1、吉林抚松县2016高考英语（二轮）阅读理解选练（3）及答案2016高考英语阅读理解集训。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。 Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the
2、 United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoners Dilemma. The game is based on the tension (紧张气氛) between the interests (利益) of an individual and a group. The students played in
3、groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that
4、 rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings were. The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment. The study appeared la
5、st month in the journal Science.The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than se
6、ven hundred children aged five to nine.The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs-or intelligence quotients-of
7、the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation. Professor Strauss
8、has written extensively about physical punishment of children. He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.1Which could be the best title of the passage?A. PunishmentB. The
9、Best Way to Influence Behavior.C. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?D. Two Recent Studies.2The underlined word “spanked” probably means_.A. won B. punished C. tested D. praised3According to the passage, the researchers may agree the best way to influence behavior is_.A. rewarding
10、good behaviorB. correcting bad behaviorC. punishing badly-behaved childrenD. praising well-behaved children试题分析：文章主要介绍了两项研究的过程和研究成果。近期的两项研究显示，惩罚不是影响行为的最好方法。其中一项研究显示，成年人在一个基于奖励的机制中更具合作性。另一项研究表明，惩罚不利于孩子心智的发展。1选择最佳标题。A项太片面；文章没有提到最好的方法，排除B；D项不够具体；根据第二段“One showed that adults are much more cooperative if
11、 they work in a system based on rewards.”和第六段“of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知，研究表明，奖励能够促进合作，惩罚不利于孩子的心智发展，故选C。2猜测词义题。根据带第六段“who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知，被父母体罚的孩子，他们的智商比没有受到体罚的孩子的低5分，根据最后一段“He says the m
12、ore they are spanked, the slower their mental development.”可知，孩子受到的惩罚越多，他们的心智发展得越慢，说明划线词是“惩罚”的意思，故选B。3推理判断题。B、D两项文中未提及；根据倒数第二段“of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”和最后一段“the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development”可知，惩罚不利于孩子的身心发展
13、，排除C；根据第二段“adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards”和第六段“five points higher than those who were”可知，奖励能够促进合作，而惩罚不利于孩子心智的发展，只有A项与奖励有关，故选A。科普知识（阅读理解）由 (2013河北石家庄高三质检二)改编Fish have different personalities which change as they experience lifes highs and lows according to
14、British biologists.Researchers identified different“personalities”in their fish by observing the boldness or shyness of individuals,according to The Nature.Like people,some fish are very confident in the face of novelty(新奇事物)or conflict;while others are silent and shy.The scientists selected particu
15、larly bold and shy rainbow trout,and tested whether they changed their outlook depending on what life threw at them.They arranged some fish to fight and others to watch to see how both the participants and observers responded to victories and defeats.Winning or losing a fight,or even watching fellow
16、 fish overcome the difficulties influenced the future behavior of the creatures studied in the lab.The researchers made fish compete with much larger or smaller opponents to ensure that they would win or lose their fights.These bold fish that won their fights tended to be even bolder when later pres
17、ented with a novel food item;losing their fight caused them to be much more cautious. Fish also learn by watching others.Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery object were much more nervous when later given a novelty item for themselves.Predictably,shy fish that won a fight also gained mo
18、re confidence,but surprisingly,shy fish that lost their fights also grew bolder when exploring strange new food,Sneddon said,adding that this could be due to what she calls a “desperado effect”(亡命徒效应).The new research suggests that animals can gradually adapt their personalities.The results echo the
19、 effects that life experience can have on human.1.What does the underlined word “creatures”probably refer to?()A.Fish.B.Participants.C.Observers.D.Researchers.2.The third paragraph of the text is mainly about .A.a conclusion of the researchB.an explanation of fish charactersC.a statement of the expe
20、rimentD.a description of fish fights3.What can we know from the research?()A.Bold losing fish become bolder when presented with a novel food item. B.Losing their fights causes the bold fish to be much more courageous.C.Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery get less nervous.D.Shy fish los
21、ing fights grow more confident in exploring new food. 4.Whats the main idea of the text?()A.Fish have stress in the fierce fights.B.Fish care about winning or losing a fight.C.Fish have adaptable personalities.D.Fish can learn a lot by watching others.语篇解读:英国的生物学家通过实验证明,“鱼”具有适应能力很强的特性,向我们揭开了鱼的世界的奥秘。
