1、专题十二 特殊句式考点一、祈使句1. 定义： 表示命令、建议、请求、禁止、警告、劝告等的句子。2. 形式：肯定式：动词原形（其他成分）Stand there! 站在那里！Let+宾语+动词原形Let me have a break. 让我歇会儿。Be+过去分词Be seated, please. 请坐。否定式：在肯定式前加dont或do notDont be so sure. 别那么有把握。Please dont forget to take your medicine. 请你不要忘了吃药。Dont let him go! 别让他走！Let+宾语+not+动词原形Let him not sta
2、nd in the rain. 让他别站在雨里了。强调式：Do+动词原形Do tell me the truth. 务必和我说实话。No+（动）名词No parking! 禁止停车！Never+动词原形Never come late. 千万别迟到。3. 带主语的祈使句（1）为了加强语气或要特别指明向谁提出命令或要求时，需加主语“you”， 有时还可同时加称呼语。Tom, you water the flowers! 汤姆，你浇花！（2）命令或吩咐几个人分头做几件事情时，祈使句需加主语“you”， 还可同时加称呼语。You, girls, clean the desks; you, boys,
3、sweep the floor.你们女生，擦桌子。你们男生，打扫地板。（3）在表达“不高兴，厌烦”等情绪时，可加主语“you”。You mind your own business! 你少管闲事！（4）祈使句的主语除了用“you”外，还可用“everybody, everyone”等，它们的位置可以放在句末。Be quiet, everyone! 大家静下来！二、感叹句What (+a/an) +形容词名词（主语谓语）！How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！How+形容词/副词（主语谓语）！How+主语谓语！What a clever boy he is!=How clever
4、the boy is!=How clever a boy he is!多聪明的男孩子啊！What beautiful flowers they are!=How beautiful the flowers are! 多美的花啊！How wonderful (it is)! 真棒！How time flies!时间过得真快啊！练习：用what 或how填空。1. _ an interesting book it is!2. _ interesting a book it is! 3. _ interesting books they are!4. _ delicious food I had!5
5、. _ kind of you to help!答案：1. What 2. How 3. What 4. What 5. How三、强调句1. 陈述句It is/was/情态动词+be+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分。被强调部分为“人”时可用who/that，被强调部分非“人”时用that。It is I who/that am right.（强调主语）我是对的。It was him that/who we met at the school gate.（强调宾语）我们在学校门口遇见的是他。It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.（强调状语
6、）汤姆是在公园丢失了他的手表。2. 一般疑问句Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分?Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？3. 特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+is/was it that+其他成分?Who was it that broke the window?打破窗户的是谁？4. not untilIt is/was not until +被强调部分+that+其他成分。It was not until ten oclock that he went to bed.直到10点
7、他才上床睡觉。5. 强调谓语动词将助动词do，did或does放在动词原形前。He did write to you last week.上周他的确给你写信了。Tom does study hard now.现在汤姆的确学习很努力。四、there be句型1.there be 句型概述there be 句型在英语中表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物/人”。在这种结构中，there是引导词，be后面的名词是主语，句子的结尾是地点（时间）状语。There is a big tree in front of the classroom.教室前有棵大树。There will be a meeting
8、 at the conference room at 8 oclock tomorrow morning.明天上午8点在会议室有一个会议。2.there be 句型的主谓一致如果有两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词be要采用就近一致原则。There is a pen, two books, and many pencils on the desk. 桌子上有一支钢笔，两本书，还有许多铅笔。3.there be 句型的时态there be 句型有不同的时态形式，而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。There was a meeting in our school yesterday.昨天在我们学校召
9、开了一个会议。There will be a new film on Sunday.星期日将上映一部新电影。There have been many great changes in our country since then. 自那时起，我们国家发生了很多巨大的变化。There cant be any mistakes in his passage.他的文章里不可能有什么错误。4.there be 句型的谓语there be句型中的谓语动词be有时可用 seem to be, happen to be, is likely to be 或用 remain, stand, lie, go,
10、come, exist, follow, live, occur等替换。There is likely to be something wrong with his computer.他的电脑可能有毛病。Once upon a time there lived an old monk in the temple. 从前，那座庙里住着一个老和尚。5.there be 句型的非谓语形式There being no enough time left, we have to hurry (Because there is no enough time left, . . .) 所剩时间不够多了，我们得
