1、B2U42decrease vi. & vt.减少；(使)变小或变少4hunt vt. & vi.打猎；猎取；搜寻5respond vi.回答；响应；作出反应7contain vt.包含；容纳；容忍container n容器9affect vt.影响；感动；侵袭10appreciate vt.鉴赏；感激；意识到11succeed vi.成功 vt.接替；继任12employ vt.雇用；利用(时间、精力等)13harm n. & vt.损害；危害harmful adj.有害的14bite vt. & vi.咬；叮；刺痛bit(过去式)bitten(过去分词)15inspect vt.检查；视察
2、1respond vi.回答，答复；响应，作出反应response n. 回答，回复；反应respond to sb./sth.回答(比 answer, reply to正式)respond to sb./sth. (with/ by sth.) 用回应某人(事)respond to (疾病、身体的受伤部分)对医药有良好反应response to sb./sth. (对人/物)的回答/回复/反应in response to 作为对的反应即学即练1(1)They still havent _ my letter.他们至今仍没有回我的信。(2)He _ my suggestion _ a laug
3、h/_ laughing. 他对我的建议报以一笑。(3)His illness didnt _ treatment by drugs.他的疾病对药物治疗没有反应。(4)My mother opened the door _ the knock, but there was no one outside.听到敲门声后，我妈妈打开了门，但外面一个人都没有。responded to/responded to with by/respond to/in response to3contain vt. 包含；容纳(hold)；抑制(control)即学即练3(1)His paper _ no mista
4、kes at all.他的试卷没有一点错误。(2)Orange juice _ things which help keep you healthy.橘汁里含有有益于健康的东西。(3)This bottle _ two glasses of beer.这个瓶子可容纳两杯啤酒。(4)He couldnt _ for joy.他不胜欢喜。Contained/contains/contains/contain himself4affect vt.影响；感动；(疾病)侵袭be greatly/deeply affected很/深受感动be affected by heat/cold中暑/着凉be af
5、fected with high fever发高烧 即学即练4(1)The amount of rain _ the growth of crops.降雨量直接影响庄稼生长。(2)One of her lungs _ a little so that she has to rest.她的一叶肺有些感染，所以她不得不休息。(3)The audience _ by his speech.听众被他的演讲深深打动了。affectsis affectedwere deeply affected 5appreciate vt. 欣赏；感激；喜欢appreciation n. 欣赏；感激appreciate
6、 sth. (thank sb.) 感激某事或某人appreciatedoing sth.感激做某事one/ones doing sth.感激某人做某事I would appreciate it if. 如果，我将不胜感激。即学即练5(1)He highly _.他非常感谢他的帮助。(2)We shall _ you again.我们将很高兴再次收到您的来信。(3)I really _ to the party.你能来参加这次聚会我太高兴了。(4)I would _ you could help me.如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。appreciated his help/appreciate
7、 hearing from/appreciate your coming/appreciate it if6succeed v成功success n. U成功；成就 C成功的人或事successful adj. 成功的successfully adv. 成功地succeed in doing sth.have success in doing sth.be successful in doing sth.成功做某事achieve great success 取得巨大的成功sb./sth. is a success 成功的人或事 即学即练6(1)We all _ the midterm exam
8、ination.我们都成功地通过了期中考试。(2)Failure is the mother of _.失败是成功之母。(3)He was _ as a novelist.他是非常成功的小说家。succeeded in passing/success/a success7harm vt. & n损害；危害harmful adj.有害的be harmful todo harm todo sb. harmdo harm to sb.对有害There is no harm in doing sth.It does no harm (for sb.)to do sth.做某事是个好主意(或没有坏处)。
9、 即学即练7(1)The dog seems fierce, but it wont _ anyone.这条狗看上去很凶，但它不会伤害任何人。(2)Fruit juice can _ childrens teeth.果汁可能损坏儿童的牙齿。(3)He may say no, but _ asking.他可能拒绝，但问一问也无妨。Harm/be harmful to/there is no harm in8die out 灭亡，逐渐消失die out 绝种，灭绝；熄灭；(风俗、习惯等)逐渐消失die off(家族、种族等)相继死亡；(草木)先后枯死die away(声音、光线、风等)渐弱，渐息，
