1、第二课时Using language.词汇初探1characteristic n. 特征；特点；品质character n. 角色；人物2decline v衰退；下降；减少3blame v. 责备；谴责 n. 过失；责备4primitive adj. 原始的， 低等的5worldwide adv. 遍及全世界6giant adj. 巨大的7tortoise n. 陆龟8spine n. 刺，刺毛.短语互译1源于的；原产于 be_native_to 2把归咎于 blame.on.3最后，终于 in_the_end4尤其地，特别地 in_particular5抵抗；击退 fight_off6by
2、contrast 相比之下7so far 到目前为止8carry out 实施9be home to 是的栖息地 10be harmful to 对有害.经典句式There_is_evidence_that all the different iguanas have developed from more primitive ones and share a common ancestor.(P55)有证据表明，所有不同的鬣蜥都是从更原始的鬣蜥进化而来，并有着共同的祖先。.语法初探单句语法填空1I had_hoped (hope)to send Peter a gift to congrat
3、ulate him on his marriage，but I couldnt manage it. 2When they first came to the city, my parents often went to neighbors for a talk, just as they had_done(do) in the countryside.3Silk had_become (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.4She had_changed(change) her
4、 hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.5No sooner had he got (get)home than I told him the inspiring news.6It was three years since Jack had_been (be)a teacher.1 教材原句The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.(P53)平塔岛龟的灭绝归咎于人类。eg.Police are blam
5、ing the accident on dangerous driving.警方把事故归咎于危险驾驶。归纳拓展(1)blame sb./sth.for sth.因某事而责备某人/某事blame sth.on sb.把某事怪到某人头上be to blame (for sth.) (因某事)受到指责(2)take the blame (for) (为)承担责任lay/put the blame (for sth.) on sb. (把某事)归咎于某人即时巩固单句语法填空/完成句子They blamed him for the accident happening the other day.Don
6、t always blame your own failure on others. Sometimes you yourself are to_blame(blame)The government will have to take_the_blame_for the pollution.政府将不得不对这次污染承担责任。2 教材原句 After goats in particular had been brought to the island，the Pinta Island tortoise population declined.(P53)特别是山羊被带到岛上后，平塔岛龟的数量减少了。
7、eg.Her health was declining rapidly.她的健康状况在迅速恶化。归纳拓展(1)be in decline 处于下降、衰退中on the decline 在下坡路上；在衰退 (减少)(2)decline to do sth.拒绝做某事decline by/to 下降了/到decline an offer/invitation 拒绝请求/谢绝邀请易混辨析decline“婉言拒绝，谢绝”，相当于 refuse politely，主要用于拒绝有关社交活动的邀请或要求帮助的请求，后接名词或动词不定式，主语只能是人refuse语气比 decline 重，主语可以是人也可以是
8、物。一般指否决、不予接受 (建议、提议、想法和要求等)reject比 refuse 语气更重，指坚决、果断、坦率地拒绝，意为“抛弃；拒收；不采纳”即时巩固单句语法填空The number of people who run the red light has been on the decline since the new traffic regulations came into effect.The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year to 5 million.The officer at first de
9、clined to_make (make) a statement about this incident, but later she agreed under the pressure of public opinion.3 教材原句 Eventually，only George remained.(P53)最后，只有乔治留了下来。eg.Very little of the house remained after the fire.火灾过后，房子所剩无几。归纳拓展(1)remain to be done 有待/尚需/尚未It remains to be seen. 拭目以待；有待证实re
10、main unchanged 保持不变(2)remaining adj. 剩下的the remaining money 剩余的钱remains n. 剩余物；遗址即时巩固单句语法填空The passenger remained seated (seat) until the bus came to a complete stop.While theres a lot of promise, the result remains to_be_seen (see)The boy bought some flowers with the remaining (remain) money.4 教材原句
11、The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz is home to several species of giant tortoise that are native to the Galpagos Islands.(P55)圣克鲁斯岛上的巨型乌龟保护区是加拉帕戈斯岛上几种土生土长的巨型乌龟的家园。归纳拓展be native to 原产于a native of. 的人即时巩固单句语法填空It is wellknown that the panda is native to China.Mr Smith, a native of New York, came
12、to China to give English lessons at Jiangnan University.1 教材原句In the end, he developed a better type of rice.(P53)最后，他研制出了一种更好的大米。eg.He tried various jobs and in the end became an accountant.他尝试过各种各样的工作，最后当上了会计。归纳拓展 (1)at the end of 在尽头；在末端by the end of 到结束时；到时候为止 (常与完成时态连用) (2)使结束come to an end 完成；
