1、【考向解读】 动词的时态、语态和语气是高考中的重中之重,也是英语句子结构的核心。英语句子的灵动性很大程度上体现在动词的各种变化上,因此谓语动词的时态、语态、语气的运用三位 一体,不可分割。在单项填空题型中,时态和语态是考查的热点,但是语气问题也不可忽视。在备考过程中应该对谓语动词变化的各种情况都能够了如指掌。可以预测,未来高考仍然会以考查时态为主,但考查形式会更多地结合语态和语 气等形式,越来越侧重在语境中考查动词的时态、语态和语气,所以要求考生首先要掌握时态、语态和语气的基本用法,同时在所设置的语境中根据所给信息进行判断。也就是说,考生应学会通过上下文来确定所用时态、语态和语气。 【命题热点
2、突破一】 一般时态 1一般现在时 (1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。 常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always,every time,now and then,occasionally,often,seldom,sometimes,usually, every day/night等连用。 (2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时。只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come等动词。 (3)用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中, 用一般 现在时 表 示 将来。 Around two oclock every n
3、ight,Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers us.每天晚上两点左右,苏就说梦话。这使我们有点烦心。 If it doesnt rain,well go on a picnic as planned. 如果不下雨,我们将按计划去野餐。 Whatever you say,I will not change my mind. 无论你说什么,我都不会改变主意。 The flight takes off at 2:30 every Wednesday and Friday.飞机每周三、周五2:30起飞。 2一般过去时 表示在过
4、去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态,与现在没有关系或表示过去一段时间内反复发生的动作, 常 与 every day,often,sometimes等时间状语连用。 Havent seen you for ages! Where have you been? 好长时间没见你了!你去哪里了? I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year,teaching as a volunteer. 我去了宁夏,在那里待了一年,作为一名志愿者教学。 3一般将来时 (1)“shall/will动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动 作或存在的状态。“will动词原形
5、”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。 (2)“be going to动词原形”表示现在打算或计划将 来 要做的事情;表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事情。 (3) “be to动词原形”表示预先安排好的计划或约定;表示说话人的意志、意图、指责、义务、命令等;表示 注定要发生的事情。 (4)“be about to动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事, 该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。 例1(2015高考江苏卷,T30)The real reason why prices _,and still are,too high is complex,and no short discussio
6、n can satisfactorily explain this problem. Awere Bwill be Chave been Dhad been 答案:A【变式探究】 Do you think Mom and Dad _late? No.Swiss Air is usually on time. Awere Bwill be Cwould be Dhave been 解析:考查时态。答语中提到瑞士航空公司的航班通常会准时到达,再结合答语中的时态可知,问话人表示的是对未来情况的担忧,所以问句中的宾语从句用一般将来时。 答案:B【命题热点突破二】 进行时态 1现在进行时 (1)表示说话
7、时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。 (2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,常限于go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,work,sleep,stay,have, wear等表示移动、方向的动词。 (3)表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等(常与 always,constantly,continually等副词连用)。 Hurry up,kids!The school bus is waiting for us! 孩子们,快点!校车在等我们! “The moment is coming soon,”he thought t
8、o himself,waiting nervously. “这一刻就要来到了,”他自思自忖,紧张地等待着。 He is always finding fault with others. 他总是挑别人的毛病。 2过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time,at that moment,at this time yesterday,at ten oclock yesterday等连用。 She was phoning someone,so I nodded to her and went away. 她正在跟别人打电话,因此我
9、朝她点了点头就走开了。 3将来进行时 表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要从将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。 Daniels family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. 丹尼尔一家人下星期这个时候将在黄山度假。例2(2015高考湖南卷,T28)He must have sensed that I _ him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that?” Awould l
10、ook at Blooked at Cwas looking at Dam looking at 答案:B【变式探究】We have been trying to train the young people who were hired last month,but they_their best to learn. Awere not doing Bdidnt do Care not doing Dhadnt done 答案:C【命题热点突破三】 完成时态1现在完成时 (1)表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作,常用的时间 状语:already,just,yet,never,before,
11、lately,recently,in the last(past) few years,up to now,so far等。 (2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今的动作或状态,常与for,since等表示一段时间的状语连用。 (3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。 (4)This/It is the first/second.timethat从句,that从句 中 谓语要用现在完成时。 (5)It(This)is the best(worst,most interesting等)名词定语从句,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。 Have you heard about the
12、 recent election? 你听说过近期的选举吗? Sure,it has been the only thing on the news for the last three days. 当然了,它是近来三天新闻中唯一的事情了。 It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.这是我自从到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。 This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema togeth
