1、第 8 讲准做题目排干扰，掌握命题手段“最牢靠”语法填空除具备一定的语法基础外，掌握命题人常采用的命题手段不失为一种快速解题的捷径。掌握了命题规律，考场解题就能快人一步，高人一招。在语法填空题中，命题人常采用以下方式对考生进行干扰。一 词的干扰 词的干扰是指语法填空题中，提示词或篇章中的关键词给考生所造成的干扰。我们可以归纳为意义干扰、结构干扰、修饰干扰和变化干扰。1意义干扰意义干扰是指语法填空题中，提示单词本身一词多义所造成的干扰。典例 1(2014全国卷)Finally,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is _6
2、6_(clean)than ever.分析：clean 具有一词多义的特点，若考生只知道当 clean为及物动词时，意为“清扫”这一层意思，就会难以理解本句意义。但是，如果考生还知道 clean 作为形容词用时有“清洁的；整齐的”之意，那么本题就可以迎刃而解了，句意：最后人们的努力得到了回报，现在这条河比以前更干净了。横线后面有 than，说明横线上应该使用形容词比较级的形式。故填 cleaner。典例 2(2016云南师范大学附属中学模拟)In the past 17 years,the director has witnessed nothing like a cat _(nurse)a
3、puppy at the shelter.分析：考生见到 nurse 首先想到的是名词“护士”，但只知道名词这个题是没法做的，当我们知道 nurse 还可以用作动词意为“护理，照看”来讲，这就不再是问题了。句子说“一直在见证(看到)一只猫照看一只小狗”，句式为 witness sb.doing sth.，故填 nursing。2结构干扰结构干扰是指语法填空题中，对篇章中的某个关键词的搭配或句子结构认识不清所造成的干扰。典 例 1(2016全 国 卷)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and _69_(be)too
4、 violent for use at the table.分析：看到此题，考生可能会根据 and 得知应与前面的某个成分并列，是与 believed 并列、与 would remind 并列还是与 killings 并列？分析句子结构可知，believed 后接宾语从句，宾语从句由 and 连接两个并列谓语。但此处描述的是过去的事实，应用一般过去时，又因主语是 knives，故填 were。典例 2(2015全国卷)For those who fly to Guilin,its only an hour away _66_ car and offers all the scenery of
5、the better-known city.分析：看到此题，考生会考虑是根据 away 来选还是根据 car 来选，若根据 away 后面一般选择 from，根据 car 前面用 by 构成 by car。通过分析句子含义可知，此处是表示乘坐交通工具，故填 by。典例 3(2016青岛市模拟)Last Friday a storm swept through two villages in the New Territories,_(destroy)fourteen homes.分析：此处应为现在分词短语作结果状语，但是考生容易误认为 destroy 与前面的 swept 是并列关系而误填 d
6、estroyed。此处应填 destroying。典例 4(2016临沂市质检)Heres how _(keep)away from my phone for 48 hours changed me and my way of life.分析：看到此题，考生会想到 how to do sth.“如何做某事”，但是仔细分析一下，句意应为“这里说的是离开手机48 小时怎样改变了我和我的生活方式。”故应是动名词短语作主语，故填 keeping。3修饰干扰修饰干扰是指句子中单词与单词之间的修饰关系所引起的干扰。在英语语法中，形容词通常用作定语、表语和宾语补足语，其修饰的通常是名词；副词通常用作状语，修
7、饰形容词、副词和动词。典例 1(2014广东高考)She was _(surprise)helpful.分析：此题考生可能只考虑 was 与 surprise 的关系，认为是系表结构而误填 surprised。但是真正的系表结构是 was helpful，surprise 用来修饰 helpful，应用副词形式表示“令人惊奇地；出人意料地”，故填 surprisingly。典例 2(2016洛阳市第一中学模拟)As night fell,we became _(increase)worried.分析：此题考生会误以为 became 与 increase 是系表结构，但真正的系表结构是 beca
8、me worried，increase 的变形来作为副词修饰 worried，表示“日益增长地”。故填 increasingly。4变化干扰变化干扰是指提示词本身具有特殊变形所引起的干扰；或提示词有两种或两种以上的变化，而且这些变化的用法非常接近而引起的干扰。在语法填空中，有些形容词在变为副词时拼写会发生变化。例如：(1)以-le 结尾的形容词，变-le 为-ly：possiblepossibly,terribleterribly,comfortablecomfortably,gentlegently,simplesimply(2)以-y 结尾的形容词，变-y 为-ily：easyeasily
9、,angryangrily,noisynoisily,happyhappily,heavyheavily,healthyhealthily典例 1(2015广东高考)_(lucky),he also had a cow which produced milk every day.分析：此处用副词修饰整个句子。但是考生容易把副词拼写成 Luckyly，正确形式应为 Luckily。典例 2(2014全国卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and _63_(dis
10、appoint)分析：此处考查系动词 look 的用法，在本空中 look 后接形容词。但是，考生很容易写成 disappointing 而造成失分，因为disappointed 意为“感到失望的”，而 disappointing 意为“令人感到失望的”，与句子意思不相符。故填 disappointed。典例 3(2016东北师大附属中学模拟)He sat down and started _(gentle)talking to the dog.分析：此处应用副词作状语，但是考生容易拼写成gentlely，正确形式应为 gently。二 句的干扰 此外，我们还发现有的句子结构也可以给题目带来干
