1、Section Learning about Language动词-ing 形式作定语和状语一、动词-ing 形式作定语动词-ing 形式(现在分词)既可作前置定语(相当于表状态、性质或用途的介词短语或定语从句)，也可作后置定语，相当于一个表示动作正在进行的定语从句。一般单个动词-ing 形式放在名词前，-ing 短语放在名词之后。如：None is allowed to smoke in the reading room.没有人可以在阅览室吸烟。He saw a flying bird in the sky.他看到天空中有一只飞鸟。Do you know the man standing o
2、ver there in black?你认识站在那边的穿黑色衣服的人吗？二、动词-ing 形式作状语动词-ing 形式作状语表示主语在进行某一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，其逻辑主语通常与主句的主语一致。现在分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随状况等。1表示时间现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。如：Rushing out of the room,he was knocked down by a car.When he rushed out of the room,he was knocked down bya car.他从房间冲出来的时候被车撞了。(1)当分词
3、表示的动作正在进行时，主句的动作发生了，此时用现在分词短语作状语，译作“当的时候”，但它前面一般加 when 或 while。如：When leaving the station,he waved again and again to me.离开车站的时候，他频频向我挥手。(2)当分词表示的动作发生在主句所表示的动作之前，要用现在分词的完成式作状语，放在句子前面，译作“在之后”，此时可转换为“after动名词”这一结构。如：Having turned off the TV set,he began to go over his lessons.After turning off the TV
4、set,he began to go over his lessons.关掉电视机以后，他开始复习功课。2表示原因现在分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。当分词表示的动作与主句的动作同时发生时，分词用一般式；当分词表示的动作发生在主句的动作之前，分词用完成式。如：Having won the championship,he was awarded a milliondollars.Because he had won the championship,he was awarded amillion dollars.因为获得了冠军，他得到了一百万美元的奖金。3表示结果现在分词短语作结果状
5、语，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种自然的结果。如：The snow lasted a week,resulting in serious traffic confusionin the whole city.雪下了一个星期，造成整个城市交通瘫痪。4表示条件现在分词短语作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。如：Working harder,you will pass the entrance exam.If you work harder,you will pass the entrance exam.如果你再努力一点，你就会通过入学考试。5表示让步现在分词短语作让步状语，一般放于句首，相
6、当于一个让步状语从句，有时也由 although,though 等引导。如：(Though/Although)having failed many times,he didnt loseheart.Though/Although he had failed many times,he didnt loseheart.尽管失败了很多次，他仍没有灰心。6表示方式或伴随现在分词短语作方式状语或伴随状语，常用来说明动作发生时的背景或情况。一般情况下，表伴随的分词的动作和主句的动作同时发生，它可以转换成用 and 连接的并列句。如：Please answer the question using ano
7、ther way.请用另一种方式回答这个问题。(表方式)Throwing their hats into the air,the fans of the winning teamlet out loud shouts of victory.胜利的那一队球迷们把帽子扔到空中，爆发出震耳欲聋的欢呼声。(表伴随)三、现在分词和过去分词的区别1与逻辑主语的关系不同逻辑主语与现在分词之间是主谓关系，与过去分词之间则是动宾关系。如：a running machine 一台运转的机器a moved girl 一个被感动的姑娘2时间关系上不同现在分词常表示正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表示已经完成的动作。如：a
8、 developing country 发展中国家a developed country 发达国家一、用所给单词的正确形式填空1While _(watch)television,we heard the doorbellring.2_(gaze)at the star sky,she lost in her memory.3Daddy didnt mind what we were doing,as long as we weretogether,_(have)fun.4He glanced over at her,_(note)that she was tiny.notinghavingGa
9、zingwatching5The flowers _(smell)sweet in the botanic gardenattract the visitors to the beauty of nature.6 The old man,_(work)abroad fortwenty years,is on the way back to his motherland7_(know)the truth,he left without anyhesitation.8The storm left,_(cause)a lot of damage tothis area.smellinghaving
10、workedHaving knownhaving caused二、用动词-ing 形式改写下列句子1 As we didnt know what to do,we asked the teacher foradvice._，we asked the teacher foradvice.Arriving at the station2When he arrived at the station,he found the train had left._，he found the train had left.3The man who is talking with my teacher is my dad.The man _ is my dad.Not knowing what to dotalking with my teacher4 The girls went out of the classroom,and they talked andlaughed.The girls went out of the classroom,_.5If you work hard,you will succeed._，you will succeed.talking and laughingWorking hard
