1、Unit 2 Cloning李仕才一、阅读理解。If youre making determination for a healthier new year, consider a gut makeover(肠道清理)Changing your microbe community(微生物群)，however, may not be easy，and nobody knows how long it might take.Thats because the ecosystem already established in your gut determines how it absorbs an
2、d processes nutrients.So if the microbe community in your gut has been shaped by a daily diet of hamburgers and pizza，for example，it wont respond as quickly to a healthy diet as a gut shaped by vegetables and fruits that has a more varied microbe community.“The nutritional value of food is influence
3、d in part by the microbe community that encounters that food，” said Dr Jeffrey Gordon，the senior author of the new paper and director of the Center for Genome Science and Systems Biology at the Washington University School of Medicine in St.Louis.“Nutritional components of a healthy diet have to be
4、viewed from the inside out，” he said，“not just the outside in.”One of the questions the study set out to answer was how individuals with different diets respond when they try to improve their eating habits.The scientists harvested gut bacteria from humans，transplanted them into mice bred under germf
5、ree conditions，and then fed the mice either Americanstyle or plantbased diets.The scientists then analyzed changes in the mices microbe communities.Of interest，the scientists harvested the gut bacteria from people who followed sharply different diets.One group ate a fairly typical American diet，cons
6、uming about 3 000 calories a day，high in animal proteins with few fruits and vegetables.Some of their favorite foods were processed cheese and lunch meat.The other group consisted of people who were calorierestricted.They ate less than 1 800 calories a day and had carefully tracked what they ate for
7、 at least two years，sticking to a mostly plantbased diet and consuming far less animal protein than the other group，a third fewer carbohydrates(碳水化合物)and only half the fat.This calorierestricted group，the researchers found，had a far richer and more diverse microbe community in the gut than those eat
8、ing a typical American diet.They also carried several kinds of“good” bacteria，known to promote health，that are unique to their plantbased diet.“Perhaps the best way to shape a healthier microbe community is to eat more fiber by consuming more fruit，vegetables，whole grains，and nuts or seeds，” said Me
9、ghan Jardine，a dietitian who was not involved in the current study but has published articles on promoting healthy microbe communities.She urges people to aim for 40 to 50 grams of fiber daily，well above levels recommended by most dietary guidelines.1What can we know from the first two paragraphs?AC
10、hanging microbiome is fairly easy.BEcosystem in gut is shaped by carbohydrates.CNutritional components are determined by food intake.DAs to healthy diets，microbe community shaped by vegetables and fruit respond more quickly than that shaped by junk food.2What can we learn about Meghan Jardine?AShe s
