1、Unit 4Using Language. 用所给词的适当形式填空1. Those who have made great contributions (contribute) to human beings and society will never be forgotten. 2. Pollution (pollute) is just one of the disadvantages of living in the town. 3. As we all know, the growth (grow) of crops depends on sunlight. 4. Public wo
2、rries are the threats of the very existence(exist) of the nuclear power industry. 5. If we use recycled (recycle) materials, we will cause less pollution to the earth. 6. Its the best result that could be expected under the circumstances (circumstance). 7. Our company has a commitment (commit) to qu
3、ality and customer service. 8. What she advocates (advocate) is discovering our strengths and using them to become successful. 9. As an educator(educate), I want to see my students succeed. 10. Breathing in some fresh air in the morning can refresh (fresh) ourselves. . 用适当的介词、副词填空1. Mr Thompson spok
4、e on behalf of his country at the conference. 2. Under no circumstances can I put up with people smoking. 3. Scientists have many theories about how the universe came into existence. 4. Nobody can be casual about the environmental problem which is becoming more and more serious. 5. The buildings are
5、 similar on the whole. 6. China has many big cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and so on. 7. As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. 8. Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world. 9.
6、You cant blame others unless you start with yourself. 10. I spend on average half an hour running every day. . 阅读理解A (2021潍坊高二检测)Connie Monroe clicks a button, flicks her wrist and watches as her neighborhood floods. The shorelines are first to go. Then, the baseball fields at Fleming Park. By the t
7、ime seawater reaches the senior center, it has flooded streets and over a dozen brick homes. Monroe moves her head up and down, side to side, taking in the simulated (仿真的) view. This is what could happen to Turner Station, a historic African American community southeast of Baltimore, as sea levels r
8、ise. Climate change presents many challenges to coastal communities and to those trying to prepare for its impacts, but one of the most basic is also one of the most vexing: How do you show people and convince them of a possible future? Communicating the realness and immediacy of the climate threat
9、is hugely important to climate researchers and those aiming to lessen its causes. But its also the most important to communities faced with coming changes that are already unavoidable. These projects need public support and input. Thats why Monroe and other residents (居民) are being directed to sit i
10、n metal chairs, put on virtual reality headsets and watch their homes flood. Turner Station, a community which gets flooded easily, is trying to prepare. It has partnered with the Port of Baltimore, a few nonprofits and a local landscape architecture firm to adopt a range of tools and ways to commun
11、icate climate change to the public, because every person is different and every place is different. The virtual reality program is only the most recent, and perhaps the most effective step. Virtual reality is an immersive experience that can trick the human brain into thinking its real. But tricking
12、 people is not the goal of the sea level rise simulation being used at Turner Station, says Juiano Calil, one of the programs developers. “The goal, ” he says, “is to start a conversation and help folks visualize the impacts of climate change and the solutions, and also discuss the trade-offs betwee
13、n them. ”【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了政府运用虚拟现实技术让海滨小镇Turner Station的居民认识到气候变化带来的严重后果, 并希望得到他们的支持。1. Who is Monroe? A. A coastal community citizen. B. A climate researcher. C. An architect. D. A VR program developer. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第一段的后两句可知在模拟的视图中, 梦露的头上下移动, 从一边到另一边。当海平面上升时, 位于巴尔的摩东南, 历史上最著名的非裔美国人社区Turner S
14、tation可能会发生这种状况。以及第三段的最后一句那就是为什么梦露和其他居民正在被指导坐在金属椅子上。可推知梦露是一个海滨社区的居民。故选A。2. What does the underlined word “vexing” mean in Paragraph 2? A. Bothersome. B. Dramatic. C. Original. D. Convincing. 【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据第二段可知, 气候变化对沿海社区和那些试图为其影响做准备的人提出了许多挑战, 但是最基本的挑战之一, 也是最vexing的: 你如何向人们展示并说服他们这个可能的未来。根据句意, 推测画线
15、部分的意思是“麻烦的”。故选A。3. Why is VR technology employed here? A. It can cut down the risks of climate change. B. It can show severe results of climate change. C. It can introduce technology to the residents. D. It can predict the climate change accurately. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据倒数第三段后半段可知, 对于那些面临已经不可避免的未来变化的社区来说,
16、 这也是最重要的。可推知, 虚拟现实被运用的目的是展示气候变化带来的严重后果。B符合以上说法, 故选B项。4. What is the purpose of the program? A. To trick more people to believe. B. To win the residents cooperation. C. To advocate the application of VR. D. To inform the residents of the solutions. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的These projects need public supp
17、ort and input. (这个项目需要公众的支持和投入)以及最后一段的最后一句可知, 该项目的主要目的是让人们意识到气候变化带来的严重影响, 从而赢得他们的合作。B符合以上说法, 故选B项。 BHow does an ecosystem(生态系统) work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical
18、 models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats. With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a s