11、抓紧。 （独立主格结构作状语）There having been no water for two days, the travelers were all very thirsty. (Because there had been no water for two days . . . ,) 已经断水两天了，这些游客都口渴得很厉害。（独立主格结构作状语）What is the chance of there being an election this year?今年举行选举的可能性有多大？（there be 的动名词形式作of的宾语）I expect there to be many ch
12、ances for him to get a job. 我希望他有很多机会找到工作。 （there be 的不定式结构作expect的宾语）6.there be 的常用句型There is no point/sense (in) doing sth. 做某事没有意义There is no doubt about . . . /that . . . 毫无疑问There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. （某人）没必要做某事There is no difficulty/trouble in doing sth. 做某事没困难There is no chance/pos
13、sibility of (doing) sth. /that从句（做）某事没有可能练习：1. There _ (be) a chair and two tables in the room.2. There_ (be) no money in his pocket, he had to go hungry.3. I wish there _ (be) some chances for my readers.4. It is necessary for there _ (be) a dictionary with you.5. What is the chance of there _ (be)
14、 some good dictionaries in that bookstore?答案：1. is 2. being 3. to be 4. to be 5. being五、反意疑问句反意疑问句由两部分构成：陈述部分+疑问部分。陈述部分是肯定形式时，疑问部分用否定形式，且否定形式必须为省略式：陈述部分是否定形式时，疑问部分用肯定形式，即 “前肯定、后否定；前否定，后肯定”， 疑问部分的主语要用代词。陈述部分和疑问部分的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要保持一致。1. 陈述部分含有must/may（might）的反意疑问句当must 作“必须”讲时，其反意疑问部分用 neednt; 当含有
15、mustnt (不允许，禁止）时，其反意疑问部分用 must或may。You must go now, neednt you? 你现在必须走，不是吗？You mustnt smoke here, must/may you? 你不要在这里吸烟，行吗？当must/may (might) 表示推测，即must 作“一定，准是”讲，may/might 作“可能”讲时，可首先将句子改为“I am (not) sure + that 从句”， 反意疑问部分的动词形式根据be (not) sure 后的宾语从句的谓语动词形式确定。You must/may (might) be hungry now, _?
16、I am sure that you are hungry now, arent you? You must/may (might) be hungry now, arent you?你现在一定/可能饿了，不是吗？You must have heard about it, _? I am sure that you have heard about it, havent you? You must have heard about it, havent you? 你一定听说过这件事，不是吗？You must have watched that football match last night
17、, _? I am sure that you watched that football match last night, didnt you? You must have watched that football match last night, didnt you?你昨晚一定看那场足球赛了，不是吗？（陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语 last night）2. 陈述部分含有used to的反意疑问句陈述部分含有used to时，其反意疑问部分用 usednt 或didnt均可。You used to sleep with the windows open, usednt/didnt y
18、ou? 你过去常开着窗户睡觉，不是吗？3. 陈述部分含有ought to的反意疑问句陈述部分含有 ought to时，其反意疑问部分用 oughtnt或shouldnt均可。He ought to attend the lecture, oughtnt/shouldnt he?他应该参加这场讲座，是不是？ 4. 陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有 seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问部分用肯定形式。He could hardly walk without a
19、walking stick, could he? 没有拐杖他几乎不能走路，是吗？5. 陈述部分含有否定前缀的反意疑问句如果陈述部分含有由表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词，其反意疑问部分一般用否定式。Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesnt he? 汤姆不喜欢打网球，不是吗？Its unfair, isnt it? 那不公平，是不是？6. 陈述部分含有宾语从句的反意疑问句（1）当陈述部分含有宾语从句时，反意疑问部分的主语和谓语应和陈述部分的主句的主语和谓语保持一致。He said that he would come to my birthday party, did
