1、定语从句第一部分:基础知识（一）定语从句概述定语可以由形容词，代词，数词，名词，不定式，介词短语来充当。如果是一个句子担任定语，那么这个句子就叫做定语从句，又可称为形容词性从句。定语从句通常修饰某一名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的这一名词或代词叫先行词，它位于定语从句之前，定语从句在先行词后面，应尽量紧跟先行词。定语从句的作用即在于对先行词进行限定说明或补充说明。（二）定语从句的引导词。定语从句的引导词分为两类，关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose ）和关系副词（ when, where, why ），引导词在先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，即连接先行词和定语从
2、句，更重要的是，它又在定语从句中作一个成分。（三）关系代词1. that 指人，物，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语。He is the singer that I met yesterday.2. which 指物，在从句中作主语，宾语，在非限定定语从句中充当定语，或者代替前句The film which we saw last night was moving.3. who 指人，在从句中作主语，宾语。The man who you just talked to is Tom.4. whom 指人，在从句中作宾语。That is the professor whom you want to kn
3、ow.5. whose 指人，物，在从句中作定语，相当于先行词+ s, 后接一名词。I know the boy whose parents are dead.【注】：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。（四）关系副词关系副词在从句中作状语，有时相当于介词+which，其中which指代先行词不可以指示整个句子。1，when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，相当于at/ on/ in/ during which.Ill never forget the day when (on which ) I reached the top of the Huangshan Mountain.2，where 指
4、地点，在从句中作地点状语，相当于at/ in / to/ which.This is the school where( at which ) I studied.3，why 指原因，在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which.Thats the real reason why (for which ) he was late.第二部分：关系代词的特殊用法（一）关系代词指物时, 用that而不用which的情况:1，先行词为something ,anything ,nothing ,everything以及all , much , little , a lot ,none , few 等不定
5、代词时。My mother was so proud of all that I did2，先行词有the last , the very , the only以及all , much , few , no , any ,little等修饰时。This is the very book that Im looking for .3，先行词为序数词、形容词最高级(或所修饰)时。This is the most exciting film that Ive ever seen .4，the same 修饰先行词时 , 定语从句要用that 或as引导 , 但意义不同。This is the sam
6、e watch as I lost last Sunday . (表示相同但并非同一)This is the same knife that I used yesterday . (表示就是那个)5，先行词既有人又有物时, 只能用that。Do you remember the book and its author that appeared on TV last Sunday6，There be 后面的定语从句多用that引导 , 不用which 。Theres a seat in the corner that is still free .7，句子前面出现了who , which 时
7、, 后面的定语从句用that引导。They built a factory which made some new products that had never been seen before .Who is the man that you were talking about just now ?8，关系代词在定语从句作表语时, 常用that , 而不用which 、who 。My home town is not the small village that it was 10 years ago .Tom isnt the man that he used to be(二) 关系代
8、词指人时, 有时只用who ,而不用that。1，先行词为指人的代词one , those , the man,以及人称代词如he等。Those who are often late for school should be punished .He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man .2，先行词为someone (somebody), no one (nobody), anyone (anybody), everyone (everybody) 。Anyone who would like to attend the part
9、y should come on time .3，先行词指人时, 如有序数词, 最高级, the very , the only ,the last等修饰 , 定语从句既可用that也可用who引导。He is the first student who / that worked out the problem .(三) 关系代词whose的用法：1， whose 在从句中作定语 ，表示“先行词的” ，既可指人，也可指物。John is my best friend , whose father is a scientist .The old man lived in the house w
10、hose window was broken .2，whose 可以转换为of which（物）和of whom（人） 。1) The dictionary whose cover is missing is mine .( 划线部分可改为the cover of which或of which the cover )2) They also invited Mr Wang , whose car was stolen last Sunday .( 划线部分可改为 the car of whom 或 of whom the car )(四) which的特殊用法：1， 关系代词which引导的非
11、限制性定语从句 , 有时不是修饰某个先行词 , 而是指代主句的全部或部分内容 。特别注意，非限定定语从句中prep+which 时，which 只能指代先行词，不可以指代句子。1）Helen often came late , which made the class teacher angry .2，which 有时可在定语从句中作定语 , 含义上相当于指示代词this / that 。1) He stayed in England for 5 years , during which time he learned English well .2) It may rain hard tom
12、orrow , in which case I wont go fishing .【注】： which的这种用法与whose 作定语不同 。whose 表示“ 先行词的 ”。Theyre talking about a film , whose name I have forgotten .3，以介词结尾的动词不定式作定语时 , 可借关系代词which把介词前置。1）Tomorrow would be Christmas Day , and she had only $ 1.87 with which to buy Jim a present .2）Those poor people had
13、no houses to live in / in which to live .【注】 如果先行词指人，关系代词用whom 。I want to find a person to travel to England with / with whom to travel to England .(五) 关系代词as的用法：1. 引导限制性定语从句：当先行词有such , so , the same等修饰时, 关系代词要用as ； as在从句中可作主语，宾语和表语。1) . I have never seen such a kind girl as she is .2) . He is such
14、 a good teacher ( so good a teacher ) as every student respects .比较：He is such a good teacher ( so good a teacher ) that every student respects him . ( 此句为such / so that引导的结果状语从句 )3) . Such a student as often studies hard is sure to pass this exam .4) . He bought the same bike as I did last week . 区