10、平息die down(火、光线、兴奋、暴风雨等)渐弱，渐息；(声音)静下来die of 指死于疾病、衰老、饥饿、悲伤等die from 指由于外伤、外界原因、粗心、不注意、劳累过度等而死 即学即练8(1) Scientists said that those plants _ a century ago.科学家们说那些植物一个世纪前就绝种了。(2) Many old customs _. 许多古老的风俗正逐渐消失。(3)If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle will _.如果暴风雪不停息，牲畜就要死掉了。(4) Open the air
11、 hole; the fire is _.把气孔打开，火要熄了。died out/are dying out/die off/dying down (5)Every winter some old people _ hypothermia.每年冬天都有一些老人死于体温过低。(6)Nowadays many people _ cancer.现在有很多人死于癌症。die from/die of10protect.from/against. 保护免受(的伤害)defend.from/against.保卫以抵制keep sb. from doingstop sb. (from) doingpreven
12、t sb. (from) doing阻止某人做 即学即练10(1)Young plants should be well _ the cold.幼苗必须被很好地保护以免受冻。(2)The hen _ its young _ being attacked by the cat. 母鸡保卫小鸡使其免遭猫的袭击。(3)Everyone should take up arms to _ our country from invasion.每个人都应当拿起武器保卫我们的国家不受侵犯。(4)Nothing can _ us _ realizing our dreams.什么也不能阻止我们实现梦想。 pro
13、tected from/protected against/defend/stop from提示：(1)protect against 和 protect from 意思相似，有时可互换。但是，对于较大的事情，如：敌人的入侵、天灾等，常用 protect against, 对于较小的事情常用 protect from。(2)在 protect.from/against. 结构中，from和 against 后面常跟 sth.，有时 against 后跟 being done 来强调动作的被动性。(3)主动句中 prevent/stop.from.中的 from 可省略，在被动句中 from不可
14、省略，而 keep.from.中的 from无论是在主动句还是被动句中都不能省略。11pay attention to 注意Attention, please! 请注意！ (演讲用语)(May I have your attention, please？)attract/catch/draw/get ones attention to 吸引某人的注意fix/focus/concentrate ones attention on 将注意力集中于devote ones attention to 专心致志于call ones attention to 唤起某人对的注意提示：以上短语中的 to、on都
15、是介词，其后接名词、代词或动名词。 即学即练11(1)She _ her appearance.她很注重外表。(2)A great deal of attention has been _ protecting the environment.人们已对保护环境投入很多精力。paid much attention to/paid to12come into being 出现；形成；产生bring.into being 使形成；使产生for the time being 暂时；眼下即学即练12(1)We dont know when the universe _.我们不知道宇宙是何时形成的。(2)
16、Such a custom _ long ago.这种风俗很久以前就有了。came into being/came into being提示：come into being是不及物动词短语，无被动形式，无进行时。类似短语有：come into power 当权come into effect 生效come into action 开始行动come into office 就职come into sight 看得见come into use 开始使用 1. contain/include(1)contain 意为“包含，含有，容纳，里面装有”，指的是包含的全部内容或容量，也可指里面所含的成分。其
17、宾语与主语常是同位关系，不用于进行时态。(2)include 意为“包含；连在内，计入，算入，包括”，只能用于表示所包含之物中的一部分，其后的宾语往往是主语的一部分。常用 “including被包括部分”或“被包括部分included”。如：Many people like tennis, including me/me included. 许多人喜欢网球，也包括我/我也在内。 应用1用 contain和 include的适当形式填空。(1)The Chinese diet is considered to be the healthiest in the world. It _ a lot
18、of fruit and green vegetables.(2)Everyone took part in the fight against the flood, _ old people.(3)The _ can _ 100 litres of water.Includes/including/container/contain B2U51roll vt. & vi. 滚动；(使)摇摆 n摇晃；卷；卷形物；面包圈2pretend vt.假装；假扮3attach vt. & vi.系上；缚上；附加；连接4form vt.(使)组成；形成；构成5earn vt.赚；挣得；获得8perform