20、nt he? 他说他会来参加我的生日聚会，不是吗？（2）当陈述部分的主句谓语动词 think, believe, suppose, guess, expect, imagine 的主语为第一人称时，反意疑问部分的主语和谓语与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致；若主语为第二、三人称时，反意疑问部分的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。I dont believe he will succeed, will he? 我认为他不会成功，是吗？ They dont believe Jack will succeed, do they? 他们不相信杰克会成功，对吗？7. 陈述部分是祈使句的反意疑问句反意疑问
21、句的陈述部分为祈使句时，其疑问部分不表示反意，而表示一种语气。其结构为：否定祈使句，will you? 肯定祈使句，will/wont you?Lets . . . , shall we?Let us . . . , will you?Open the door, will/wont you? 打开门，好吗？Lets go out for a walk, shall we?我们出去散步，好吗？Let us go home now, will you?现在，（您）让我们回家吧，好吗？8. 回答反意疑问句时应遵循的原则（1）要么肯定到底，要么否定到底，不会出现Yes, I dont. 或No, I
22、 do. 的形式。（2）不管陈述部分为否定，还是反意疑问部分为否定，回答时只看所提到的事情是否发生。如果发生了，用肯定回答，反之，用否定回答。如：当对方问你 You arent a teacher, are you? 或 You are a teacher, arent you? 时，你只要听懂 you 和teacher两个单词即可，如果你是老师，回答“Yes, I am. ”，反之，回答“No, I am not. ”。9. 反意疑问部分的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上保持一致的几种情况陈述部分主语反意疑问部分主语例句one（指人）one或youOne cant be careful en
23、ough, can you/one? 再小心也不为过，是吧？this, that, these, thoseit 或theyThis isnt a fast train, is it?这不是一列快车，对吗？everything, anything, something, nothingitNothing happened to him, did it?他没发生什么事，是吗？everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybodyhe 或 they（更常见）Nobody likes to be laughed
24、someone, does he? / do they?没人愿意被嘲笑，是吗？不定式、动名词、主语从句itLearning English well takes a lot of time, doesnt it? 学好英语需要很多时间，对吗？there be 句型thereThere should be no problem, should there? 应该没什么问题，是吗？练习：1.You havent been here long, have you? _. I am a newcomer here.2. Mrs. Black doesnt believe her son is able
25、 to design a digital camera, _?3. It must have rained last night, _?4. John told you that there wasnt anyone in the room at that time, _?答案：1. No, I havent 2. does she 3. didnt it 4. didnt he六、倒装句1. 完全倒装谓语部分完全放在主语之前为完全倒装句。（1）表示方向、时间或方位、地点的副词或介词短语，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，put，in the room，
26、on the wall等，置于句首。On the table were some flowers. 桌子上有一些花。Then followed three days of heavy rain. 接下来下了三天大雨。Out rushed the children laughing loudly. 孩子们大笑着冲了出去。（2）such置于句首时Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.这就是阿尔伯特爱因斯坦，一个简朴的人，也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。Such are the fa
27、cts; no one can deny them.这些就是事实，没有人能否定它们。（3）表语置于句首时为了保持句子平衡或强调表语部分，可将作表语的形容词、分词、介词短语等置于句首，构成完全倒装形式，即“形容词/现在分词/过去分词/介词短语-be+主语”。表语位于句首的倒装句，其谓语通常是be动词。Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常乐。Present at the meeting were twenty teachers and thirty students.20位老师和30名学生参加了会议。2. 部分倒装（1）only修饰副词、介词短语或从句作状
28、语，且放在句首时Only in this way can we learn English well.只有用这种方法我们才能学好英语。（2）表否定意义的副词never，nor，not，hardly，little，seldom，scarcely，rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，by no means，on no condition等置于句首时Never before have I seen such a moving film.以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。Not a single mistake
29、did he make.他一个错误也没犯。（3）“so + be/助动词/情态动词+主语”意为：也是如此They love making lots of friends; so do I.他们喜欢交很多朋友，我也是如此。（4）“neither/nor + be/助动词/情态动词+主语”意为：也不 Lily cant ride a bicycle neither/ nor can Lucy.莉莉不会骑自行车，露西也不会。（5）So + adj./adv.+部分倒装+that.Such（+a/an）+adj.+n. +部分倒装+that.To such a degree/length/.+部分倒装