19、ingle prey(猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction(灭绝) of
20、 one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction. Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs m
21、ay be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other speciesincluding species they did not directly
22、 attack. And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological
23、balance. Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists s
24、ay, because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return. 【文章大意】本文为说明文。本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型, 科学家们建立了一个基于数学模型的预警系统, 该系统将会发出信号告诉我们人类活动正将生态系统推向崩溃, 使我们采取措施将生态系统从边缘拉回来。5. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs? A. The l
25、iving habits of species in food webs. B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems. C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems. D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段中With such models, scientists have found out some key principles ope
26、rating in food webs. 可知, 借助食物网的数学模型, 科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。6. A strong link is found between two species when a predator . A. has a wide food choiceB. can easily find a new preyC. sticks to one prey speciesD. can quickly move to another place【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知, 当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物, 这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。
27、7. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline? A. The prey species they directly attack will die out. B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators. C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged. D. The populations of ot
28、her species will experience unexpected changes. 【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知, 处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制, 由此可推断出, 如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降, 其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。8. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4? A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems. B. Rapid eco
29、nomic development threatens animal habitats. C. Species of commercial value dominate other species. D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第四段可知, 无计划的人类活动证明了由顶级掠食者自上而下控制的想法是正确的。在海洋中, 我们大规模捕捞鳕鱼等顶级捕食者, 而在陆地上, 我们杀死狼等大型捕食者。这些行为极大地影响了生态平衡。由此可推断出, 不受控制的人类活动会极大地破坏生态系统。故选A。. 阅读填
30、句(2021杭州高二检测)As warming continues, scientists warn the oxygen content of oceans across the planet could be more and more reduced, with serious consequences for the future of fish and other sea life. 1 One is the simple fact that as water gets warmer, it can hold less dissolved (溶解的) oxygen. The othe
31、r reason is less obvious. The entire ocean gets its oxygen from the surface either from the atmosphere, or from photosynthesizing algae floating at the top of the sea. 2Global warming is expected to reduce the mixing of the ocean by making surface seawater lighter. Thats because in a warmer world we
32、 can expect more rainfall and more melting(融化) of glaciers, icebergs, and ice sheets. 3 The extra heat from the warming atmosphere will also make surface water expand and thus make it lighter still. 4 Instead, more of the oxygen will remain near the surface, where it will be used up by oxygen-breath
33、ing organisms. A low-oxygen ocean may become an inescapable feature of our planet. A team of Danish researchers wondered how long oxygen levels would drop if we could somehow reduce our carbon dioxide emissions to zero by 2100. They determined that over the next few thousand years oxygen levels woul
34、d continue to fall, until they declined by 30 percent. The oxygen would slowly return to the oceans, but even 100, 000 years from now they will not have fully recovered. 5A. Its not known why the oxygen level of oceans has reduced. B. Scientists point to two reasons to expect a drop in ocean oxygen.
35、 C. Fresh waters inpouring will make the water at the oceans surface lighter. D. The oxygen then spreads to the deep ocean as the surface water slowly sinks. E. Global warming has caused the reduction of the oxygen content of oceans worldwide. F. The light surface water will be less likely to sink s
36、o the deep ocean will get less oxygen. G. If they are right, we have every reason to worry about the major effect it has on sea life. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 介绍了海水中氧气含量降低的主要原因及其可能对海洋生物带来的长期的影响。1. 【解析】选B。从文章篇章结构分析, 本空为段落主旨句, 本段介绍了全球变暖使海洋含氧量降低的原因, 并且“One”“The other reason”与B项中的“two reasons”相呼应, 故B符合语境。2. 【解析】
37、选D。根据段落主旨和空前的“The entire ocean gets its oxygen from the surfaceeither from the atmosphere, or from photosynthesizing algae floating at the top of the sea. ”可知, 此处是通过说明海洋中氧气的来源与循环来解释海洋含氧量下降的原因, 故D项(然后, 随着表层海水的慢慢下降, 氧气扩散至海洋深处)符合语境。3. 【解析】选C。 根据空前的内容和常识可知, 雨水和冰川、冰山及冰原融水都属于淡水, 海洋中的水是咸水, 而淡水的密度比咸水的小, 因此淡
38、水的注入会使海洋表面的水变得更轻, 故C项符合语境。C项中的“make the water. . . lighter”与下文中的“make it lighter”的对应关系亦是提示。4. 【解析】选F。根据空前可知, 大气变暖带来的额外热量也会使地表水膨胀, 从而使它变得更轻, 此处承接上文, 讲的是关于变轻的地表水的内容, 故F项(较轻的地表水下沉的可能性较小, 因此深海得到的氧气也较少)符合语境。5. 【解析】选G。上文提到丹麦的一组研究员对海洋氧气情况的担忧, G项中的“they”与上文中的“A team of Danish researchers”相呼应, 故G项(如果他们是对的, 那么我们完全有理由对它对海洋生物的重大影响感到担忧)符合语境。