19、 vt. & vi.表演；履行；执行performance n表演；演奏1pretend vt. 假装；假扮pretend sth. 伪称某事物(尤用做借口)pretend to do.假装做pretend to ben. (adj.) 假装是pretend to be doing.假装正在做pretend to have done. 假装已做pretend thatclause 假装 即学即练1(1)He _ yesterday.昨天他假装头疼。(2)We mustnt _ what we dont know.我们不应不懂装懂。(3)He _ when he met a bear.当他遇到熊
20、时就装死。pretended a headache/pretend to know/pretended to be dead2attach vt. 系；贴；附加；认为有(重要性等)attached adj. 依恋的，留恋的attachment n. C附件C，U依恋；眷恋；深爱attach sth. to sth. 把某物系到某物上attach yourself to sb./sth. 参加，和在一起attach to sb./sth.与有联系，与有关联be attached to sb./sth. 依恋，留恋 即学即练2(1)She _ a cheque _ the order form.她
21、在订货单上附了一张支票。(2)Dont worrythere are no strings _.不用担心没有附加的条件。(3)She _ the regular exercise.她对常规训练极为重视。(4)No blame _ him for the accident.这次事故的责任与他无关。(5)I am deeply _ this novel.我非常喜欢这部小说。Attached to/attached/attaches great importance toattaches to/attached to3form vt. & vi. 形成；组织；养成；培养n. 形式；表格；形状，外形；
22、状况；精神form(set up) a club 成立俱乐部form a good habit 养成好习惯form the habit offall/get into the habit of养成的习惯form an organization 成立一个组织fill in the form 填表格in the form of 以的形式in/out of form 状况良好/不佳 即学即练3(1)The footballers been _.这个足球运动员的状态不好。(2)He is _ the application _.他正在填申请表。(3)His research _ the basis o
23、f the new book.他的研究成果是这本新书的基础。(4)The teacher _ the students _ a line.老师让学生排成一行。out of form/filling in/form/formed/formedinto4earn vt. 赚得；挣得；获得earn ones livingmake a living 谋生earn ones own living 自食其力earn moneymake money 挣钱 即学即练4(1)His courage _of his classmates.他的勇敢博得了同学们的赞扬。(2)Do you know how much
24、he _ a month?你知道他一个月赚多少钱吗？(3)He _ by teaching at a language school.他在语言学校教书以维持生计。earned him the admiration/earns/earns his living5perform vt.&vi 表演；履行；执行performance n. 履行，执行；表演performer n. 执行者；表演者perform ones promise 守信；履行诺言perform duty 尽职perform a part in. 在中扮演角色perform an experiment 做实验give/put on
25、 a performance 演出 即学即练5(1)The students will _ next Friday.这些学生下星期五将演出一场歌剧。(2)The police _ in our society.警察在我们的社会中起着极其重要的作用。(3)You shall _ the way they do.你们要按照他们的方法去做实验。(4)Our team _ in the match.我们队在比赛中表现很出色。perform an opera/perform a vital role/perform the experiment/performed well8play jokes/a j
26、oke on 戏弄；和开玩笑have a joke with sb. 和某人开玩笑make a joke/jokes about sb./sth. 关于某人/某事说笑话play tricks on sb.make fun of sb. 和开玩笑；捉弄某人make a fool of 愚弄laugh at 嘲笑 即学即练8(1)Its not proper to _ others in public.在公众场所捉弄别人是不恰当的。(2)She was _ you.她在跟你开玩笑。(3)Dont _ the handicapped.不要说关于残疾人的笑话。play jokes on/having
27、a joke with/make jokes about9rely on 依靠，信赖；指望(1)依靠，依赖。同live on 或 depend on “依赖”。rely on ones own efforts 依靠自己的努力(2)信任，依赖。同 believe in, depend on。rely on/upon sb. to do sth. 指望某人做某事rely on/upon sb. doing sth. 相信某人会做某事rely on/upon it that. 相信(事情)，指望 即学即练9(1)Nowadays we _ increasingly _ computers _ hel
