1、2012届高三英语二轮复习精品课件：第3模块-阅读理解-专题八 科普知识型阅读理解-大纲版专题八 科普知识型阅读理解 专题八 科普知识型阅读理解 专题八 专题导读 科普类文章主要包括自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨，逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。从词汇角度来看，在科普类文章中，词汇的意义比较专一、稳定、简明、不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难。文章中常用被
2、动语态、定语从句等。专题导读 专题八 专题导读 科普文常用的修辞手段有：1.下定义：有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的语言给对象一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。2.举事例：举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况，真切地说明事物特征。3.做比较：选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。4.打比方：适当运用比喻，能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。专题八 专题导读 科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有：1.总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。2.承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因
3、果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。3.递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。专题八 真题典例 2011湖南卷A recent study of ancient and modern elephants hascome up with the unexpected conclusion that the Africanelephant is divided into two distinct(不同的)species.The discovery was made by researchers at
4、 York andHarvard Universities when they were examining the geneticrelationship between the ancient woolly mammoth andmastodon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant，Africanforest elephant，and African savanna elephant.真题典例 专题八 真题典例 Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from twofossils(化 石)，mammoths and
5、mastodons，the teamcompared them with DNA from modern elephants.Theyfound to their amazement that modern forest and savannaelephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephantsand mammoths.专题八 真题典例 The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove thatthe African savanna elephant and the
6、African forest elephanthave been distinct species for several million years.Thedivergence of the two species took place around the time ofthe divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.Thisresult amazed all the scientists.专题八 真题典例 There has long been debate in the scientific communitythat the
7、 two might be separate species，but this is the mostconvincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeeddifferent species.Previously，many naturalists believed that Africansavanna elephants and African forest elephants were twopopulations of the same species，despite the elephantssignificant size
8、 differences.The savanna elephant has an专题八 真题典例 average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forestelephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.Thesavanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughlydouble the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that theylook so different d
9、oes not necessarily mean they are differentspecies.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.专题八 真题典例 Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department ofAnimal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“Wenow have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as twodifferent units for conserva
10、tion purposes.Since 1950，allAfrican elephants have been conserved as one species.Nowthat we know the forest and savanna elephants are two verydistinctive animals，the forest elephant should become abigger priority(优先)for conservation purposes.”专题八 真题典例【要点综述】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种非洲
11、草原大象和非洲森林大象。专题八 真题典例()1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers isthat of _.Athe Asian elephantBthe forest elephantCthe savanna elephantDthe mastodon elephant【解析】D 细节理解题。根据第三段“Once theyobtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons,the team compared them withDNA from mod
12、ern elephants.”可判断选D。专题八 真题典例()2.Theunderlinedword“divergence”inparagraph 4 means“_.”Aevolution BexhibitionCseparationDexamination专题八 真题典例【解 析】C 词 义 猜 测 题。根 据 第 四 段“Thescientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that theAfrican savanna elephant and the African forest elephanthave been distinc
13、t species for several million years.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。专题八 真题典例()3.The researchers conclusion was based on astudy of the African elephants _.ADNABheightCweightDpopulation专题八 真题典例【解析】A 细节理解题。根据第三段“Once theyobtained DNA sequences(序列)from tw
14、o fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons,the team compared them withDNAfrommodernelephants.Theyfoundtotheiramazement that modern forest and savanna elephants areas distinct from each other as Asian elephants andmammoths”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的DNA的研究结果的基础上的，故选A。专题八 真题典例()4.What are Alfred Rocas words mainly
15、about?AThe conservation of African elephants.BThe purpose of studying African elephants.CThe way to divide African elephants into two units.DThe reason for the distinction of African elephants.专题八 真题典例【解析】A 逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Nowthat we know the forest and savanna elephants are two verydistinctive anima
16、ls,the forest elephant should become abigger priority(优先)for conservation purposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。专题八 真题典例()5.Which of the following can be the best title forthe passage?ANaturalists Beliefs about ElephantsBAmazing Experiments about ElephantsCAn Unexpected Finding about ElephantsDA Long Sc
17、ientific Debate about Elephants【解析】5C 主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。专题八 新题预测(一)Motorists who used to listen to the radio or their favoritetunes on CDs may have a new way to entertain themselves,after engineers in Japan developed a musical road surface.A team fr