11、uggests eating as little as possible.BShe attaches great importance to fiber.CShe is one of the researchers of the current study.DShe advocates consuming more meat in daily life.3Whats the authors attitude toward gut makeover?AConcerned.BOpposed.CIndifferent. DNervous.4Which is the best title for th
12、e text?AMicrobe community in our gutBA gut makeover for the new yearCDietary guidelines for daily dietsDThe best way towards a healthier microbe community【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了清理肠道的原因及具体做法。长难句分析：They also carried several kinds of“good”bacteria，known to promote health，that are unique to their plantba
13、sed diet.(第四段最后一句)分析：这是一个复合句。known to promote health是过去分词作后置定语，修饰bacteria；that引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词bacteria。译文：它们还携带好几种已知能促进健康的有益菌，这些有益菌是他们吃的素食中独有的。词汇积累：determination n决心establish v建立absorb v吸收component n组成部分transplant v移植consume v消费，消耗1D推理判断题。So if the microbe community in your gut has been shaped by a da
14、ily diet of hamburgers and pizza，for example, it wont respond as quickly to a healthy diet as a gut shaped by vegetables and fruits that has a more varied microbe community.(第一段最后一句)译文：所以如果你肠道里的微生物群是由汉堡和披萨组成的日常饮食塑造而成，它产生反应的速度就不会像一个由蔬菜和水果塑造的肠道那么快，因为后者拥有更多样化的微生物群。解题思路：根据关键句可推知，对于健康饮食，由蔬菜和水果形成的微生物群比垃圾食
15、品形成的微生物群起效快。故选D。2B细节理解题。Perhaps the best way to shape a healthier microbe community is to eat more fiber by consuming more fruit, vegetables，whole grains，and nuts or seeds.(最后一段第一句)译文：或许形成更健康的微生物群的最佳方式是通过吃更多的水果、蔬菜、全麦食品以及坚果或植物种子来摄入更多纤维解题思路：根据关键句可知，Meghan Jardine认为纤维很重要。故选B。3A观点态度题。根据作者在第二段引用的华盛顿大学医学院
16、Jeffrey Gordon博士的话以及最后一段引用的营养师Meghan Jardine的话可推断出，作者很关注肠道清理。A项意为“关心的”；B项意为“反对的”；C项意为“漠不关心的”；D项意为“紧张的”。故选A。4B标题概括题。第一段就点明了文章的主题，即“进行肠道清理可以让人更健康”。接下来的四段内容都是围绕肠道清理这个主题，包括清理肠道的原因、所做的实验以及如何清理肠道。B项能概括文章的主题，适合做标题。故选B。二、单句语法填空1She was forced _ (retire) early from teaching because of ill health.答案：to retire
17、be forced to do . “被迫做”；retire “退休”。2Many local people _(object) to the building of the new airport.答案：objectedobject to . “反对”。3It wont make much _(differ) whether you go today or tomorrow.答案：difference由空前的much可知应填名词difference。make a/no/some/much difference 表示“有/没有/有些/有很大影响/作用/关系”。4He owes his succ
18、ess more _luck than _ ability.答案：to; toowe . to . “把归功于”。5Alcohol acts on the brain, so drivers are forbidden_ (drink) it when they drive a car.答案：to drinkbe forbidden to do . “被禁止做某事”。6_(strike) by strong snowstorms, the area faced a severe water and electricity shortage.答案：Struck过去分词短语在该句中作原因状语。7T
19、he question _will take his place is still not clear.答案：whowho引导同位语从句，在从句中作主语，表示“的人”，从句说明question的内容。8The advantage is _the cost of this method is low.答案：that设空处引导表语从句在从句中不作成分，无语义，只起连接作用，故填that。9I cant _(undertake) that you will win in the election.答案：undertake由空前的情态动词can可知应填动词原形。I cant undertake tha
20、t . “我无法承诺”。10You can use my computer on condition _ you return it tomorrow.答案：thaton condition that . “条件是；只要”。三、完形填空。Honesty is always the best policy，especially when it comes to mental health problems.In a TV _1_，one girl gets very real about dealing with anxiety and panic.“I was the best student