28、p. 现今我们越来越依赖计算机协助工作。(2)You can _ me _ your secret.你尽管相信我一定为你保密。(3)I _ early.我指望你早来。(4)You can _ he will come.你放心 ，他会来的。Rely on for/rely on/to keep relied on your/you coming/rely upon it that10break up 分解；驱散，拆散；打碎；结束；散会；(关系)破裂；停课，放假即学即练10写出下列break up的意思。(1)The ice will break up when the warm weather
29、comes._ (2)The police came and broke up the crowd._ (3)The meeting broke up at eleven oclock._ (4)Some sentences can break up into clauses._ (5)Their marriage is breaking up._破裂/驱散/结束/分解/破裂拓展：(1)break away from 脱离(2)break down 分解，出毛病，(计划、谈判)失败；(谈话、通讯)中断(3)break into 闯入(4)break in 强行进入，插话(5)break off
30、 打断，折断(6)break out 爆发，发生(不用于被动语态)(7)break through 突破1. earn/gain/win(1)如果为了钱(或任何其他报酬)而工作，这就是earn，而且含有这些报酬是应得的意思。(2)win指在竞赛、战争、比赛中获胜，并可能由此得到奖赏。(3)gain指获得有用或需要的东西，而且与win和earn不同，它用在与钱没有关系的场合。 应用1(1)She _ experience while working for the newspaper.(2)She _ 1 000 a month.(3)Who is going to _ the election
31、?Gained/earns/winB3U11starve vi. & vt.(使)饿死；饿得要死starvation n饿死5gain vt.获得；得到7gather vt. &vi.搜集；集合；聚集14apologize vi.道歉；辩白apology n道歉17forgive vt.原谅；饶恕forgiveness n原谅forgiving adj.宽恕的；宽容的2gain vt. & vi. 获得；赢得；(钟表)走快n. 利益gain by/from.从中获益gain in 在方面有所增加或增长 即学即练2(1)I have _ since I arrived.我到这里以后，结识了很多朋
32、友。(2)He had _ and looked much better.他体重增加，脸色好看多了。(3)He _ much _ from reading.他从读书中获益良多。(4)This clock _ a day.这个钟每天走快两分钟。(5)No _， no _. 不劳无获。(6)_ into the pit, _ in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。gained a lot of friends/gained weight/gained profit/gains two minutes/pains/gainsA fall a gain3award vt. 颁奖，授予，判定n. 奖，
33、奖品award sb. sth./sth. to sb. 授予某人某物be awarded for. 因而受奖win/receive/get an award for 因而获奖 即学即练3(1)They _ John the first prize.他们授予约翰一等奖。(2)The court _ damages of $5 000 to the injured man.法庭判给受伤者5 000美元的赔偿。(3)He won _ his excellent skill.他由于他出色的技能而获奖。Awarded/awarded/he award for4admire vt. 赞美；钦佩，羡慕ad
34、miration n. 赞美，钦佩admirable adj. 可饮佩的，极佳的admiring adj. 赞赏的，羡慕的admire sb. for sth. 因某事而钦佩某人have admiration for sb./sth. 羡慕/钦佩某人/物watch/gaze in admiration 赞赏地观看/凝视着 即学即练4(1)The school is widely _ its excellent teaching.这所学校教学优秀，远近称誉。(2)They looked _ silent _ at the painting.他们默默地欣赏着那幅画。(3)He gave her _
35、.他向她投以赞赏的一瞥。admired for/in admiration/an admiring look5apologize v道歉apology n道歉apologize to sb. for (doing) sth.make an apology to sb. for (doing ) sth.say sorry to sb. for (doing) sth.offer sb. an apology for (doing) sth.因某事向某人道歉accept/refuse an apology 接受/拒绝道歉 即学即练5(1)Bill was _ his friend _ havin
36、g kept her waiting for a long time.比尔因让他的朋友等了好长时间正在道歉呢。(2)I _ my host and left early.我向主人道过歉后提早离去。(3)Please _ my sincere _.请接受我真诚的歉意。apologizing to for/made my apology to/accept apology6remind vt. 提醒；使想起reminder n. 起提醒作用的人或物remind sb. of sth./doing提醒某人(做)某事remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人去做remind sb. that.
