1、高考资源网（） 您身边的高考专家第一讲名词和数词语法规则再现一、名词(一)名词的分类表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词叫作名词。名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表：分类含义示例专有名词表示特定的人、地点、事物、机构等名词的统称April，China，theGreat Wall，the Great Hall of the People普通名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或事物中的个体dictionary，actor，student，window，table，book，bike，ball.集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集体family，police，class，group，team.
2、不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词rice，glass，mutton，paper，air，wood，wool，wheat，steel.抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词knowledge，danger，health，life，kindness，interest，love.(二)名词的数在英语中，普通名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词与不可数名词。可数名词的单复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。单数可数名词前面一般要用不定冠词a或an；复数可数名词是在单数名词后面加s或es，其变化如下：1名词复数的规则变化变化例词一般情况下在词尾直接加smapmapsparkp
3、arks以s，x，sh，ch结尾的，在词尾加esbusbusesboxboxesbrushbrusheswatchwatches以f，fe结尾的直接加sbeliefbeliefssafesafes变f，fe为v，再加esleafleaveswifewives以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i，再加esfamilyfamiliesbabybabies以字母o结尾的加s(无生命的)zoozoosphotophotos加es(有生命的)heroheroespotatopotatoes注意：有些名词是以s结尾，看似复数，但并非复数，而是其本身的词尾就是s，实为不可数名词，如news(新闻)，maths(数
4、学)，physics(物理)，politics(政治)。有些以s结尾，实为单复数同形，如means(方法)，works(工厂)。2名词复数的不规则变化变化例词ooeefootfeettoothteethgoosegeeseaemanmenwomanwomen词尾加en或renoxoxenchildchildren特殊变化mousemice不变化sheepdeerfishJapaneseChinese3.复合名词的复数形式(1)只将主体名词变为复数形式。a banana treesome banana treesa boy studentsome boy students(2)man和woman
5、作定语时，其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。a man doctortwo men doctorsa woman teacherthree women teachers1.表示具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有单词抽象名词具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情What a surprise to see you here.在这里看到
6、你，真让人意外。2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink饮料two drinks两杯饮料sugar糖a sugar一块糖coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper纸 a paper一张报纸；一篇论文tea茶two teas两杯茶hair头发a hair一根头发I knocked over the tea cup and it fell on the mobile phone.You should never put drinks near a phone.我把茶杯碰倒了，它落在了那部手机上。你永远都不应该把饮料放到手机附近。典型例题分析1(2017年广
7、东学业考真题)She likes to travel and meet new people who have their own (opinion) that are different from hers.opinionsthat引导定语从句，that在从句中作主语替代先行词，由that后面的are可知，that应该代表的是复数，答案应该为opinions。2I gave up all my other (hobby)，and spent my spare time reading poetry and writing it.hobbies根据句意：“我放弃了所有别的业余爱好，并把业余时间
8、花在读诗和写诗方面。”名词hobby前面有all my other(我所有其他的)修饰，可知hobby应该用复数形式，且hobby是以辅音字母b加y结尾，复数形式则应把y改为i加es，故正确答案为hobbies。二、数词(一)基数词基数词的构成基数词变化方式例词112单独记one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve1319词尾为后缀teenthirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen2090逢十词尾为后缀tytwenty，thirty，
9、forty，fifty，sixty，seventy，eighty，ninety2199(除逢十词外)在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成twentynine，thirtyeight，fortyseven，fiftysix，sixtyfive，seventyfour，eightythree，ninetytwo单位词100：hundred1，000：thousand1，000，000：million1，000，000，000：billion1.单位词hundred，thousand，million，billion前有具体数词时，用单数形式。two hundred二百three thousand三千 7
10、80，000，000 seven hundred and eighty million 4，000，000，000 four billion2ten，hundred，thousand，million，billion等可以构成短语，表示泛指的数目。hundreds of数百tens of hundreds of数千thousands of数千tens of thousands of数万millions of数百万hundreds of millions of数亿(二)序数词序数词的构成110111920901 first1st11 eleventh11th2 second2nd12 twelft
11、h12th20 twentieth20th3 third3rd13 thirteenth13th30 thirtieth30th4 fourth4th14 fourteenth14th40 fortieth40th5 fifth5th15 fifteenth15th50 fiftieth50th6 sixth6th16 sixteenth16th60 sixtieth60th7 seventh7th17 seventeenth17th70 seventieth70th8 eighth8th18 eighteenth18th80 eightieth80th9 ninth9th19 ninetee
12、nth19th90 ninetieth90th10 tenth10th1.序数词前面一般加the，多数序数词由基数词加th构成。如：the fifteenth；以y结尾的基数词变化时，先把y改成i，再加eth。如：twentieth。注意几个不规则的序数词的写法。如：first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth等。2序数词常可缩写，其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。如：1st，2nd，3rd，4th，21st，22nd，23rd，24th。3小数小数点用point表示，小数点后的数用个位基数词表示。如：0.567zero point fiv
13、e six seven。4分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词，如果分子大于1，分母须加s。如：1/5one fifth/onefifth；3/4three fourths/threefourths。5百分数百分号用percent(per cent)或%表示。如：19.56%nineteen point five six percent。语法专项对练.单句语法填空1Why not buy a secondhand car if you dont have enough money for a new one?Thats a good suggestion (suggest)2. Every year
14、，more stories (story) are bought as ebooks and read on a screen.3My first impression (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.4The woman dressed in blue is Mary and Alices (Mary and Alice) mother.5John has grown up and changed beyond recognition (recognize)6When autumn comes，
15、leaves (leaf) of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.7The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they dont give you any direct solution (solve)8Have you heard of Lin Zexu and Qi Jiguang?Of course.They are our national heroes (hero)9Bill was a reporter (report) to interview the
16、 football players at the 2016 Rio Olympics.10The Harry Potter books enjoy great popularity(popular); they are in great demand in this city.11Meimei is going to be an elder sister.Her parents are planning to have their second (two) child.12Teacher Wang gave me a second(two) examination paper.13We are
17、 to carry out the ninth(nine) plan.14The environment here is becoming better and better.Thousands (thousand) of birds are coming back.15Lindas first book came out in her thirties (thirty)16Please turn to page five and take a look at the fifth picture.(five)17The fourth(four) of July is Independence
18、Day of America.18In her forties(forty)，she began to take up writing.19The survey，carried out in that university，shows that three fifths (five) of the teachers wear glasses.20Im at sixes(six) and sevens about what to do.语法填空在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Robots used for housework were tested out in some 1.
19、families (family). Tony，one of the robots，looked like 2.a tall and handsome man with smooth black hair，speaking in a deep voice.Larry was going to be away from home. Also，3.curiosity (curious) drove him to have a try on such a new thing.So he hired a robot to accompany his wife Claire.Claire didnt l
20、ike the idea at the beginning，but she agreed to it at last. At the first sight of Tony，Claire felt embarrassed. Gradually，Tony began to win the4hostess (hostess) trust.He helped Claire realize her dreams by making her home elegant，giving her a new haircut，changing the makeup she wore and giving her
21、5.advice (advise) on her 6.personal (person) dresses.Therefore at the party all her guests who were invited were filled with 7.admiration (admire) when they saw her house was completely changed. After the test，the company was satisfied with 8.Tonys (Tony) report and believed it was 9.a success because he had successfully made a woman regain her 10.confidence (confident) and fall in love with him.- 8 - 版权所有高考资源网