21、 in my high school.I put so much _2_ on myself，” she said.“I never _3_ a class.But I got sick during 10th grade and I started to _4_.That was when the panic attacks began.”She goes on to describe what a panic attack _5_ like，“One day the teacher handed me my grade _6_，and I couldnt breathe.My heart
22、was beating very _7_.I felt disconnected.I saw people trying to talk to me but I couldnt hear them.Afterwards，I was sent to _8_，”she shared.It was then _9_ the attacks started happening _10_ daily，and they havent stopped.“Last year I started college.And I cant be the best student here no matter how
23、hard I try，”she said.“Everyone is so _11_.My panic attacks got so bad that I had to _12_ my first semester.”However，now she is facing her anxiety，and things are getting better.“I used to try to hide _13_.I thought that _14_ nobody knew，it would not exist，”she said.“But the more I talk about my _15_，
24、the more I realize that other people experience _16_ things.So Im trying to express it more.I had a great teacher _17_ told me，Instead of letting anxiety keep you from doing your art，let it be the thing that _18_ your art.”Recently，women all over the world took to Twitter to _19_ what anxiety is lik
25、e.We are _20_ alone.1A.project BprogramCplatform Dstation2A.weight BheightCpressure Dmeasure3A.joined BsucceededCfailed Dattended4A.fall behind Bfall downCleave behind Dleave alone5A.looks BsoundsCtastes Dfeels6A.report BsurveyCresearch Dnotice7A.mildly BwildlyCslowly Dseverely8A.school BworkChospit
26、al Dhome9A.when BsinceCbefore Dthat10A.still BalwaysCmerely Dalmost11A.ambitious BanxiousCtalented Dexperienced12A.arrange BperformCoperate Dcancel13A.it BthemCme Dus14A.unless BifCwhile Das15A.confidence BdreamCissue Ddesire16A.similar BfamiliarCvarious Dserious17A.who BwhomCwhose Dwhich18A.abandon
27、s BquitsCmotivates Dprotests 19A.advertise BadviseCshare Dcompare20A.always BsometimesCseldom Dnever【解题导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。一个女孩分享了她曾经的焦虑经历，后来，她勇敢面对焦虑，情况得以好转。作者借这个事例说明直面困难、坦诚问题往往是解决心理健康问题的良策。【核心词汇】deal with处理，应付 panic n恐慌，惊恐v使恐慌 policy n政策，策略，保险单 disconnected adj.分离的，断开的，不连贯的，无关联的 semester n半学年，一学期1B根据“In
28、a TV _1_，one girl gets very real about dealing with anxiety and panic”可知，在一个电视节目(program)中，一个女孩坦诚地分享了她克服焦虑和惊恐的经历，故B项正确。A项意为“项目”；C项意为“平台”；D项意为“站”，都与语境不符。2C根据前一句“I was the best student in my high school”，再结合该句“I put so much _2_ on myself”可知，该句是说，在学校里这个女孩是一位优等生，她自己给自己施加了很多压力。C项意为“压力”，符合语境，故C项正确。A项意为“体重
29、”；B项意为“身高”；D项意为“度量单位”，都与语境不符。3C根据上文，再结合该句“I never _3_ a class”可知，这个女孩从没有考试不及格过；C项意为“不及格”，符合语境，故C项正确。A项意为“加入”；B项意为“成功”；D项意为“参加”。4A根据上下文可知，在十年级时这个女孩生病了，成绩开始落后；A项意为“落后”，符合语境，故A项正确。B项意为“不实，不能令人满意”；C项意为“留下，遗留”；D项意为“不打扰”。5D根据空处前后句可知，这个女孩是在描述焦虑症发作时的感觉。feel like为固定搭配，意为“感觉像是”，符合语境，故D项正确。6A根据该句中“One day the
30、teacher handed me my grade _6_，and I couldnt breathe”可知，老师将成绩单交给了这个女孩；表示“成绩单”用“grade report”，故A项正确。7B根据后一句“I felt disconnected”可以判断，这个女孩看到了她的成绩单后感觉无法呼吸，心脏疯狂地(wildly)跳动，故B项正确。A项意为“温和地”；C项意为“缓慢地”；D项意为“严格地”。8C参见上题解析并结合该句“Afterwards，I was sent to _8_”可以判断，最后，这个女孩被送往医院。故C项正确。9D根据该句“It was then _9_ the at
