1、专题二阅读七选五先看位置，再析作用 “知道了题目从何处来，才能知道解题往何处去。”要想突破阅读七选五，就要知道高考如何考查。分析近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难发现阅读七选五题型具有如下特点：文体特点文章体裁大都是说明文，结构严谨、脉络清晰、层次分明、逻辑性强，便于考生在阅读的基础上进行综合理解选材特点题材大多贴近考生生活，内容与时俱进，主要涉及文化教育、社会生活、体育介绍、未来规划、商务管理、工作职业等题目形式阅读材料一般是一篇长度为300词左右的短文，其中正文为240词左右，备选项为60词左右；七个选项都与短文相关，选项多为完整的句子(2020年全国卷有两处不完整句子)，句型不一，长短不同，
2、七个备选项通常由短到长排列设题方式依据挖空位置，可将5个题目分为段首题、段中题和段尾题；依据句子在文中的作用，可分为“主旨概括句(涉及文章整体内容)”“过渡句(反映文章结构)”和“细节注释句(反映上下文的逻辑关系)”三个类型根据阅读七选五的题型特点及命题方式，我们可以从“位置”和“作用”两个角度来深刻领悟该题型。句子在段中的位置不同，所起的作用也不同。命题人之所以采用段首、段尾和段中三种挖空方式，正是利用挖空位置的暗示作用和挖空上下文的提示作用，来考查考生的逻辑思维能力。挖空位置逻辑关系具体解读段首题主旨句常以段落小标题或主题句的形式出现承上启下句此空处的答案能够将上段和本段的内容连贯起来段中
3、题例证关系前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的表示例证关系的标志词语有：for example, for instance, in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other words/that is to say等转折关系若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的逆转， 则空格处很有可能表示转折。表示转折关系的标志词语有： but, however, yet, while/though/although, or/otherwise, on the contrary, in
4、stead, nevertheless(然而), still, in contrast/comparison, by comparison等因果关系表示因果关系的标志词语有：so, therefore, thus, consequently(结果), as a result (of), so/such .that ., so that等递进关系若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个表示递进的句子。表示递进关系的标志词语有：too, also, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, likewise, similarly, what
5、s more, whats worse, in addition, as well, to make matters worse, not .but ., not only .but also等并列关系表示并列关系的标志词语有：and; first(ly), second(ly); first, then/next, finally/last; to begin with; some .others .; for one thing, for another thing等段尾题总结句用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语承上启下句此空处的答案能够将本段和下段的内容连贯起来对于每篇文章，作者总是按
6、照一定的篇章结构来布局谋篇，不同体裁的文章具有不同的结构模式。考生只有掌握了各种体裁文章的结构模式，才能预测和推断文章的走向，把握作者的行文思路，达到对文章深层次的理解。考生在解答阅读七选五题时，要学会从宏观视角分析语篇结构。1辨别文章的体裁和结构。通常为说明文，说明文一般采用“总分总”或“总分”结构。作者通常在文章的开头部分提出要说明的问题；在中间部分进行说明或阐释，要注意使用何种说明方法，采取哪些策略，如何解决问题；在结尾部分作出总结或得出结论。有些说明文没有结尾总结部分。2剖析作者是以何种语篇结构模式来行文的。考生只有把握了语篇的结构模式才可以站在一定的高度，梳理语篇的脉络，获悉主要信息
7、对主题的支撑和论证功能，为准确掌握语篇的发展方向和主旨大意奠定基础，从而降低阅读时的焦虑心理。此外，考生也可以自己画出语篇的结构框架图，即思维导图。3寻找各段的主题句。说明文通常采用“开门见山”的模式，段落主题句一般会出现在段落的开头，有时也会出现在段尾，对段落起总结概括的作用。找到段落主题句，把握文章的主旨大意，有利于缩小选择的范围，减小冗余信息对考生的影响，提高解题的正确率。典例下面以2020年全国卷的阅读七选五为例，进行宏观视角语篇结构分析示范。A Few Tips for SelfAcceptanceWe all want it . to accept and love ourselv
8、es. But at times it seems too difficult and too far out of reach. 36 Heres a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction. 37 Do not follow the people who make you feel notgoodenough. Why do you follow them? Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is bett
9、er than theirs? Know that your life is your own; you are the only you in this world.Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made. We are often ashamed of our shortcomings, our mistakes and our failures. 38 You will make mistakes, time and time again.Rather than getting caught up in how you could
10、 have done better, why not offer yourself a compassionate (有同情心) response? “That didnt go as planned. But, I tried my best.”Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in a journal. Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness. List all of your accomplishments and achievements.
