in Gaomi in several turbulent decades in the 20th century, with depictions of bandit culture, the Japanese occupation and the harsh conditions endured by poor farm workers, according to the biographyRed Sorghum was successfully filmed in 1
14、987, directed by famous Chinese director Zhang YimouThrough a mixture of fantasy and reality, historical and social perspectives, Mo Yan has created a world reminiscent in its complexity of those in the writings of William Faulkner and Gabriel Garcia Marquez, at the same time finding a departure poi
15、nt in old Chinese literature and in oral tradition, the academy commented in the biographical statementIn addition to his novels, Mo Yan has published many short stories and essays on various topicsIn spite of his social criticism, he is seen in his homeland as one of the foremost contemporary autho
16、rs, the statement addedDozens of his works have been translated into English, French and Japanese and many other languagesLast years literature prize went to Swedish poet Tomas TranstromerAlfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist who invented dynamite, established the Nobel Prizes in his will in 1895The
17、 first awards were handed out six years later文章大意：本文叙述了中国作家莫言摘取2012年诺贝尔文学奖，他出生于农民家庭，他在军队里时开始从事写作，写作的主要的素材就是来自他的农村的生活，他最出名的代表作就是红高粱。26Where can you possibly read tins article?AIn a magazine BAt the front of a novelCIn a Business brochure Don the newspaper【答案】D【解析】文章出处题。根据STOCKHOLM, Oct11 （Xinhua） - C
18、hinese writer Mo Yan has won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature, announced可知这是新闻报道，所以应该在报纸上看到这个消息，故选D。27Which of the following Is closest in meaning to the underlined word pseudonym in paragraph 3?Aeldest son Bgovernment leader Cpen name Dauthor【答案】C【解析】词义猜测题。根据for Guan Moye可知Mo Yan是他的笔名，故选C。28Mo Ya
19、n started to earn his life Ain 1967 Bin 1976 Cin 1981 Din 1987【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据Mo Yan, a pseudonym for Guan Moye, was born in 1955及As a 12-year-old during the Cultural Revolution he left school to work莫言出生于1955年，12岁开始工作，可推知是1976年开始挣钱，故选A。29Which of the following statements is true?AMo Yan started to
20、 write stories when he turned 20BThe stories in Red Sorghum describes both country and city lifeCMo Yans works are widely read at home and abroadDBesides writing novels, Mo Yan produced a film【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据he is seen in his homeland as one of the foremost contemporary authors, the statement added
21、Dozens of his works have been translated into English, French and Japanese and many other languages可知莫言的作品在国内外都是有很多读者，故选C。30The Nobel Prize was set up .Aby a SwedeBby the Swedish Academy is StockholmCin the 18th centuryDto award greast literary figures【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industr
22、ialist who invented dynamite, established the Nobel Prizes in his will in 1895是一个瑞典人成立的，故选A。Passage Twenty-six (Sensory Evaluation of Food) A Polish proverb claims that fish, to taste right, should three timesin water, in butter and in wine. The early efforts of the basic scientists in the food indu
23、stry were directed at improving the preparation, preservation, and distribution of safe and nutritious food. Our memories of certain foodstuffs eaten during the World War II suggest that, although these might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularl
24、y appetizing in appearance or smell. This neglect of the sensory appeal of foods is happily becoming a thing of the past. Bow, in the book “Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food,” the authors hope that it will be useful to food technologists in industry and also to others engaged in research into
25、 problem of sensory evaluation of foods. An attempt has clearly been make to collect every possible piece of information, which might be useful, more than one thousand five hundred references being quoted. As a result, the book seems at first sight to be an exhaustive and critically useful review of
26、 the literature. This it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for there are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive passages are crisply provocative of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings. Of particular interest is the weight
27、 given to the psychological aspects of perception, both objectively and subjectively. The relation between stimuli and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the Weber fraction of differences. It is interesting to find that in spite of many at
28、tempts to separate and define the modalities of taste, nothing better has been achieved than the familiar classification into sweet, sour salty and bitter. Nor is there as yet any clear-cut evidence of the physiological nature of the taste stimulus. With regard to smell, systems of classification ar
