1、Section Discovering Useful StructuresGrammar限制性定语从句(2)1It was a time when the Chinese people were divided geographically.2Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.3There are many reasons why this has
2、 been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.4These were animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.5It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.我的发现(1)关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语(如句1)；关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语(如
3、句2)；关系副词why在定语从句中作原因状语(如句3)。 (2)在“介词which/whom”引导的定语从句中，which用于指代物(如句4)；whom用于指代人(如句5)。一、关系副词(when, where, why)引导的定语从句1when引导定语从句时，先行词为表示时间的名词，关系词在从句中作时间状语。I can never forget the day when I first saw you.我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的那一天。2where引导定语从句时，先行词为表示地点的名词，关系词在从句中作地点状语。After living in Paris for fifty years,
4、he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了儿时成长的那个小镇。点津where还可用在表示抽象意义的地点名词后，如situation, stage, point, case, position, condition等。The accident has reached to the point where both their parents are to be called in.事情发展到如此地步，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。3why引导定语从句时，先行词通常是reason, 关系词在从句中作
5、原因状语。Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why theyre not doing well.不成功的人总能找到自己表现不好的理由。点津先行词是the reason时，定语从句的引导词需根据定语从句缺少的成分而定，如果缺少状语，用why；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that/which，作宾语时可省略。I dont believe the reason (that/which) he gave me for his being late.我不相信他给出的迟到的理由。即时演练一对比填空：that, which, when, where, why
6、I will never forget the days when we stayed together.The reason that/which he explained at the meeting was not sound.The reason why he was late was that he missed his train.Keep the book in a place where you can find it easily.This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago.
7、二、“介词which/whom”引导的定语从句1“介词关系代词”结构引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which (指物) 或whom (指人)，即介词which/whom，并且不能省略。If you have anything on which you want my opinions, feel free to see me.如果你们有什么事需要征求我的意见的话，随时来找我。I took a photo of the students, among whom was seated a teacher.我给这些学生拍了一张照片，他们中间坐着一位老师。2“介词关系代词(which/whom)”中介
8、词的选择：一先，二动，三意义。(1)“一先”，即根据先行词来确定介词。The factory in which Im working mainly produces computers.我工作所在的工厂主要生产电脑。(in which代替in the factory，“在工厂里”用介词in)(2)“二动”，即根据定语从句中的谓语动词来确定介词。In the dark street there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街道上她没有一个人可以求助。(to whom代替to a person；turn to
9、sb for help“向某人求助”)点津当定语从句中的谓语动词短语是固定搭配不可分割时，那么该动词短语中的介词不能前置，如listen to, look at, look for, look into, depend on, make use of, pay attention to, take care of等。This is the pen which Im looking for.这是我正在找的那支钢笔。(3)“三意义”，即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。In the office I never seem to have time until after 5：30 pm., by wh
10、ich time many people have gone home.在办公室里，我要到下午5：30之后才能有点空闲，到那时，许多人已经回家了。3介词前有时加名词、数词等，构成“名词/数词/不定代词of which/whom”结构，在定语从句中作主语。English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it differently.英语是一种多元文化共享的语言，每一种文化使用它的方式各不相同。I collected some books, the covers of which (whose
11、 covers/of which the covers) are yellow with years.我收藏了一些书，它们的封面因年代久远都变黄了。4“复合介词which”引导的定语从句，常用逗号与先行词隔开，而且定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一幢大房子里，房前有一棵大树。即时演练二用“介词关系代词”填空Many young people, most of whom were welleducated, headed for remote regions to cha
12、se their dreams.Scientists have many advanced theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?There is a big window through which I can see the railway station.This is the man with whom I just shook hands.None of us know t
13、he reason for which Tom was absent.1struggle n& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗(教材p.64)When I started studying German, it was a struggle.当我开始学习德语时，我感到很困难。struggle for .努力争取；为而斗争struggle against/with .与作斗争struggle to do sth努力做某事struggle to ones feet挣扎着站起来佳句We have to struggle with all kinds of difficulties from home and
14、 abroad.我们不得不与来自国内外的各种困难作斗争。练透单句语法填空They has to struggle against/with all kinds of adversity.Workers are struggling for a clean canteen and healthy food.Helen Keller became deaf and blind when she was 19 months old, but she never gave up and struggled to lead (lead) an active life.写美句式升级Mary had str
