1、第三板块题型专题技法指导专题一阅读理解读文求快，做题求准英语语篇有许多种类型，如应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文、访谈、对话等连续性语篇类型，以及图表、图示、网页、广告、漫画等非连续性语篇类型。接触和学习不同类型的语篇，熟悉高考中常见的语篇形式，把握不同语篇的特定结构、语篇类型特征和表达方式，不仅有助于考生加深对语篇意义的理解，还有助于考生使用不同类型的语篇进行有效的表达与交流。本部分将对高考常见语篇类型应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文进行讲解，旨在帮助考生快速读懂文章，稳解准解题目。一、“应用文”策略指导应用文是人们在生活、学习、工作中为了处理一些事件而特有的一种务实的语篇类型风格，有其非常明确
2、的特点，如写作目的明确、语言表达规范、时间要素明确等。1知晓应用文的种类英语应用文一般分为两类：一类是记叙性应用文，如书信、日记、便条、报告、请帖等；另一类是说明性应用文，如广告、启事、海报、守则、公约、公告、个人简历、备忘录、摘要等。2明晰常见文章结构3洞察高考考查特点应用文在高考英语阅读理解中通常有一篇。应用文内容贴近日常生活，多采用简单句，很少使用长难句，理解起来难度不大；但是这类文章信息多，篇幅长，一些具体内容比如商品信息，招聘广告还需要读图，对阅读方法和技巧方面有较高的要求。应用文较多涉及的是细节理解题，考查考生对文章中重要细节信息的把握能力。4领悟读文、解题策略(1)标题：首先要认
3、真阅读主、副标题，明确文章的写作目的。(2)内容：应用文一般都是分类信息，把握信息的分类基本就可以明白出题的方向。(3)问题：做应用文的阅读理解可以带着问题阅读，寻找相关信息，并根据同类信息，排除错误选项，确定正确答案。典例下面以2020年全国卷的阅读理解A篇为例：Train InformationAll customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your loc
4、al station or call 13 12 30.(开头第一段为背景信息)While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled, there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.(第二段是对第一段的补充说明)(后面几段是并列关系)Lost property (失物招领)Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during b
5、usiness hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services. The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7：30 am to 5：00 pm and is located (位于) at Roma Street station.(信息1：失物招领信息)Public holidaysOn public holidays, generally a Sunday timetable operates. On certain major event days, ie. Australia D
6、ay, Anzac Day, sporting and cultural days, special additional services may operate. Christmas Day services operate to a Christmas Day timetable. Before travel please visit .au or call TransLink on 13 12 30 anytime.(信息2：公共假日安排)Customers using mobility devicesMany stations have wheelchair access from
7、the car park or entrance to the station platforms. For assistance, please call Queensland Rail on 13 16 17.(信息3：轮椅通道信息)Guardian trains (outbound)DepartOriginDestinationArrive6：42 pmAltandiVarsity Lakes7：37 pm7：29 pmCentralVarsity Lakes8：52 pm8：57 pmFortitude ValleyVarsity Lakes9：52 pm11：02 pmRoma St
8、reetVarsity Lakes12：22 am(信息4：列车班次信息)解题示范21What would you do to get ticket information?ACall 13 16 17. BVisit .au.CAsk at the local station. DCheck the train schedule.分析：由题干中的“get ticket information”定位到第一段的基本信息部分，根据最后一句可知，想要获得票务信息可以咨询当地车站。故选C。22At which station can you find the lost property office?
9、AAltandi. BRoma Street.CVarsity Lakes. DFortitude Valley.分析：由题干中的“lost property office”定位到信息1，根据原文中“The lost property office . is located (位于) at Roma Street station.”可知，失物招领处位于Roma Street车站。故选B。23Which train would you take if you go from Central to Varsity Lakes?A6：42 pm. B7：29 pm.C8：57 pm. D11：02
10、pm.分析：由题干中的“which train”和“from Central to Varsity Lakes”定位到信息4，根据文中表格的第三行信息可知，从Central出发去Varsity Lakes需要乘坐晚上7：29的列车。故选B。由以上的题目分析可知，应用文清晰的文章结构可以帮助学生较快地锁定答案所在的区域。应用文在高考中往往是阅读理解的第一篇，主要原因是这一语篇类型结构较为清晰，解题思路较为简单，符合试题由易到难的特点。二、“记叙文”策略指导记叙文是指一种叙述事件的经过、人物的经历及表现的文章体裁，以写人、记事、写景状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的一种文体。1知晓记叙文的种
11、类(1)以写人为主的记叙文，即高考中常遇到的传记类的记叙文，往往以肖像、行动、语言、心理以及细节描写为主；(2)以记事为主的记叙文，注意交代六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)，注意描写的先后顺序以及叙事的相对完整性，往往会体现事件的开端、发展、高潮和结局；(3)以写景为主的记叙文往往会对景物进行层次描写，会体现人与景之间的情感交融。2明晰常见文章结构3洞察高考考查特点高考试卷通常包含一篇记叙文。从命题形式上看，有细节理解题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、推理判断题等。记叙文的命题顺序一般按照文章的脉络和故事的发展层层推进，一半以上的题目考查考生对故事具体内容的理解，这要求考生必须弄清文章的
12、来龙去脉。4领悟读文、解题策略(1)顺序答题，不漏细节：记叙文中的细节理解题一般考查其5W1H(what, who, when, where, why, how)要素。根据问题，顺序答题，把握好所有相关细节即可正确作答。(2)结合语篇，认真思考：记叙文中有时会有词义猜测题，这些词或短语一般是大纲范围之外的，一般是考查考生对通篇文章或者对文章语段的整体理解能力。(3)解读文章的言外之意：记叙文中的主旨大意、意图观点题要求对作者叙述的意图和观点作进一步剖析，甚至推测作者的语气和态度等。一般说来，文章的段落常有概括中心思想的主题句，且多位于段首或段末，有时也会夹在中间。对无主题句的篇章，要对文章进行
