1、Section_Using_languageGrammar 过去完成时一、基本用法过去完成时的构成为“had过去分词”，主要用法如下：(1)表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去某一时间或某一动作之前，即“过去的过去”。By the end of last week, they had finished the work.到上周末为止，他们已经完成了工作。When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.当杰克到达时，他得知玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。名师指津过去完成时常常用在宾语从句中，从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语
2、动作(过去时)之前。She said that she had finished her homework.她说她已经完成家庭作业了。(2)某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。常用的动词有hope, expect, suppose, think, want, wish等。They had wanted to help but couldnt get here in time.他们本来想要来帮忙的，但未能及时赶到这儿。I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.我本来想送他一张圣诞节贺卡，但把这
3、事给忘了。二、过去完成时在几个重点句型中的应用1在no sooner .than, hardly .when句型中，主句用过去完成时，意为“一就；刚就”。I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang.我一踏入教室的门，铃就响了。No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.他刚冲出去，房子就塌了。2在it was the first time that .句型中，that从句常用过去完成时。It was the first time that he had eve
4、r spoken to me in such a tune.这是他第一次用这样的语调跟我讲话。补全句子It was the third time that he had_been_out_of_work.这是他第三次失业了。We had_hoped_that_you_would_come,_but you didnt.我本期望你会来，但是你没来。Hardly_had_I_got_to_the_bus_stop when the bus started.我刚到达汽车站，汽车就开了。I had_intended_to_call_on_you,_but I had an unexpected vis
5、itor.我本来打算给你打电话，但我有一位意外的访客。三、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别一般过去时侧重发生在过去的客观事实；而过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”，一定有一个表示过去的参照点。I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.当公交车最终到来的时候，我已经在车站等了30分钟。He once worked as a teacher for 5 years, but now he is a successful manager.他曾经做过5年的教师，但现在他是一位成功的经理。用所给词的适当形式填空As
6、 soon as I got to the airport，I realised I had_left (leave) my ID card at home.Yesterday, Lucys parents rushed (rush) her to the hospital after she fell off her bicycle.When first coming to the city, my parents often had a chat with neighbours, just as they had_done (do) in the countryside.It is sai
7、d in the book that Thomas Edison (18471931) was (be) the world leading inventor for sixty years.1(教材P53)Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.格雷戈尔孟德尔选择研究豌豆是因为它们的特性易于控制。characteristic n特征，特性 adj.典型的，独特的，特有的 (1)It is characteristic of sb.to do sth.做
8、某事是某人的特点(2)character n. 品格，品质；特征，特性；(小说、戏剧中的)人物，角色；(汉)字，字体；性格a leading character 主角in character 符合某人的性格out of character 不符合某人的性格(佳句)One may only have a character, but may have many characteristics, all of which build ones character.一个人可能只有一种性格，但可能有多种特征或特点，所有这些特征或特点便构成了一个人的品质。练透单句语法填空Its characterist
9、ic (character) of her to complain when in trouble.His words are entirely in character with his actions.写美翻译句子我想不到她会对我撒谎这不符合她的性格。I_cant_believe_she_lied_to_me_it_seems_so_out_of_character.2(教材P53)The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.平塔岛龟的灭绝归咎于人类。blame v责怪，指责；把归咎于 n过失；责备(1)b
10、lame sb./sth.for sth. 因而责备某人/事blame sth.on sb. 把某事怪到某人头上be to blame (for .) (因为)应受指责(2)take the blame for . 为承担责任lay/put the blame on sb. 把责任归咎于某人(佳句)She blamed her husband for the failure of their marriage.她把婚姻的失败归咎于她的丈夫。练透单句语法填空It is my fault，so I am to_blame_(blame) for Millers accident.Lots of p
11、eople find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame on the alarm clock.写美补全句子He was_blamed_for the accident, but he blamed it on others.In fact, it is he, not others, that is_to_blame_for/takes_the_blame_for it.他因这起事故受到了责备，但他把此次事故归咎于别人。事实上，是他该为此承担责任，而不是别人。名师指津be to blame for sth意为“应为某事负责或受
12、指责”， 其中不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。3(教材P53) After goats in particular had been brought to the island，the Pinta Island tortoise population declined.尤其是山羊被引进岛上之后，平塔岛龟的数量下降了。decline v减少；衰退；谢绝 n下降；衰退(1)decline to do sth.拒绝做某事decline to 下降/减少到decline by 下降/减少了(2)decline in/of sth. 在某方面减少/下降on the decline 走下坡路，在衰退中(佳句
13、)In parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.在加州南部的部分地区，这种下降接近75%。练透单句语法填空The number of tourists to the resort declined by_10% last year.In spite of many invitations，he would always decline to_visit (visit) Oxford.The number of people who run the red light is on the decline sin
14、ce the new traffic regulations came into effect.写美补全句子I offered to give them a lift，but they declined_with_thanks.我邀请他们搭便车，但他们婉言谢绝了。4(教材P55)The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz is home to several species of giant tortoise that are native to the Galpagos Islands.圣克鲁斯巨型陆龟保护区是原产于加拉帕戈斯群岛的多种巨型陆龟的家园。b
15、e native to 源于的，原产于(1)ones native country/land/language某人的祖国/故乡/母语 (2)be a native of . 的人；生长于的动物或植物(佳句)Blueberries are native to North America.蓝莓原产于北美。练透单句语法填空/补全句子The researcher says the tiger is native to India.He must be_a_native of eastern coastal China.他一定是中国东部沿海的本地人。写美翻译句子事实上，法语不是我的母语。As_a_matter_of_fact,_French_is_not_my_native_language.