15、uggled for months to find a job, and finally took a position at a local advertising agency.Having struggled for months to find a job, Mary finally took a position at a local advertising agency.(分词作状语)文化浸蕴From now on, you should prepare yourself for your future, struggle for your dream and you will g
16、et the offer from Beijing Language and Culture University.从现在起，你应该为你的未来做准备，为你的梦想而奋斗，你就会获得北京语言大学的录取通知书。2point of view观点；看法(教材p.64)I had finally come to a place where I could think in this foreign language, and I could see the world from a different point of view.我终于达到了一个可以用外语思考的境地，并且我可以从一个不同的角度看世界。(1
17、)依某人看来(2)have/get a good view of好好欣赏/观看come into view进入视野佳句From my point of view, you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities.依我看来，通过这些活动，你可以更好地了解春节。练透一句多译/补全句子依我看来，你应该向老师求助。In my opinion/view, you should turn to your teacher for help.As far as Im concerned, you
18、 should turn to your teacher for help.From my point of view, you should turn to your teacher for help.You can have a good view of the beautiful sunrise and sunset from the window.从窗子这里你可以好好欣赏美丽的日出和日落。写美翻译句子无论你何时买礼物，都应当从接受者的角度来考虑。Whenever you buy a present, you should think about it from the receiver
19、s point of view.3句型公式：the比较级，the比较级“越，就越”(教材p.64)It was exercise for the brain; the more I learnt of a language, the more my brain would grow.这是对大脑的锻炼；我对一门语言了解得越多，我的大脑开发得就越多。(1)“the比较级(主语谓语)，the比较级(主语谓语)”意为“越，就越”。(2)the more ., the less .意为“越，越不”。(3)“the比较级(.), the比较级(.)”结构中，第一个“the比较级”是表示条件的状语从句，在表
20、示将来意义的情况下，从句用一般现在时表示将来。佳句 The more you know about our traditional culture, the more you are interested in it.你对我们的传统文化了解越多，你就对它越感兴趣。练透单句语法填空/补全句子The more you practise, the better you will speak(speak) English.The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is to answer them.问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越
21、小。写美翻译句子起初我以为我明白了老师所说的，但是他越解释我就越迷惑。At first I thought I understood what my teacher said, but the more he explained, the more confused I became.维度一：基础题型练用适当的关系词填空。1The reason for which she changed her mind is quite clear.2As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when h
22、e should be able to be independent.3Nobody knows the reason why she didnt go to the party.4We went through a period when communications were very difficult in the rural areas.5We visited the car factory where my uncle once worked three years ago.6This is the factory that/which I visited last year.7A
23、 stone marks the spot where the treaty was signed.8The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work.9Water is the natural medium in which the fish live.10The colorless gas without which we cant live is called oxygen.维度二：语法与写作1The reason why/for I wa
24、nt to apply for the position is that I want to improve my spoken English.我想申请这个职位的原因是我想提高我的英语口语水平。2The day when/on which his father returned from abroad is the happiest day in the boys life.父亲从国外回来的那一天是这个男孩一生中最幸福的一天。3After graduation he returned to the small town where/in which he grew up毕业以后，他回到那个他
25、长大的小镇上。4I still remember the day when we went to Shanghai for the first time.我还记得我们第一次去上海的那一天。5We are living in an age when many things are done on computers.我们生活在许多事情可以在电脑上做的时代。6Have you visited the park which/that was named after a hero?你参观过以英雄名字命名的那个公园吗？维度三：语法与语篇用适当的关系词完成下面短文。Tai Dong is a small
26、city in southeast Taiwan 1.where I grew up.My family moved there from Taipei the summer 2.when I was born.The house 3.in which I grew up is on a main street in Tai Dong.It was a nice house with a big garden 4.where there were a lot of nice flowers.My father sold tea，and my mother had a small restaur
27、ant 5.where there were always many customers.A cousin of mine 6.whose family I visited every summer lived with us.He was an apprentice (学徒) 7.who/whom/that my father was teaching the tea business to.On the first floor of our house we had a huge kitchen 8.where we all gathered for dinner.I will never forget the happy days 9.when we were eating and talking happily.The bedrooms were upstairs.My brother and my cousin slept in one bedroom.I slept in another 10.which/that I shared with Polly，the smartest bird that I had ever seen.7