15、别 that I did last week2. 引导非限制性定语从句：as不修饰某个先行词，而是指代主句的全部或部分内容 ，可译为“这一点，此事；正如” ，或不译。这种从句可位于句首、句中或句尾 。常见于as we all know ，as has been said above ，as is usual，as is often the case ，as everybody can see，as is known to us all等结构。1) . He has passed the exam , as is a pleasure to us .2) . As we all know , t
16、he earth moves around the sun .3) . This experiment , as you had expected , succeeded at last .3.，如前所述 , which也可引导这种从句 , 两者常可互换。(非限定性定语从句谓语句末且指代前面的主句)1）Those two students are wearing the same clothes , which / as is very interesting .2）They came to the party on time , as / which had been expected .但
17、在以下两种情况下有区别 ：1) . as从句可位于句首(或主句前) , 而which从句只能在主句后。As is often the case , we have worked out the production plan .2) . 关系代词作主语时, 如果从句的谓语是及物动词+宾语的结构, 则只能用which 。His father died in a traffic accident , which made us greatly surprised .3）当which 在从句中指代的是先行词而不是主句，只能用whichThe car, which we saw on the play
18、ground, is Mikes.4） “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，只能用which。Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, the price of whichwas very reasonable.5）当后置的非限定性定语从句是否定结构时只能用which引导。He result of the experiment was very good,which we hadnt expected6）“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，只能用which。Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, the pr
19、ice of which was very reasonable.第三部分：关系副词的特殊用法（一） 关系副词when , where , why的用法：1. 关系代词 (which / that) 与关系副词 (when, where, why) 的选取方法：A) 当先行词是定语从句中的主语或宾语时，选用关系代词。关系代词指代先行词，并代替先行词在从句中作主语或宾语。B) 如果先行词不是定语从句中的主语或宾语, 先行词前面需要加上一个介词才能在从句中作成分的时候, 选用关系副词。关系副词在从句中作状语，常可转换为“介词 +which”。1) Do you remember the day w
20、hich / that we spent in the mountain village ?Do you remember the day when (= on which ) we visited the mountain village ?2) This is the factory which / that we visited last year .This is the factory where (= in which ) he worked last year .3) We dont believe the reason which / that he gave for his
21、coming late .We dont know the reason why (= for which ) he has changed his mind .2. 关系副词where的从句还可以修饰point，situation，case，activity , scene , stage等地点意味不明显的先行词。关系副词when的从句可以修饰occasion , stay等时间意味不明显的先行词。关系副词why只修饰reason 这一个先行词。1) Now you can see weve come to the point where a change is badly needed .
22、2) Today well discuss some cases where beginners of English fail to use itproperly .3) There are few occasions when my students cant understand what I teach in class .3. when和where 在少数情况下可作介词宾语。1) . The naughty boy was hidden behind the door , from where he saw his mother walking into the house .（ w
23、here 指代behind the door 。不能换为which ，因为which只能指代the door ）2) . They went to American three years ago ，since when they have lived there .( when指代three years ago 。不能换为which ，因为which只能指代three years =and since then)(二) that在有些句型中可视为关系副词：1 way后面的定语从句常用that或in which引导 , 但可省略。I dont like the way ( that / in
24、which ) you speak to your parents .The way ( in which / that ) he worked on the problem was wrong .注： 如果way在从句中作主语或宾语, 应该用关系代词which / that。He explained the problem in a way that / which everyone could accept .2 . It is ( about , high ) time that (正)是 的时候了。that从句中常用一般过去时, that在口语中可省略。It was high time
25、 that we stopped pollution .It is time that you had lunch now .比较There was a time when ( during which ) we were short of oil .3 . This is the first ( second , last ) time that ( 从句中常用完成时态 )This is / will be the last time that I have come to China .It was the first time that he had been invited to Ch
26、ina .第四部分：定语从句有关要注意的问题(一) 关系代词作主语时,要注意从句中谓语动词的单复数。1 . 先行词只有one of 修饰时 , 从句谓语用复数。He is one of the students in our class who have been to Hainan .This is one of the best books that were written by the writer .2 . one of 前有the，the only ，the very ，the first时 , 从句谓语用单数。Tom is the only / very one of the b
27、oys who knows the truth .(二) 定语从句的隔离现象：1 定语从句和先行词之间有时会被状语, 定语或者其他成分隔开, 要注意找准先行词。The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that village .Is there a restaurant around where we can have lunch ?( around adv. 在周围 )The days are gone when we used foreign oil .(主句谓语较短, 隔开先行词与定语从
28、句)2 . 定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的后面有时会出现插入语。1) He is the man who I think is fit for the job .2) - Is that the small town you often refer to ?- Right , just the one where you know I used to work for years .(三) 定语从句中有时会使用倒装语序：Three days later , we found an old house , in front of which stood a big tree .Finally t
29、hey climbed up the mountain , above which appeared a beautiful rainbow .(四) 注意区别定语从句和其他从句：1 .区别where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句。(最明显的区别是定语从句一定有先行词)After the war , a new school was put up where there had once been a theatre . (状语从句)A new school was put up at the place where there had once been a theatre .(定语从句)2