13、er as a family. 这是第一次我们一家人去电影院看电影。 I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.除非我亲眼看到,否则我不会相信你的。 2过去完成时 (1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即过去的过去。 (2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间 状 语:by then,by that time,by the end of,by the time句子等。 (3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope,want,expect,think,mean,s
14、uppose,plan,intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。 (4)在“hardly(scarcely).when.”,“no sooner.than.” 句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,意为“一就”。 Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she had seen most of the guests before.索菲娅环视了所有的面庞,她有印象绝大多数的客人以前她都见过。 He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.A
15、fter all,he had had it for a very long time. 他把自己的吉他卖掉时并不高兴。毕竟,他拥有这把吉他已经很长时间了。 I had intended to call on you,but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本来打算去看你,但是来了一位不速之客。 By the time Jack returned home from England,his son had graduated from college. 杰克从英国回到家时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。 Hardly/No sooner had I got home wh
16、en/than the rain poured down.我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下了。 3将来完成时 表示在将来某个时间之前完成的动作,并且往往对将来某一时间产生影响。常用时间状语为“by将来某个时间”。 By the time Mr.Smith arrives at the supermarket,we will have stayed there for one hour. 等到史密斯先生到达超市时,我们将已经在那里待了一个小时了。 例3. (2015高考北京卷,T26)In the last few years,China _ great achievements in environm
17、ental protection. Ahas made Bhad made Cwas making Dis making 答案:A【变式探究】Simon_his father for such a long time that he understands almost every gesture of his fathers. Aattends Bhad attended Cwould attend Dhas attended 答案:D。 【命题热点突破四】其他时态 1过去将来时 表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用于宾语从句中。 He hoped that he would be giv
18、en a more suitable job in 2016. 他希望在2016年能得到更合适的工作。 2现在完成进行时(have/has been doing) 表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续 到现在,并有可能继续下去,常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。 Since the time humankind started gardening,we have been trying to make our environment more beautiful. 自从人类开始园艺技术的时候起,我们就一直在努力让我们 的环境变得更加美丽。 The manager has
19、been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. 自从上午9点经理就一直在告诉工人如何改善这一方案。 3过去完成进行时(had been doing) 表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到过去某一时刻,这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。 She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years. 她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续) She told me that she had been waiting for me for an
20、 hour. 她告诉我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再继续) 例4(2015高考福建卷,T30)Where is Peter?I cant find him anywhere. He went to the library after breakfast and _ his essay there ever since. Awrote Bhad written Chas been writing Dis writing 答案:C 【易错警示】现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 (1)现在完成时强调过去某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响;现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性,强调的是动作
21、本身。 (2)现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复,现在完成时一般不表示重复性。现在完成时通常与since,ever since,for three months,just,already,yet等连用。现在完成进行时通常与since,for three months,all the(this) morning/afternoon/day/month,the whole day等连用。 Oh no!Were too late.The train has left. 噢,不!我们太晚了。火车已经离开了。 Thats OK.Well catch the next train to London. 没什
22、么。我们将乘坐下一班去伦敦的火车。 Joseph has been going to evening class since last month,but he still cant say “Whats your name?” in Russian. 约瑟夫从上个月就开始上夜校,但是他还是不会用俄语说“你叫什么名字”。 【变式探究】Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so.He_for it for months. Ais preparing Bwas preparing Chad been prepar
23、ing Dhas been preparing 解析:句意:我确信安德鲁最终会赢得一等奖。我也这么认为。他准备了几个月了。由will可知事情还未发生,表示安德鲁一直在准备着,故选D。 答案:D【命题热点突破五】被动语态1被动语态的构成为“be过去分词”,只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态,除be外被动语态的构 成 形式还有:get/become过去分词。 2只要及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态,不及物动词或短语无被动语态。常考的不及物动词或短语: last,cost,spread,happen(to),take place,belong to,break out,go o
24、ut,run out,work out。 3主动形式表示被动含义 (1) 表示感受、感官的系动词如feel,sound,taste,look等,后面跟形容词、名词构成系表结构,常常以主动形式表示被动意义。 (2) 当sell,read,draw,wash,write,open,wear,run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰,用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动含义。 While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted,Henry did his best to perform his duty. 在等