11、 You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today. 39 Now that youve listed your strengths, list your imperfections. Turn the page in your journal. Put into words why you feel unworthy, why you dont feel good enough. Now, read these words back to yourself. 40 Turn to a page in your j
12、ournal to your list of strengths and achievements. See how awesome you are?AFeeling upset again?BWhere do you start?CNothing is too small to celebrate.DRemember, you are only human.ESet an intention for selfacceptance.FStop comparing yourself with others.GWhen does the comparison game start? 读文示范(1)
13、文章体裁：说明文。(2)主旨大意：文章主要介绍了四个自我接纳的小技巧。(3)语篇结构：本文采用了“总分”式结构。文章的语篇模式是典型的“一般到具体”模式。此篇文章的语篇模式如下：Broad statement(Para.1)Heres a handful of ways about accepting and loving ourselves that will set you in the right direction.Specific statement 1(Para.2) Stop comparing yourself with others.Specific statement 2(
14、Para.3)Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.Specific statement 3(Para.4)Recognize all of your strengths.Specific statement 4(Para.5) Now that youve listed your strengths, list your imperfections.文章五个空格有1处位于段首，3处位于段中，1处位于段尾。第36题、第40题为过渡句，第37题为段落主题句，第38题为细节注释句，第39题为结论句。从宏观视角把握好这篇文章之后，有利于预测
15、和推断文章的走向，进而提高解题的正确率。(一)设空在段首若是针对段落小标题设空，其呈现形式应和其他小标题相同，选项应短小精悍，多为名词词组、动名词短语或祈使句。若段落首句设空，段首句要么与段落标题相关联，要么是段落主题句，选项要具有概括性，要么承接上段，要么是对下文的概括。思考点(一)段落主题句当某段开头处设空时，通常要填的内容是该段的主题句，考生需要认真研读该段内容，尤其是设空处后面的一两句，确定线索词，然后从备选项中查找这些线索词的同义词、近义词或关联词。一般正确选项与空后第一句在内容上是连贯且符合逻辑的，在意义上是紧密衔接的。典例1(2019全国卷) 37 Questions about
16、 subject content are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus (教学大纲) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isnt hiding in plain sight.AThats what they are for.BTurn to an online instructor for help.CIf more information is needed
17、, they will ask.DRemember that online professors get a lot of emails.EBelow are some common dos and donts for online learners.FEveryone has taken a notsogreat class at one time or another.GAsk questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.分析：本题考查段落主题句。本段主要介绍了应该提问什么样的问题，所提的问题要确保答案不能显而易
18、见。本段内容围绕“questions”展开，故G项“提问题，并且要确保所提问题是经过深思熟虑的好问题”，符合语境。故选G。思考点(二)承上启下句当非首段的第一句设空时，设空处有可能是承上启下句，这就要求考生既要熟悉上一段的内容，尤其是上一段结尾的内容，又要结合本段内容，使所选答案能够把两段内容进行无缝对接。典例2(2020全国卷)37 BIt is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party. Some people register a list of things they want or need for their new h
19、ome at a local store or stores.Some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains.Even if there isnt a registry, a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with, like a piece of art or a plant. 38 This is often apprec
20、iated since at a housewarming there isnt a lot of food served.There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party.The host or hostess of the party will, however, probably give all the guests a tour of their new home.Sometimes, because a housewarming party happens shortly after
21、 a person moves into their new home, people may be asked to help unpack boxes.39 AThis isnt usual though.AThis isnt usual though.BIt is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.CYou can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.DIf youre lucky enough to receive gifts, keep
22、them in a safe place.EIt also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like.FThe best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.GThis was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.分析：本题考查段落之间的衔接。前面段落所讲内容为带礼物，可以是厨房工具、窗帘、艺术品或绿植。本空承接上文，也应与礼物相关，根据设空处后面的句子“
23、This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isnt a lot of food served.”可知，空处所带的礼物应与食物相关，故选C。 (二)设空在段中当设空在段中时，通常考查该空与前后句子之间的逻辑关系和上下文的衔接。考查的逻辑关系：总分关系、解释关系、例证关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系和并列关系7大关系。有时会出现下列衔接词语：first, second, then, next, later, soon, so, but, however, additionally, whats more, that is, n