11、扰。具体而言，我们归纳为如下三种：定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句。当然，还有一些句子的干扰，大家要特别留意。例如，强调句型、倒装句等结构，容易出一些容易被人所忽略的考点，而造成考试失分。1三大从句本身的干扰三大从句本身干扰是指对从句引导词把握不准而形成的干扰。典例 1(2012广东高考)Of course whenever they turned to look at him,they had to look at Mary,_ made her feel like a star.分析：考生容易受到 Mary 的影响，填写 who 为答案。如果考虑句子意义和篇章意义，我们就不难发现，本题应该填
12、which。which 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子。典例 2(2016南昌市十所省重点中学二模)After lunch,take a walk to Sydney Tower,_ you can get 360-degree unforgettable views of the city.分析：考生看到逗号，会想到引导非限制性定语从句的 which，但此处引导词在从句中作地点状语，应用 where。典例3(2016银川模拟)This seems to be something that is similar with the Chinese people,_ modesty p
13、lays a big part in daily life.分析：此处考生可能会因为逗号而填 which，也有可能看到Chinese people而填who，也有可能认为作定语修饰modesty而填 whose，但此处的先行词应为 something，表示的是“在其中谦虚在日常生活中起着很大的作用”，故填 where。典例 4(2016衡水市第二中学模拟)Some people whose intention is to make big money appreciate being given any chance to multiply their income,believing tha
14、t is _ their happiness lies in.分析：看到此题，考生会根据句意“那就是他们的幸福之所在”而填 where，但是如果 lie 后没有 in 应填 where，lie 后有 in，引导词就要作 in 的宾语，故填连接代词 what。2三大从句之间、三大从句与特殊句式之间的干扰三大从句之间干扰是指把一种从句误当作另一种从句而引起的干扰；有时我们也容易把三大从句与倒装或强调句型相混淆。典例 1(2016长春市十一高中模拟)I just cant help buying things _ I need them or not.分析：此处考生会误以为是定语从句，表示“禁不住买
15、我需要或不需要的东西”，但是有 them 就不是定语从句。此句意 为“无 论 需 要 与 否，我 都 会 禁 不 住 买 东 西”，用whether.or.引导状语从句。故填 whether。典例 2(2016玉溪一中模拟)In the end,not only _ I enjoy helping them,but also learned about my neighbors.分析：考生易错填 do 或 what 等不相关连词。此处 not only 置于句首，其后的句子应用部分倒装，根据 learned 可知是过去时，故填 did。典例 3(2016绵阳南山高考热身试题)It is a s
16、ocial gathering _ friends share food,and enjoy the company of others.分析：考生会误以为此句为强调句型而误填 that，但如果是强调句型，在应在 a social gathering 前加介词 at。此处为定语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故填 where。课堂巩固训练.单句语法填空1She wished that he was as easy (please)as her mother,who was always delighted with perfume.2Maria has written two novels,b
17、oth of have been made into television series.3That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation,(close)my book and walked away.4But then one day,after searching for food,he arrived home,only (find)his little hut in flames,with the smoke rolling up to the sky.to pleasew
18、hichclosedto find5It is easy to get (discourage)when things are going bad.6The girl used to be shy,but is (gradual)getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.7It was at midnight I got home yesterday.8 For the future,competition between nations will be _(increase)based on tec
19、hnological skill.discouragedgraduallythatincreasingly9I made certain after I had examined his wounds that he could not (possible)live.10Though they did all they could (help)them but times were tough for them.possiblyto help.单句改错1Whom would you rather have gone with you,Jim or Jack？2He ran as fast as
20、 he could catch the bus.3Disappointing and angry,he left the meeting-room.4Mr.Smith is such a good teacher that we all respect.thatasDisappointingDisappointedcatch 前加 togonego5You can never imagine what great difficulty I have find your house.6What was it that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.findfindingWhatHow语法填空短文改错组合练(一八)点击此处