30、+that. 如此以至于Such a fine day is it that wed like to play outside. 天气如此好以至于我们想去外面玩。To such a length did he speak that everyone got bored. 他的讲话如此冗长以至于人人都烦了。（6）“Neither+部分倒装, nor+部分倒装”表示：既不也不Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. 我不知道这件事，也不关心。（7）“Not only+部分倒装, but also. . .”表示：不仅而且Not only will
31、help be given to people to find jobs, but also provided for people who need it.不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助，而且也要给那些需要帮助的人提供药物治疗。 （8）not until 作状语或引导状语从句置于句首时，句子/主句需部分倒装，意为：直到才。Not until 4: 00 in the morning could he fall asleep. 直到凌晨4点他才睡着。Not until I came last night did Mum go to bed. 昨天晚上直到我来了妈妈才上床睡觉。（9）含助动词 h
32、ad，were 或情态动词should的if 虚拟条件从句，如将if省略时（详见“虚拟语气”部分）练习：将下列句子变成倒装句。1. I hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark.2. He learned the sad news only after the war.3. We didnt have supper until he returned.答案：1. Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark. 2. Only after the war
33、did he learn the sad news.3. Not until he returned did we have supper.3. 形式倒装形式上的倒装在语法上称为用置。它的特点是：只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。（1）感叹句What an interesting talk they had! 他们进行了一次多么有趣的谈话呀！（2）“the+比较级, the +比较级”句型The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.你听英语听得越多，它就变得越简单。（3）whatever/however引导的让步状语从句How
34、ever difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 无论这个问题会有多难，今晚我们必须解决它。（4）as，though引导让步状语从句采用倒装形式的情况表语的倒装Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work. 尽管很累，他还是继续工作。谓语动词的倒装Try as he might, he didnt pass the exam. 尽管尽力了，但他考试还是不及格。状语的倒装Much as he likes the bike, he doesnt w
35、ant to buy it. 他虽然很喜欢那辆自行车，但不想买它。练习：1. Strange _ it seems, it is true.2. _an interesting role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.3. In recent years travel agencies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, the _ (good) our holiday will be.答案：1. as/though 2. Wh
36、at 3. better七、省略1. 状语从句的省略（1）当时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或是 it，且从句谓语中含 be 动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。Dont speak until (you are) spoken to. 有人和你说话时你再说。Come tomorrow if (it is) possible. 如果可能的话，就明天来吧。She stood at the gate as if (she was) waiting for someone. 她站在门口好像在等人。（2）用so或not代替上文内容，此时可用“if + so/not”省略句
37、式。Get up early tomorrow. If not (=If you dont get up early), you will miss the first bus. 明天要早起。如果你不早起，你就赶不上首班公共汽车。He may not be at home. If so (=If he is not at home then), leave him a note.那时他可能不在家。如果他不在家的话，给他留个便条。2. 不定式的省略在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，可以省去不定式中与前面句子中相同的动词（短语）， 只保留不定式符号to.否定形式的省略用 not to.但如果不定式中
38、含有 be，have，have been，通常保留be，have 和 have been。I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to.我叫他看电影，但是他不想看。The driver wanted to park his car by the roadside but was asked by the police not to.那位司机想把车停在路边，但警察不让他那样做。练习：1. When split, an atom can release energy.2. They were scolded whenever late for school.3. If not well organized, the meeting will be a failure.答案：1. When (it is) split, an atom can release energy. 2. They were scolded whenever (they were) late for school.3. If (it is) not well organized, the meeting will be a failure.