24、amely, in other words, for one thing .for another等。思考点(一)总分关系典例3(2017全国卷)The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Na
25、ture cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctors bill for my sons food poisoning.AThis time there was no tent.BThings are going to be improved.CThe trip they took me on was a rough one.DI was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.EI must say that
26、I have certainly come to enjoy camping.FAfter the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.GThere was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.分析：本题考查总分关系。根据下文的描述“我们睡在帐篷里、在篝火上做饭、走很远的路去洗澡和上厕所”可知，这次野营比较艰难。设空处是总体评价，后面是详细描述。故选C。思考点(二)解释关系典例4(2019全国卷)Imagine a child standing on a div
27、ing board four feet high and asking himself the question: “Should I jump？” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do.Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. 36 Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.AThis can affect your work.BSo how should you mot
28、ivate yourself?CHowever, this should not discourage you.DSo why should we try to set specific goals?EThey can change according to circumstances.FMotivation is what you need most to do a good job.GWithout motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.分析：本题考查解释关系。设空处前一句的句意“动力和目标设定是同一枚硬币的两面”，设空处解
29、释二者之间的关系“没有动力，你既不能设定目标，也不能去实现它”。故选G。思考点(三)例证关系典例5(2016全国卷)There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”AIt is very hard to break a code without the code book.BIn any language, some letters are
30、 used more than others.COnly people who know the keyword can read the message.DAs long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.EYou can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.FWith a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other word
31、s.GAnother way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.分析：本题考查例证关系。设空处前一句的句意为“有三种主要的密码术”。空后接着就给出一个例子“你可以通过拼写每个单词的第一个字母来隐藏信息”。故选E。思考点(四)转折关系典例6(2020新高考全国卷)Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking. 16 Do you want to be a good public speaker? H
32、ere are some principles you must master.ADo the opposite.BYou want to be an effective public speaker.CYou dont need to apologize for a minor slip.DWhen it comes to public speaking, less is usually more.EThe objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience.FTake the fear out of public speaking b
33、y focusing on your listeners.GHowever, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.分析：本题考查转折关系。设空处前一句的句意为“有些人天生就有公众演讲的天赋”。设空处后一句的句意为“你想成为一个好的公众演说家吗？”。根据逻辑判断，设空处应与前一句构成转折关系，故G项“然而，大多数人之所以能成为有效的演讲者，是因为他们受过训练”符合语境。思考点(五)因果关系典例7(2020全国卷)Written communications can often read as
34、 cold and dull.Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention clear. 37 ， encouraging better and more frequent communication.AMessage with emojis feel more conversationalBEven a formal email can seem cold and unfriendlyCSending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strangeDThe popularity o
35、f these platforms is spreading globallyEGiving employees the tools enables them to communicatehonestlyFStudies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplaceGAn easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform分析：本题考查因果关系。根据下文“encouraging better and more freque
36、nt communication (鼓励更好、更频繁的沟通)”可知，设空处所填的句子是下文的原因。A项“使用表情符号的信息让人感觉更适合交谈”符合语境。故选A。思考点(六)递进关系典例8(2019全国卷)Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths.Remember that goals are flexible. 39 They also need to be