13、结束at an end 结束；终结(3)make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵；量入为出(4)end up with 以结束end up doing 最终做某事即时巩固单句语法填空The long hot summer was at last at an end!The meeting came to an end and he set down many key points.At first he refused to accept any responsibility but he ended up apologizing (apologize)2 教材原句Bacteri
14、a are always harmful to humans.(P54)细菌对人类总是有害的。归纳拓展(1)harm n. & vt. 损害；危害do sb./sth.harm (do harm to sb./sth.) 对造成伤害There is no harm in doing sth.做某事无害处(2)harmful adj. 有害的harmless adj. 无害的即时巩固 单句语法填空As we all know, smoking is harmful (harm) to health.Staring at the screen of the computer will do har
15、m to your eyes.There is no harm in giving gifts to children, but they should not be rewards.3 教材原句Our immune systems are able to fight off all germs.(P54)我们的免疫系统能够消灭所有的细菌。eg.The jeweler was stabbed as he tried to fight the robbers off.珠宝商在试图抵抗强盗时被刺伤了。 归纳拓展 fight for 为战斗/奋斗fight against 与作战fight ones
16、 way 奋力前进；努力开辟fight back 反击；克制即时巩固单句语法填空/完成句子The men are fighting for higher wages.She looked away, fighting_back her tears.她看着别处，强忍着泪。I fought_my_way into a carriage just before the door closed. 我正好在车门关闭之前挤进了一节车厢。4 教材原句The island is also home to the Charles Darwin Research Station, where scientific
17、 studies are carried out.(P55)该岛也是查尔斯达尔文研究站的所在地，在那里进行科学研究。eg.We expect him to carry out his promises.我们期待他履行诺言。 归纳拓展(1)carry out a promise 履行诺言carry out a plan 实施计划 (2)carry away 带走；使兴奋carry off 成功地完成 (困难的事情)；获得 (奖项)carry on (with) 继续做；坚持carry through 渡过 (难关等)；完成 即时巩固单句语法填空/完成句子They will carry on wi
18、th their plan.He carried off most of the prizes.Determined to carry_out the plan as expected, they made very careful preparations.决心要按预期执行计划，他们做了非常细心的准备。His determination carried him through the difficulty.他靠坚强的决心渡过了难关。There is evidence that all the different iguanas have developed from more primiti
19、ve ones and share a common ancestor.(P55)有证据表明，所有不同的鬣蜥都是从更原始的鬣蜥进化而来，并有着共同的祖先。句式分析There is evidence that.有证据证明， that 引导同位语从句。eg.There is now convincing evidence that smoking causes lung cancer. 现在有令人信服的证据表明吸烟会导致肺癌。 归纳拓展(1) in evidence 显眼；显而易见(2)evident adj. 明显的；明白的Its evident that.很明显(3)evidently 明显地
20、；清楚地即时巩固 单句语法填空There is clear evidence that the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.It was evident (evidence) that she had once been a beauty.Evidently (evidence), the Spanish team will win the cup.过去完成时一、过去完成时的构成过去完成时由“had过去分词”构成。二、过去完成时的用法1过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态。可以用by，before
21、等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可通过上下文来表示。When the explorer hurried to the destination，the others had already left.当这名探险者匆忙赶到目的地的时候，其他人已经离开了。By nine oclock last night，we had gotten 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到飞船发来的200张图片。2表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。He to
22、ld us that he had done the scientific research for 5 years.他告诉我们他做科学研究已经5年了。3动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。I had never thought that you were content to help me.我从未想过你愿意帮我。We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来希望能来看看你。4过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等
23、动词后的宾语从句 (或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了三年了。5在状语从句中，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。常由when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导。When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已停了。名师点津before，after引导的时间状语从句中，由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系
24、，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句多用一般过去时。After he arrived in England，he worked hard to improve his English.他到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。6过去完成时的常用固定句型 (1)主语had hardly/scarcely/no sooner过去分词when/than从句 (从句用一般过去时)；当hardly，scarcely，no sooner表示否定意义的词位于句首时，主句要倒装。I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.No sooner had