31、tacks started happening _10_ daily，and they havent stopped”可知，该句使用了强调句型，被强调的部分是then，故用that引导句中的其他部分，故D项正确。10D根据空处所在句可知，从那时起焦虑几乎每天发生，没有停止过。D项意为“几乎”，符合语境，故D项正确。11C根据空处前一句可知，在大学里，无论这个女孩怎么努力都无法成为最好的学生；结合该句“Everyone is so _11_”可知，每个人都有天赋；C项意为“有天赋的”，符合语境，故C项正确。12D根据该句“My panic attacks got so bad that I ha
32、d to _12_ my first semester”可知，这个女孩的焦虑症变得如此严重，她不得不休学。D项意为“取消”，符合语境，故D项正确。13A根据空处前后句可知，空处指代前一句的“anxiety”，后一句中的“it would not exist”也是提示。故此处用it。14B根据语境可知，空处引导条件状语从句，故此处用if。15C根据上下文可知，空处是指这个女孩的焦虑问题。C项意为“问题”，符合语境，故C项正确。A项意为“信心”；B项意为“梦想”；D项意为“渴望”。16A根据上下文可知，此处是指这个女孩对她的问题谈得越多，她就越意识到其他人也经历过相似的事情。文章的最后一段也是提示
33、。故A项正确。17A分析该句结构可知，该句为定语从句，先行词为“a great teacher”，在从句中作主语，故用who引导该定语从句。18C根据语境可知，空处应用与“keep you from doing your art”意义相反的一个动词。C项意为“激励”，符合语境，故C项正确。A项意为“放弃”；B项意为“停止”；D项意为“反对”。19C根据该句“Recently，women all over the world took to Twitter to _19_ what anxiety is like”可知，最近，世界各地的女性都在推特上分享了焦虑的经历。C项意为“分享”，符合语境，
34、故C项正确。20D参见上题解析，再结合该句“We are _20_ alone”可知，焦虑者不是孤独的，故用否定词never。四、单句改错1The story he told the police differed in the one he told his mother._答案：infromdiffer from . “和不同”。2Owed to her assistance, we succeeded in starting the engine._答案：OwedOwingowing to . “因为；由于”，为固定用法。3It suddenly struck to me that we
35、 should make a new plan._答案：去掉toIt strikes sb. that . “某人突然想起”。4My mother makes a promise if I passed the exam, she would buy me a watch._答案：promise后加that该句为that引导的同位语从句，that虽不作成分，但也不能省略。5Encouraging by the speech, the young man made up his mind to take up the struggle._答案：EncouragingEncouraged主语the
36、 young man 与encourage之间为被动关系，故应用过去分词作状语。五、短文改错Zhou Yan is the Senior Three student.Last week，he goes to see a doctor because of his arms and fingers hurt.The doctor told him the fact that had a “mobile phone disease”Zhou sent messages for his friends with his mobile phone all the time，even in bed.Zh
37、ou started to do badly in all the exam because he spent so many time on his mobile phone.He didnt stop use the mobile phone until his arms hurt.Yang Ling，which is an expert from a health center，said students should try to use their mobile phones less，especial at school.【答案】Zhou Yan is Senior Three s
38、tudent.Last week，he to see a doctor because his arms and fingers hurt.The doctor told him the fact that had a “mobile phone disease”Zhou sent messages his friends with his mobile phone all the time，even in bed.Zhou started to do badly in all the because he spent so time on his mobile phone.He didnt
39、stop the mobile phone until his arms hurt.Yang Ling， is an expert from a health center，said students should try to use their mobile phones less， at school.第一处：thea。考查冠词。student是可数名词，且第一次在语境中出现，表泛指，故用不定冠词修饰。第二处：goeswent。考查动词时态。与语境Last week呼应，事情发生在过去，故用一般过去时。第三处：删除of。his arms and fingers hurt是个句子，故of多
40、余。第四处：had前加he。考查代词。that引导一个同位语从句，而非定语从句，在从句中不作句子成分，对fact的内容进行补充说明，由此可知，从句中缺少了主语，且由上文的him可知，应用人称代词的主格形式he。第五处：forto。考查介词。固定搭配send sth.to sb.意为“给某人送某物”，符合语境，故用介词to。第六处：examexams。考查名词复数。exam是可数名词，且被all修饰，故用复数形式。第七处：manymuch。time在此处用作不可数名词，故用much修饰。第八处：useusing。考查动名词。固定搭配stop doing sth.意为“停止做某事”，符合语境，故用动名词作宾语。第九处：whichwho。考查定语从句。先行词Yang Ling，指人，故用who引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。第十处：especialespecially。考查副词。应用副词especially修饰介词短语at school。