37、 measurable.You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.AThis can affect your work.BSo how should you motivate yourself?CHowever, this should not discourage you.DSo why should we try to set specific goals?EThey can change according to circumstances.FMotivation is what you need most t
38、o do a good job.GWithout motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.分析：本题考查递进关系。根据上句“Remember that goals are flexible.”可知目标是可变动的，因此E项“它们可以根据情况做出改变”，承接上文，与上一句为递进关系。故选E。思考点(七)并列关系典例9(2020新高考全国卷)Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker. 19 And like everything else in life, that takes pr
39、actice.Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.ADo the opposite.BYou want to be an effective public speaker.CYou dont need to apologize for a minor slip.DWhen it comes to public speaking, less is usually more.EThe objective of most speeches is to benefit th
40、e audience.FTake the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners.GHowever, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.分析：本题考查并列关系。由本段第一句“Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.”及空后一句“And .that takes practice.”可以锁定B选项为正确答案，它们之间构成并列关系。 (三)设空在段尾思考点(一)总
41、结句当设空在段尾时，通常是结论性、概括性语句，是对上文的概括总结。如果缺的是结论性、概括性的语句，考生应快速浏览七个备选项，注意选项中是否出现表示结果、结论、总结等的标志词语，如so, therefore, as a result, in short, in a word, all in all等，快速缩小选择范围，再根据段落主题一致性原则，从而确定正确选项。典例10(2020全国卷)Recognize all of your strengths.Write them down in a journal.Begin to train your brain to look at strength
42、 before weakness.List all of your accomplishments and achievements.You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today. 39 AFeeling upset again?BWhere do you start?CNothing is too small to celebrate.DRemember, you are only human.ESet an intention for selfacceptance.FStop comparing yours
43、elf with others.GWhen does the comparison game start?分析：本题考查段落总结句。由本段首句可知本段主题是“认识到你所有的优点”，段中列举了一些小的成绩，如有了一份工作，拿到了学位等，段尾对这些成绩做了一下总结：再小的事也值得庆祝。故选C。思考点(二)段落过渡句当设空在非尾段段末时，也有可能是考查承上启下的过渡句。假如所缺的是段落间的过渡句，首先可以关注表示逻辑关系的衔接词，再结合词汇复现等原则进行答案的选择。典例11(2017全国卷)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be s
44、pending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily.Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, illcooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me. 36 The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.37 CThe
45、 trip they took me on was a rough one.We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctors bill for my sons food poiso
46、ning.AThis time there was no tent.BThings are going to be improved.CThe trip they took me on was a rough one.DI was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.EI must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.FAfter the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.GThere was no sha
47、de as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.分析：考查段落过渡句。根据空处上文可知，作者一开始对野营产生过抵触情绪。但根据下一段作者的一次野营活动经历可推知，两段之间有转折关系，所以空处要填一个承上启下的过渡句，D项“然而，从那时起我却学到了很多关于露营的知识”符合语境。故选D。思考点(三)补充信息句段末设空还有可能是对前文内容进行补充说明，这时要根据设空前的内容选择与其相对应的补充性的语句。典例12(2019全国卷)Dont share personal information or stories.Professors are not tra
48、ined nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends.If you are in need of a deadline extension, simply explain the situation to the professor. 39 AThats what they are for.BTurn to an online instructor for help.CIf more information is needed, they will ask.DRemember that online professors get a l
49、ot of emails.EBelow are some common dos and donts for online learners.FEveryone has taken a notsogreat class at one time or another.GAsk questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.分析：本题考查逻辑关系。本段主要讲的是“不要把个人信息和经历告诉教授，如果你需要延长最后期限，向教授解释处境即可”。C项“如果需要了解更多信息，他们会问你的”是对上文内容的补充说明，符合语境。故选C。10