37、提醒某人 即学即练6(1)The pictures _ me _ my school days.这些照片使我想起学生时代。(2)I _ him _ he must go home before dark.我提醒他必须在天黑前回家。(3)_ me _ to Mother.提醒我给母亲写信。Remind of/reminded that/Remind to write拓展：常用于 vt.sb.of sth./doing 的动词有 inform, warn, accuse, cure, suspect 等，如：inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事warn sb. of sth. 警告某
38、人某事accuse sb. of sth. 控告某人某事cure sb. of sth. 给某人治愈某病suspect sb. of sth. 怀疑某人某事8dress up 盛装；打扮；装饰dress sb./oneself 给穿衣服；打扮be/get dressed in(衣服或表颜色的词) 穿着dressadv.(或表目的、场合的介词短语) 穿着 即学即练8(1)The girls all _ to take part in the evening party.姑娘们全部打扮起来去参加晚会。(2)The prisoners escaped by _ guards.囚犯们伪装成哨兵逃跑了。
39、(3)We should _ a Christmas tree _ lights.我们应该用灯装饰圣诞树。dressed up/dressing up as/dress with9look forward to 期望；期待；盼望即学即练9(1)My mother said she was _ _ you.我妈妈说她正期待着与你见面。(2)I was _ his comments on this new film.我期待听到他对这部新影片的评论。looking forward to meeting/looking forward to hearing提示：look forward to 结构中的
40、 to为介词，其后接名词或动名词。类似的动词短语还有：be/become/get used to 习惯于 pay attention to 注意devote.to. 把致力于 get down to 着手做lead to 通向，导致 stick to 坚持belong to 属于 object to 反对 listen to 听prefer.to. 宁愿也不give ones life to 把生命奉献给contribute to 为作贡献10turn up 出现；到场；开大，调高，增加速度、音量、强度或流量即学即练10(1)Guess who _ at Marys wedding.猜猜都有谁
41、参加了玛丽的婚礼。(2)The book you have lost will _ someday.你丢的那本书说不定哪一天又会找到。(3)Please _. I want to listen to the news.请把收音机音量开大些，我想听听新闻。turned up/turn up/turn up the radio拓展：turn against背叛；(情况等)对不利turn away走开，离开；把打发走turn back折回，往回走；翻回到turn down关小，调低；拒绝turn off关(水源、煤气、电等)；令厌烦turn on打开；使感兴趣turn out结果是；证明是；生产，制
42、造；培养，造就turn to转向，变成；求救于，求助于turn in上交，欺骗turn over把交给；翻转11hold ones breath屏息；屏气catch ones breath(因恐惧、震惊等)一时停止呼吸，屏息；不喘气draw/take a deep breath深呼吸take breath 歇口气in the same breath异口同声地out of breath上气不接下气lose ones breath喘不过气来；上气不接下气 即学即练11The race was so close that everyone was _ at the finish.这是一场势均力敌的比
43、赛，以至于到最后每个人都屏住了呼吸。holding his breath12keep ones word守信用；履行诺言get in a word插话/嘴have a word with sb.与某人谈话have words with sb.与某人吵架in a/one word简言之，总之in other words(that is to say)换句话说leave word留言the last word最后决定；最后意见word for word一字不差地；逐字地【注意】keep ones word相当于keep ones promise，反义短语是break ones word/promi
44、se。注意两短语中的word不可数，无复数。即学即练12(1)She is a girl who always _.她是一个很讲信用的人。(2)Dont _， otherwise no one will trust you.不要失信，否则没有人会信任你。keeps her word/break your word13set off出发；动身；使爆炸即学即练13(1)If you want to catch that train wed better _ the station immediately.你要是想赶上那班火车，咱们最好马上动身去火车站。(2)What time are you pl