18、om the Hokkaido Industrial Research Institutehas built a number of“melody roads”，which use cars astuning forks to play music as they travel.新题预测 专题八 新题预测 The concept works by using grooves(凹槽)They are cutat very specific intervals in the road surface.The melody roaduses the spaces between to create
19、different notes.Depending on how far apart the grooves are,a carmoving over them will produce a series of high or low notes,and designers are able to create a distinct tune.专题八 新题预测 Paten documents for the design describe it as notches“formed in a road surface so as to play a melody withoutproducing
20、 simple sound or rhythm and reproduce melodylike tones”There are three musical strips in central and northernJapanone of which plays the tune of a Japanese pop song.Reports say the system was invented by Shizuo Shinoda.Hescraped some markings into a road with a bulldozer beforedriving over them and
21、found that they helped to produce allkinds of tones.专题八 新题预测 The optimal speed for melody road is 44kph，butpeople say it is not always easy to get the intended sound.“You need to keep the car windows closed to hearwell，”wrote one Japanese blogger.“Driving too fast willsoundlikeplayingfastforward,whi
22、ledrivingaround12mph20km/hhas a slow motion effect,making youalmost carsick.”专题八 新题预测()1.According to the passage,melody roads use_to create different notes.AcarsBgroovesCspaces between intervalsDbulldozers【解析】C 细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话The melody road uses the spaces between to createdifferent notes.可以得出答
23、案为C。专题八 新题预测()2.We can learn from the passage that the highnessof notes depends on_.Ahow far the grooves areBhow big the grooves areCthe number of the groovesDthe speed of the car【解析】2A 细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话可知，声音的高低取决于凹槽的间距，因此正确答案为A。专题八 新题预测()3.The underlined word“optimal”in the passagemight mean _.Afas
24、testBpossibleCbestDSuitable【解析】C 词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段，并联系上下文可以推断，optimal在这里是“最佳的，最理想的”，因此正确答案为C。专题八 新题预测()4.In order to hear the music well,you have to _.Adrive very fast Bdrive slowlyCopen the windows wide Dkeep the windows closed【解析】4D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第一句话可以得出选项D正确。其余三项都与原文说法不符。专题八 新题预测()5.Whats the best
25、 title of the passage?AA New Type of MusicBMelody Roads in JapanCA Musical Road SurfaceDA New Invention in Japan【解析】5B 主旨大意题。文章讲述的是日本发明音乐路面的事情，故选B。专题八 新题预测(二)Following some of the tips for green living helps save ourplanet.All of these involve just a few changes to our dailyhabits.专题八 新题预测 Just walk
26、 and limit the use of your car.One of the posterimages of pollution is our vehicles.It burns fuel.It is not asefficient as we hope it could be,and we use it every single day.To lessen the effects of the air pollution caused by our vehicles,we should limit their use.If we can walk to our destinationt
27、hen just let us go.Not only do we lessen our carbon dioxideemissions,but we also get a good exercise out of it.专题八 新题预测 Use a laptop instead of a computer desktop.Laptopsaremoreenergyefficientcomparedtotheirbiggercounterparts.A laptop is generally 50 percent more efficientin using electricity.Aside
28、from that there are other benefits ofa laptop.It is portable so you can work anywhere you likeand that you get powerful features without the large size ofdesktop units.专题八 新题预测 Turn off the faucet while you are brushing your teeth.Itis always a better idea to use a glass when we are brushingour teet
29、h and not to just let the faucet keep on running.Therefore,there is less water to waste while we are cleaningour pearly whites.Simply turn off the faucet when you arenot using it.专题八 新题预测 Make good use of natural light.We have a great andnatural lampthe sun,and we should learn how to take fulladvant
30、age of it during daytime.So instead of turning on ourlights or lamps even if it is still not evening,we should pull upthe drapes and let the natural light come in from the windows.专题八 新题预测 These are just some of the best tips for green living,butof course there are still many of these tips if you ju
31、st searchfor them.But you can do your own variation any time justalways prioritize how you can use less energy and produceeven less trash and pollution.专题八 新题预测()1.Whats the best title for the passage?AHow to Save Our PlanetBHow to Change Our Daily HabitsCTips for Green Living TodayDGreen Living and
32、 Serious Pollution【解析】1C 主旨大意题。本文前后呼应，主要向读者介绍了当今日常生活中简单易行的四种绿色生活方式。专题八 新题预测()2.Compared with a computer desktop,a laptop is_.Aless energy efficientBfaster at workCeasy to repairDeasy to carry【解 析】D 细 节 理 解 题。从 第 三 段 中 的It isportable可知D项正确。专题八 新题预测()3.How many tips does the passage mention forgreen l
33、iving today?AThree.BFour.CFive.DSix.【解析】B 细节理解题。短文从第二段至第五段各提出了一种绿色生活方式，一共四种。专题八 新题预测()4.The underlined word“prioritize”in the lastparagraph can be replaced by the word _.AdecreaseBconsiderCimagineDguess【解析】4B 词义猜测题。根据前面的意思“你可以用自己的多种方法”以及后面的 how you can use lessenergy and produce even less trash and
34、pollution可以排除decrease(减少)，推断出prioritize应为“认真考虑；优先考虑”的意思，所以使用consider最符合语境。专题八 新题预测()5.Which of the following is NOT true?AA few changes to daily habits can help a lot.BWhile washing teeth we should turn off the faucet.CVehicles bring pollution and we should try to avoid.DIn the daytime we should not pull up the drapes.【解析】D 细节理解题。由第五段可知，白天应充分利用自然光，应该拉开窗帘，故选D。