22、答案及剖析:1.A词义猜测题。由画线单词所在的句子.or even watching fellow fish overcome the difficulties influenced the future behavior of the creatures.可知,打斗的双方和观战的全是鱼,故选A项。2.C主旨大意题。由文章内容可知,作者先表明实验对象(虹鳟鱼),实验目的(whether they changed their outlook.),实验过程(鱼相互打斗,有观战鱼),实验结论(.influenced the future behavior of.),由此可知C项正确。3.D细节理解题
23、。由倒数第二段的.shy fish that lost their fights also grew bolder when exploring strange new food.可知D项正确。由第四段的These bold fish that won their fights.losing their fight caused them to be much more cautious可排除A、B两项;由第五段的Bold fish watching a shy fish.more nervous 可排除C项。4.C主旨大意题。由文章的首句Fish have different persona
24、lities which change as.和最后一段的第一句话.animals can gradually adapt their personalities.可知,作者用首尾呼应的方式点出文章的主题,故选C项。【疑难词汇解读】1.bold adj.&n.勇敢的;明显的;粗体Alice is a bold girl.爱丽丝是一个勇敢的女孩。2.outlook n.观点,态度;前景He has a positive outlook on his life.他有一个积极的人生观。【长难句子分析】 and 科学家们挑选了特别勇敢的和害羞的虹鳟鱼,测试它们是否会因为生活的变化而改变它们看待事物的观
25、点。阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。(2013全国，B)The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert (警觉). Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and rep
26、laces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focusuntil a third, with three black spots, is presented. Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell tha
27、t the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightl
28、y older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? Not again. Babies paid more attention to squar
29、es moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise(同样地) when the researchers s
30、tarted with drumbeats and moved to spots.文章大意：本文对刚出生一天的孩子做实验，看他们的视觉和听觉反应。5The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the babys_.Asense of hearing Bsense of sightCsense of touch Dsense of smell答案：B细节理解题，根据第一段内容可知，研究者把带有两个黑点和三个黑点的卡片交换放于婴儿面前，看他有何变化，此处是在研究婴儿的视觉。6Babies are sensitive to the ch
31、ange in _.Athe size of cardsBthe colour of picturesCthe shape of patternsDthe number of objects答案：D细节理解题。根据短文第二段倒数第三句话中的“Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen.”可知，D项正确。7Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?ATo reduce the difficulty of the experiment.BTo
32、see how babies recognize sounds.CTo carry their experiment further.DTo keep the babies interest.答案：C推理判断题。根据短文最后，研究者一边用图片做实验，同时又敲鼓，引起婴儿的注意，这样做的目的就是进一步研究婴儿的视觉及听觉。故C项正确。8Where does this text probably come from?AScience fiction. BChildrens literature.CAn advertisement. DA science report.答案：D推理判断题。本文是对婴
33、儿感觉的实验，是科普文章，故D项正确。阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。 (2013全国，C)Given that many peoples moods (情绪)are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate, it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine. Looking like a setting from
34、 the film Charlie & the Chocolate Factory, Singapores Chocolate Research Facility (CRF) has over 100 varieties of chocolates. Its founder is Chris Lee who grew up at his parents corner store with one hand almost always in the jar of sweets.If the CRF seems to be a smart idea, thats because Lee is no
35、t merely a seasoned salesperson but also head of a marketing department that has business relations with big names such as Levis and Sony. That idea surely results in the imagination at work when it comes to making different flavored(味道)chocolates.The CRFs produce is “green”， made within the country
36、 and divided into 10 lines, with the Alcohol Series being the most popular. The Exotic Serieswith Sichuan pepper, red bean (豆), cheese and other flavorsalso does well and is fun to taste. And for chocolate_snobs，who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others, the Connoisseur Se
37、ries uses cocoa beans from Togo, Cuba, Venezuela, and Ghana, among others.文章大意：本文介绍了Chris Lee想出了CRF这一想法，生产销售100多种巧克力，满足各种口味的人们。9What is good about chocolate?AIt serves as a suitable gift.BIt works as an effective medicine.CIt helps improve the state of mind.DIt strengthens business relations.答案：C推理判
38、断题。根据短文第一段第一句话可知，人们的情绪由巧克力的化学作用来调节，故C项正确。10Why is Chris Lee able to develop his idea of the CRF?AHe knows the importance of research.BHe learns from shops of similar types.CHe has the support of many big names.DHe has a lot of marketing experience.答案：D推理判断题。由短文第二段可知，李不仅是售货员而且是与许多大公司有商业关系的市场部经理，故他有许多
39、市场营销经验。所以D项正确。11Which line of the CRF produce sells best?AThe Connoisseur Series.BThe Exotic Series.CThe Alcohol Series.DThe Sichuan Series.答案：C细节理解题。根据短文最后一段第一句话中“.with the Alcohol Series being the most popular”可知，C项正确。12The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who _.Aare particular about chocolateBknow little about cocoa beansClook down upon othersDlike to try new flavors答案：A词义理解题。snob 势利小人，势利眼；附庸风雅之徒，假内行。根据定语从句的内容可知，他们认为他们比别人更懂巧克力，由此可知，他们会对巧克力更加挑剔。所以A项正确。