45、anning to _ tomorrow？你打算明天几点钟起程？(3)Do be careful with those fireworks; the slightest spark could _.对这些烟火要格外小心，稍有火星就能引起爆炸。set off for/set off/set them off拓展：set about着手set aside保留，储蓄set out动身，出发，着手set to开始做某事set up搭起；建立；设立1. gain/acquire/earn/achieve(1)gain 收获；获得。指获得有用或必需的东西。可以用于体重、力量的增加，奖学金的获得，更常用于经
46、验、知识、教育、满足等的获得。(2)acquire 购得，得到(尤指昂贵的或难以得到的东西)；获得，掌握(知识、技能等)。(3)earn 取得；赚得。通常指通过工作挣钱，也可以用于应该得到的东西，如支持、认同、声望或尊敬。(4)achieve 得到，获得。多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。 应用1用 gain, acquire, earn, achieve的适当形式填空。(1)The movie star _ success and wealth.(2)He _ a lot of praise from the public.(3)Im new in the job but Im already _
47、 experience.(4)I took on it as an opportunity to_ fresh skills.Achieved/earned/gaining/acquire2. award/rewardawardvt.授予，颁发，判给be awarded for.因而受奖award sb. sth.颁发给某人某物n.奖品，赠品，与prize(奖金)近义rewardvt.报答，酬谢，可以用于比喻意义reward sb. with sth.用酬谢某人n.赏金，酬金，回报应用2(1)The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an _.(2
48、)Students who complete the course successfully will be _ a diploma.(3)Everyone who reached the summit was _ with a magnificent view.(4)The prize was a just _ for all his hard work. Award/awarded/rewarded/reward3. dress/wear/put on/have on(1)dress是动作动词，表示“给(人)穿衣/打扮”，后面的宾语是表示人的名词。常见的用法有dress sb./onese
49、lf, be dressed(in), dress well/quickly等。(2)wear是状态动词，表示“穿戴、佩戴(手表、首饰、花等)，留(发型、胡须)等”；还可表示“面露、面带(某种表情、样子等)”，意义广泛。(3)put on是动作动词，表示“穿(衣)戴(帽)”，后面的宾语是表示衣服等的名词。(4)have on是状态动词短语，除了表示“穿着，戴着”之外，还可表示树木等“披着，挂着”，不用进行时态。 应用3(1)Its autumn. But the trees still _ leaves _.(2)She was _ in her brothers clothes.(3)She
50、 _ an angry expression.(4)He _ his coat and went out.Have/on/dressed/wore/put on4. take place/happen/occur/break out/come about(1)take place 其“发生”是按意图或计划进行，无偶然性，无被动语态。(2)happen 普通用语，其“发生”带有意外和偶然性。另可作“碰巧”讲，用法是 happen to do sth.，无被动语态。(3)occur 较正式用语，指具体事物时可与 happen互换(但 happen to do不可换成 occur to do)；另外
51、 occur 有“突然想起”的意思，此时不可与 happen 互换，如 A good idea occurred to him. (4)break out (战争、火灾等)爆发；(疾病)突然发生。无被动语态。(5)come about “发生，产生”，指要解释或说明事情发生的理由，常与 how连用。 应用4用 take place, happen, occur, break out, come about的适当形式填空。(1)Our school sports meet will _ next Friday.(2)It never _ to me that I had seen her before.(3)How did these differences _？(4)There _ to be the book I was looking for.(5)SARS _ all over China in the spring of 2003.(6)The Olympic Games _ every four years.take place/occurred/come about/happened/broke out/take place
