1、句子成分和句子分类预备知识点一：词类概述词类英语名称作用例词名词n.表示人或事物的名称man,dog,tree,book冠词art.用在名词前，起修饰或限定作用a,an,the代词pron.代替名词或数词I,you,that,this,some,a few数词num.表示数量或顺序one,two,first形容词adj.修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征red,beautiful,young,old副词adv.修饰动词、形容词或其它副词very,quickly,often,here动词v.表动作或状态walk,run,study,be介词prep.用在名词、代词或数词前，表示和句中其它词的关系in,
2、on,at,behind,from连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句and,but,if,or感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气oh,hello,hi,er一、句子成分概述：组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。（一）句子成分的特点和功能句子成分特点和功能例句主语谓语宾语表语1.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词、数词和主语从句充当。They are students.The sun rises in the
3、 east.太阳在东方升起。To see is to believe.眼见为实。1.说明主语的动作、状态和特征，一般放在主语的后面2.常用动词或动词词组充当 We study English.He is asleep.You may go now.1.是动作行为的对象或承受者,放在及物动词或介词之后2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词和数词充当 I like China.We study English.I play with him.1.位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。They are
4、students.He is asleep.他睡着了。To see is to believe.（一）句子成分的特点和功能句子成分特点和功能例句定语状语修饰限定名词或代词，说明该名词或代词的状态、品质、数量等。1.用来修饰动词、形容词和副词和整个句子的，表示事情发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、程度等等2.修饰动词时，位置在该动词前后均可；修饰形容词或副词，要放在它们之前The little boy needs a blue pen.(形容词)小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Two boys need two pens.（数词）两个男孩需要两支钢笔 His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。（所
5、有格）The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。（介词短语）The boy sitting under the tree is Tom.坐在树下的男孩是Tom.（分词短语）He runs quickly.他跑地很快。She is very beautiful.她非常漂亮。I will go there tomorrow.我明天去那儿。He works in this factory.How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the
6、 dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In o
7、rder to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）（二）练习 说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子中各充当什么成分1.I dont like the picture on the wall.2.My brother hasnt done his homework.3.It is a great pleasure to talk with you.4.He broke a piece of glass.5.He wrote ca
8、refully some letters 主谓语宾语状语主语谓语谓语谓语主主主定语宾语宾语状语定语表语谓语二、句子的分类（按用途划分）：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句1.Tom can speak good English.2.Tom can not speak good English.3.Can you speak English?4.What do you like?5.He is a student,isnt he?6.Sit down,please!陈述句陈述句（否）疑问句（一般）疑问句（特殊）疑问句（反义）祈使句句型结构（eg.1.How beautiful she is!）eg.
9、2.Whata clever boyhe is!eg.3.What clever students they are!eg.4 What bad news it is!1.How+2.What+形容词/副词+主语+谓语动词+其它名词或名词词组+主语+谓语动词+其它（四）感叹句：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈情感的句子。常用what或how（表多么）引导，句末用“！”。可数名词单数、复数名词或不可数名词二、句子的分类（按结构划分）：简单句、并列句和复合句（一）简单句：句子里只有一个主谓结构，且各个成分都只由单词或短语构成。共有5种结构。结构例句主语+不及物动词He smiled.主语+系动词+表语We
10、 are Chinese.主语+及物动词+宾语They study French.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 Tom gives me a pen-box.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语He found the old man dead.主+谓 Peter跑 Peter跑的很快 漂亮的peter跑的很快 漂亮的peter在操场上跑的很快 漂亮的peter放学后在操场上跑的很快Peter ranPeter ran fastPretty Peter ran fastPretty Peter ran fast on the playgroundPretty Peter ran fast o
11、n the playground after class主语+系动词+表语 Jim 是老师 Jim 是我的大学老师 我的邻居Jim是我的大学老师Jim is a teacherJim is my college teacherMy neighbor Jim is my college teacher主语+及物动词+宾语 Tom 爱 Jerry Tom loved Jerry Tom 很爱 Jerry Tom loved Jerry very much Tom 爱上 Jerry 在他16岁 Tom loved Jerry when he was 16.可怜的Tom 爱上 Jerry Poor T
12、om loved Jerry主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 Lucy 借给 Lily 一本书 Lucy lent Lily a book.她姐姐Lucy借给Lily 一本英语书.Her sister Lucy lent Lily an English book.她姐姐Lucy昨天借给Lily一本英语书 Her sister Lucy lent Lily an English book yesterday主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语He found the old man dead.1.He kept the light open.2.He found the man sleeping.
13、3.He walked in the classroom with his book in his hand.（二）并列句：用并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子。并列连词有and,but,or等。Eg.He is a student and I am a teacher.He likes football,but I like basketball.（三）复合句：一个句子里又包含一个或多个句子充当成分的句子。大句子叫主句，充当成分、附属于大句子的句子叫从句。1.I believe that you are right.我相信你是对的。2.I dont know where he l
14、ives.我不知道他住哪里。3.What I want is a book.我所想要的是一本书。4.The boy who is sitting under the tree is Tom坐在树下的男孩是Tom.宾语从句宾语从句主语从句定语从句He is a student and I am a teacher.I believe that you are right.复合VS并列动词的种类特点和例句行为动词或实义动词连系动词助动词情态动词1.及物动词：后必须跟宾语Eg.They study English.She eats an apple every day.We raise the fl
15、ag every Monday.我们每周一升旗。2.不及物动词：后需加介词才能跟宾语The flag rises.旗升起来了。Please stand up./Please come here.They listen to English every morning.他们每天早上都听英语。连系动词后跟表语。助动词无特殊意义，帮助构成否定句、疑问句、正在进行时态、完成时态或被动语态等,常见助动词有be,do,haveWe dont like the film.我们不喜欢这部电影。（用于否定句）Tom is doing his homework.汤姆正在做作业。（用于正在进行时态）He has f
16、inished his work.他已经完成了工作。（用于完成时态）情态动词后须跟动词原形。情态动词有will,can,may,must,need等You may go now.你可以走了。I will be there on time.我会准时到那儿的。常见连系动词有：be,become/turn(变得)，look(看起来)，smell(闻起来),sound（听起来），feel（摸起来），taste（尝起来）等Eg.She is beautiful./She is a student.His face turn red.他的脸变红了。Your coat looks nice.你的外套看起来很漂亮。The music sounds beautiful.这音乐听起来很美。be动词、助动词和情态动词变否定形式在其后直接加not.行为动词和除be动词以外的系动词，变否定形式要在其前加dont 或doesnt。可单独使用必须与行为动词或系动词连用构成谓语