25、待机会被提拔期间,亨利尽力履行好自己的职责。 So what is the procedure? 那么程序是什么样? All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority. 所有的应征者都被面试后官方才作出最后的决定。 Food supplies in the floodstricken area are running out.We must act immediately before theres none left. 洪水灾区的食品即将用完。我们必须在他们用完之前采取措施。
26、 Your reason sounds reasonable.你的理由听起来很合理。 His books sell well,so they will be sold soon. 他的书很畅销,因此很快就会卖光。 1(2015高考天津卷,T9)Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement _ so far by the two sides. Ahas been reached Bwas reached Cwill reach Dwill have reached 答案:A 【方法技巧】解答动词的时态与语态的问题 近几年,高考命题不单纯考查某
27、一种时态的用法,而是多种时态一起考查、时态与语态一起考查,这就要求考生做题时不能仅根据一个方面去判断答案,而要进行全面综合的考虑。 1学习动词时态和语态时,切不可脱离语境,一味背记语法规则。了解常用时态的基本用法后,要留心以英语为母语 的人在实际生活中是如何运用各种时态和语态的。 2建立时态的时、体概念。“时”即现在时、过去时、将来时、过去将来时等;每个时又分四个“体”:一般体、进 行体、完成体、完成进行体。 3解决时态和语态问题要遵循以下解题思路: 一定“时”(这里说的是什么时候的事或情况); 二定“体”(这个动作处于什么状态,是完成了,还是正在进行,还是两者都不是); 三定“态”(这个动词
28、与主语的关系是主动还是被动)。 【变式探究】When you visit our town next August,a modern sports center_,for the National Games are to be held then. Awill be constructing Bhas been constructing Cwill have been constructed Dis being constructed 解析:考查动词的时态和语态。根据时间状语next August,排除B,D两项,再根据a modern sports center和construct是 被动
29、关系,排除A项,用将来完成时。答案:C【高考真题解读】1.(2015江苏,30)The real reason why prices (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.解析句意:价格过去和现在仍然过高的原因是复杂的,没有简短的讨论可以令人满意地解释这个问题。根据and still are可以推断出空白处是对过去时态的考查。答案were2.(2015湖南,22)As you go through this book, y
30、ou (find)that each of the millions of people who lived through World War had a different experience.答案will find3.(2015湖南,25)I wasnt able to hide my eagerness when I (ask), “What do you wish me to do now?”解析句意:在我问“现在你想让我干什么?”时,我无法掩饰自己的迫切心情。从句中的时态应该和主句中的时态保持一致,而不是和直接引语中的时态保持一致。答案asked4.(2015湖南,28)He m
31、ust have sensed that I (look)at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that?”解析句意:他一定是感到了我在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼,然后平静地说:“为什么这样盯着看我?” must have done是对过去情况的推测,that后面应该使用过去时,在根据后面“为什么这样盯着看我?”所使用的时态为进行时,可知此处为过去进行时。答案was looking5.(2015湖南,32)I had a strong desire to reach in
32、 and play with the toy, but (hold)back thankfully by the shop window.解析句意:我有一种强烈的进去玩玩具的冲动,但是幸亏被橱窗拦住了。前面had 是一般过去时,此处是并列谓语,也应该使用一般过去时;hold back和主语I之间是被动关系,所以使用被动语态。答案was held6.(2015北京,22)Did you enjoy the party?Yes.We (treat)well by our hosts.解析句意:你们聚会玩得快乐吗?是的,主人招待我们很好。根据上一句中的did可知用一般过去时;且we和treated是
33、动宾关系,用被动语态。故该空用一般过去时的被动语态。答案were treated7.(2015北京,26)In the last few years, China (make)great achievements in environmental protection.解析句意:在最近的几年里,中国在环境保护方面已经取得了巨大的成就。由“in the last few years”可知,此处应用现在完成时。答案has made8.(2015北京,27)Did you have difficulty finding Anns house?Not really.She ( give)us clea
34、r directions and we were able to find it easily.答案had given9.(2015北京,30)Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.All right.I (call)him later.解析句意:Dr.Jackson现在不在他的办公室里。好的,过一会儿我再给他打电话。由句中的later可知此处要用一般将来时。答案will call10.(2015浙江,8)Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child, few people guessed that
35、 he (go)be a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.解析句意:爱因斯坦出生于1879年。小时候,几乎没有人想到他会成为一个其理论将会改变世界的科学家。根据语境可知,此处要用过去将来时。答案was going to11.(2015重庆,1)Is Peter coming?No, he (change)his mind after a phone call at the last minute.解析句意:彼特要来吗?不,当接到一个电话后,他最后时刻改变了主意。句中的after a phone call at the
36、 last minute 表明动作发生在过去,故用一般过去时。答案changed12.(2015重庆,13)In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat (cut).解析句意:在我的家乡,当所有的小麦被收割完后,总有举行一个丰收晚宴。表示动作在前,要用完成时,且the wheat与动词cut之间为动宾语关系,故要用被动语态。after引导时间状语从句,在条件或时间状语从句中要用现在完成时代替将来完成时。答案has been cut13.(2015陕西,22)Marty (
37、work)really hard on his book and he thinks hell have finished it by Friday.解析句意:马蒂一直以来真的是很努力地写这本书,他认为他到星期五就能写完了。考查时态。他的书还没有写完,现在正在努力写,用现在完成进行时表示过去到现在一直持续的动作,并且很有可能还要持续下去。答案has been working14.(2015陕西,24)At college,Barack Obama didnt know that he (become) the first black president of the United States of America.答案was to become/would become15.(2015四川,4)More expressways (build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.解析考查时态。句意:四川将建设更多的高速公路以促进当地的经济(发展)。根据时间状语soon可知,此空为将来时的被动形式。答案will be built