25、 I reached home than it began to rain.我刚到家就下雨了。(2)It was一段时间since从句 (从句用过去完成时)It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.我离开北京至少有3个月了。(3)It was the first/second/.time (that)从句 (从句用过去完成时)It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。(4)主句 (过去完成时)by the time. (一般
26、过去时)We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.在他们到达之前，我们已经做好一切准备了。(5)句子 (过去完成时)by the end of. (表示过去的时间)By the end of last term，we had learned English at least for four years.到上个学期末，我们至少已经学了四年英语。7过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 (1)一般过去时表示在过去的时间里发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”，当强调过去某一动作发生
27、在另一动作之前时，常用过去完成时态。They had arrived at the railway station by ten oclock yesterday.昨天10点之前，他们已经到了火车站。They arrived at the railway station at ten oclock yesterday.他们昨天10点到了火车站。(2)一般过去时与过去完成时都可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用，但侧重点有所不同。We had learned two English songs by the end of last week.到上个星期为止，我们已经学了两首英文歌曲。We lear
28、ned two English songs last week.上个星期我们学了两首英文歌曲。即时巩固.单句语法填空1She asked me whether I had_returned (return) the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadnt. 2He is a professor of Shandong University.He stayed (stay)in America for 4 years. 3Did you have to do much for the dinner party?Helen had_fin
29、ished (finish)everything by the time I got home.4It was the second time that he had_rushed (rush) out of the classroom without permission. 5I was very happy to see Jane again yesterday. We hadnt_seen (not see) each other for six years. 6Hurry up! Your classmates are waiting for you at the school gat
30、e.Oh! I thought they had_gone (go) without me.7It was really annoying; I couldnt get access to the data bank you had_recommended (recommend)8We had_hoped (hope) that you would come, but you didnt.完成句子1It was ten years since we had_had such a wonderful time.我们有10年没这么高兴过了。2It was the third time (that)
31、 he had_left the key at home.那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。3I had_been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站等了20分钟才来了辆公交车。4I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang.我一踏入教室的门，铃就响了。5By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone.我到车站时，火车已经开走了。.单词拼写1Perhaps the mos
32、t important characteristic(特征，特性) of rap music is the way that the artists sing.2I offered to give them a lift, but they declined(拒绝)3She doesnt blame (责备)anyone for her fathers death.4Primitive (原始的)tribes lived by fishing，hunting，and gathering.5The story has attracted worldwide (全世界的) attention.6I
33、ts a noisy place with film clips showing constantly on one of the cafes giant (巨大的) screens.选词填空fight off； carry out； by contrast； in particular； in the end； be to blame1I dont know who is_to_blame for the messy room.2In_the_end,_we drove to a service station and waited there until the road was clea
34、r.3Teenagers should make regular contact with a parent, and a mother in_particular.4A good diet and fit body will help you to fight_off illness.5The coastal areas have mild winters, but by_contrast the central plains become extremely cold.6I had some difficulty in carrying_out the plan.语法练习完成句子 1.We
35、 had_intended_to_come and see you the day before yesterday, but we were too busy. 我们前天本打算来看你的，但我们太忙了。2I found the lecture hard to follow because it had_started when I arrived. 我觉得很难听懂这个讲座，因为我到的时候它已经开始了。3When asked why he was late again，he said that he hadnt_caught the regular bus. 当问到他为什么再次迟到时，他说他没有赶上平常坐的那班公共汽车。4Hardly/Scarcely had_she_gone_to_bed when the bell rang.她刚刚睡下门铃就响了。5The moment I got home, I found I had_left_my_jacket on the playground. 我一到家就发现我把夹克衫忘在操场上了。