30、. 区别“介词+which”的定语从句和“介词+what”的宾语从句。1) This is the company in which he worked three years ago .( which 引导定语从句 )2) A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago .( what宾语从句)3 . 区别that的定语从句和同位语从句。The news that he won the match made us excited . ( 同位语从句 )The news ( that ) he told u
31、s made us very excited . ( 定语从句 )【注】：同位语从句中that不作句子成分, 但不能省略，去掉that从句仍然完整。定语从句中that是关系代词，可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。【高考链接】1.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,38)Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which2.(2010高考英语重庆卷,28)In china, the number of c
32、ities is increasing _ _ _development is recognized across the world.A. whereB. whichC. whoseD. that3.(2010高考英语浙江卷,3)The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city.Awhom Bwhich Cthem Dthose4.(2010高考英语天津卷,8)Can you believe I had to pay 3
33、0 dollars for a haircut?You should try the barbers _ I go. Its only 15.A. as B. which C. where D. that5.(2010高考英语四川卷,10)After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，_ turned out to be a wise decisionAthat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere6.(2010高考英语上海春季卷,40)Samuel survived when the car _ he
34、 was a passenger in turned off the road and hit a tree.Awhere Bthat Cas Dwhy7.(2010高考英语陕西卷,11)The old temple _ _ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.A. where B. which C. its D. whose8.(2010高考英语山东卷,24)Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen.A. that B. which C. whose D. what
35、9.(2010高考英语江西卷,31)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour.A where B who C which D what10.(2010高考英语江苏卷,32)The newly built caf, the walls of_ _ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work.A. t
36、hat B. it C. what D. which11.(2010高考英语湖南卷,28)Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year.A. who B. where C. when D. which12.(2010高考英语福建卷,24)Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has devel
37、op gradually.A. that B. where C. which D. whose13.(2010高考英语大纲全国I卷,24)As a child, Jack studied in a village school, _ is named after his grandfather.A. which B. where C. what D. that14.(2010高考英语大纲全国II卷,16)I refuse to accept the blame for something _ _ was someone elses fault.A. who B. that C. as D. w
38、hat15.(2010高考英语北京卷,27)Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.A. what B. whose C. which D. that练习题1. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. that C. where D. when2. Carol said the work would be done
39、 by October, _ personally I doubt very much.A. it B. that C. when D. which3. Dorothy was always speaking highly of the role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy.A. who B. which C. this D. what4. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. T
40、hat D. What5. The film brought the hours back to me _I was taken good care of in that far-way village.A. until B. that C. when D. where6. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many people have got home.A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which7. He made another wonderf
41、ul discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think is B. which I think it isC. which I think it D. I think is8. He was very rude to the Customs Officer, _ of course made things even worse.A. who B. whom C. what D. which9. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable.
42、A. which price B. the price of whichC. its price D. the price of whose10. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.A. that B. while C. which D. when11. Have you seen the film Titanic, _ leading actor is world famous?A. it
43、s B. its C. whose D. which12. John said he had been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.A. he B. this C. which D. who13. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?A. he explained B. what he explainedC. how he explained D. why he explained14. The famous basketball
44、er, _tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.A. where B. when C. which D. who15. We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer.A. which B. that C. whose D. when16. York, _ last year, is a nice old city.A. that I visited B. which I visitedC. where I visited D. in which I v
45、isited17. Luckily, we had bought a road map without _ we would have lost our way.A. it B. that C. this D. which18. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad.A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that19. There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high.A. the larger B. the larger of themC. the larger one that D. the larger of which20. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