29、e of little value because of the extraordinary sensitivity of the nose and because the response to the stimulus is so subjective. The authors suggest that a classification based on the size, shape and electronic status of the molecule involved merits further investigation, as does the theoretical pr
30、oposition that weak physical binding of the stimulant molecule to he receptor site is a necessary part of the mechanism of stimulation. Apart from taste and smell, there are many other components of perception of the sensations from food in the mouth. The basic modalities of pain, cold, warmth and t
31、ouch, together with vibration sense, discrimination and localization may all play a part, as, of course, does auditory reception of bone-conducted vibratory stimuli from the teeth when eating crisp or crunchy foods. In this connection the authors rightly point out that this type of stimulus requires
32、 much more investigation, suggesting that a start might be made by using subjects afflicted with various forms of deafness. It is well-known that extraneous noise may alter discrimination, and the attention of the authors is directed to the work of Prof. H. J. Eysenck on the “stimulus hunger” of ext
33、roverts and the “stimulus avoidance” of introverts.1. The reviewer uses a Polish proverb at the beginning of the article in order to A. introduce, in an interesting manner, the discussion of food. show the connection between food and nationality of food.C. indicate that there are various ways to pre
34、pare food.D. impress upon the reader the food value of fish.2. The reviewers appraisal of “Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food” is one of A. mixed feelings. . indifferenceC. high praise. D. faint praise.3. The writer of the article does not express the view, either directly or by implication, t
35、hatA. sharply defined classifications of taste are needed. more research should be done regarding the molecular constituency of food.C. food values are objectively determined by an expert “smeller”.D. temperature is an important factor in the value of food.4. The authors of the book suggest the use
36、of deaf subject becauseA. deaf people are generally introversive. . the auditory sense is an important factor in food evaluation.C. they are more fastidious in their choice of foods.D. All types of subjects should be used.Vocabulary1. preservation 保鲜，保存2. sensory appeal 感官的魅力3. be provocative of 脱颖而
37、出4. exhaustive 详尽的，无遗漏的5. discursive 推论的6. be provocative of 引起争论/兴趣等的7. crisp 有力的，有劲的8. perception 感觉，知觉，直觉9. modality 方式 modality of taste （味）感觉到10. discrimination 鉴别力11. localization 地区性，定位12. merit 值得，有价值13. crunchy 嘎吱作响的14. extraneous 外部的15. extrovert 外向性格的人16. introvert 内项性格的人难句译注1. although t
38、hese might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularly appetizing in appearance or smell.结构简析 in appearance or smell 应译成：色或香。参考译文 虽然这些饭菜可能是安全又有营养，但是肯定味不正，特别是在色，香上难以增进食欲。2. This it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for ther
39、e are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive passages are crisply provocative of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings.结构简析 复合句。This 指前一句内容：书既详细又是对有关食品学的文字做了十分有用的评论。 Be provocative of 引起争论或兴趣。参考译文 确实如此，可是这并不是书的唯一成就，因为书内有许多关于进一步研究范围的建议。推论性篇章及能令人非常感兴趣的看待
40、现存成果的新观点和新方法。3. The relation between stimuli and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the Weber fraction of differences.Weber fraction 为Ernest Heinrich Weber所著，他生于1795年，死与1878，是德国生理学家。参考译文 书中详细论及刺激和感觉的关系。还包括了一篇很有价值的讨论文章：谈论威伯分数在评价差异上的缺点和实用性。写
41、作方法和文章大意 这是一篇介绍“感官评价食品的原理“一书的序言。评者从书的读者对象，书的篇幅到内涵具体涉及片谈起，从主观到客观论证，采用例子和对比说明。第一段全面介绍，点出此书不同于过去的书。它们都把重点放在改善准备，保养和销售上。此书信息多，引证参考资料多，对今后研究有新建议； 对已有成果有新关点。第二段，从客观到主观的论述味觉，嗅觉并加以对比。第三段从众多其它感觉中，以听觉为重点论证。答案祥解1. A. 以有趣的方式开始介绍食品讨论。文章一开始，评者就用“波兰有一谚语说，鱼，要想品味正，应游泳三次在水里游，在油里游和在酒中游。”这是国外广告式论说文经常才用的一种写作方式。目的是吸引读者，激
42、起他们想读下去的欲望，以达到推广作用。B. 表明食品和国籍的关系。 C. 表明有各种准备食品的方法。 D. 加深读者对鱼的价值的影响，三项都不对。2. C. 评价高。评论者当然对此书评价极高，这是序言的必然途径。贬的就是批评文章了。全篇文章也说明这点。3. C. 食品价值由专家的嗅觉客观决定。这和第二段后半段的内涵有联系。他说，味道可分甜，酸，咸辣，而味觉生理性却无明确无误的证据。“至于（嗅觉）闻，由于鼻子特别灵敏，对外界刺激的反映主观性强，所以任何分类体系均无价值。”作者建议以“大小，形状和涉及分子电子态为基础的分类值得进一步探讨研究，就像理论性前提一样。刺激物分子和受体之间弱的物理结合是刺
43、激生理机能的必要组成部分。”这段文章谈到味觉，嗅觉但并没有直接或间接表达这种观点：食品的价值是通过专家的嗅觉客观判定。A. 需要明确无误的味觉分类。酸，咸，辣就是味觉的分类。 B. 有关食品分子构成进行更多研究。文内也讲到有关分子电子态应进一步研究。 D. 温度是食品评价中的一个因素。文内只在第三段提到了“除了味觉，嗅觉外，口中食品还有其他许多种感觉成分，基本为疼，冷，热，触碰以及震动感，鉴别力和地区性都可能起作用。“作者直接说明热是可能有作用的。4. B. 听觉在食品评价中是一个重要因素。这在第三段内提到。除了味觉和嗅觉外，口中食品还会产生许多其它感觉。基本可分为痛，冷，热，触碰以及震动感，鉴别力和地区性都可能起作用。就像在吃脆硬或嘎嘎作响的食品时，听觉接受了来自牙齿骨操纵的震动刺激。在这方面，作者真确指出这种刺激需进行更多探讨研究，建议运用受各种听不见痛苦折磨的 病人作起点研究。众所周知，外部的噪声会改变分辨力和注意力。“这说明B. 听觉在食品评价中起着重要作用。是对的。A. 聋子一般是内项的。 C. 他们在选择食品时很挑剔。 D. 各种物体都应当应用。都和本文无关。