13、分析和归纳，然后概括中心思想。典例下面以2020年全国卷的阅读理解D篇为例：I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I
14、lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.开头通过讲述作者从小热爱读书，与图书馆结下了不解之缘，引出下文，这也是记叙文常用的开头方式My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.(第二段叙述了作者16岁
15、时第一次去图书馆工作)As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or
16、 books they wanted me to read to them.第三段叙述了作者长大为人母后又把这种对读书的爱传给自己的孩子I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.(第四段采用插叙手法，叙述了给孩子讲故事的情景)N
17、ow, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.第五段叙述了作者现在看到自己的孩子带着孙辈去图书馆时的特殊心情As a novelist, Ive found a new relationship with libraries.I encourage readers to go to their local library when the
18、y cant afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven (避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy (盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Enco
19、urage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.最后一段是高潮也是总结，作者号召大家支持图书馆，多读书。这也从侧面引导学生认识自我，完善自我，通过读书培养终身学习的意识，并通过读书来改变人生(渗透个人未来职业规划意识)解题示范32Which word best describes the authors relationship with books as a child?ACoop
20、erative.BUneasy.CInseparable. DCasual.分析：由题干判断此题考查事件的开端(起因)，可定位到第一段，从第一段第三句得知，儿童时代的作者对阅读很“热衷”(enthusiastic)。C项与之意思相近，意为“分不开的”。33What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?APleasure from working in the library.BJoy of reading passed on in the family.CWonderment from ac
21、ting out the stories.DA closer bond developed with the readers.分析：由题干定位到第三段并根据画线词组上下文可知，随着作者年龄的增长，她成为母亲，图书馆在她心里有了新的“地位”，作者的孩子也爱上了读书，书成了她和孩子们娱乐的主要来源。对他们来说，去图书馆读书是件令人激动的事情。故an added meaning应是指“在作者家中传递的读书的乐趣”。故选B。34What does the author call on other writers to do?ASponsor book fairs. BWrite for social
22、media.CSupport libraries. DPurchase her novels.分析：由题干判断此题考查文章的高潮部分。根据最后一段中的“. I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can.”可知，作者号召其他作家支持图书馆。故选C。35Which can be a suitable title for the text?AReading: A Source of KnowledgeBMy Idea about WritingCLibrary: A Haven for
23、the YoungDMy Love of the Library分析：阅读全文可知，“library”是本文的线索，全文都是围绕作者对图书馆的热爱展开的。从孩子时爱去图书馆，然后在图书馆工作，有了孩子后，带孩子去图书馆，最后号召大家支持图书馆。故选D。由上面的题目分析可知，在辨别了语篇类型，了解了文章基本结构的前提下，可以更快地锁定正确答案的位置。一般情况下，记叙文中设计的细节理解题、推理判断题等题型均是建立在语篇结构的基础之上的，所以根据题干内容找到语篇的对应部分，是解题的关键。三、“说明文”策略指导说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。它通过对实体事物科学地解说，对客观事物做出说明或
24、对抽象事理进行阐释，使人们对事物有所了解，从而获得有关的知识。1知晓说明文的种类说明文实用性很强，包括说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词等。说明文有的以时间为序，有的以空间为序；有的由现象写到本质，有的由主写到次；有的按工艺流程顺序来说明，有的按事物的性质、功用、原理等顺序来说明。2明晰常见文章结构3洞察高考考查特点说明文类型的文章专业词汇偏多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨，一般不带感情色彩。高考说明文考查较多的是科普说明文，这类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点，该语篇类型往往是阅读理解中的难点之一。4领悟读文、解题策略(1)通过文章第一段迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。说明文最
25、大的特点就是首段开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点平铺直叙出来。读懂文章第一段有助于考生迅速关注到文章的主旨。(2)关注段首句和段尾句，确认段落的主旨大意，并通过段首句和段尾句确定段落之间的逻辑关系。(3)关注文章中出现的问题。说明文的本质是对一个事物进行阐述，但在平铺直叙的语言中，还会有问句出现，答案就出现在后文。典例下面以2020年全国卷的阅读理解C篇为例：Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fe
26、wer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.(第一段是主题引入，竞走相对跑步有诸多好处，但也有自己的问题。下文针对这些问题进行了详细的阐述)Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules
27、require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem
28、 State University in Salem, Mass.(第二段阐述了竞走的规则)Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walkin
29、g, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.(第三段阐述了竞走对运动员的体力要求)However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight p
30、er step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.(第四段就竞走和跑步对身体的冲击进行了比较)As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sports strange form does pl
31、ace considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practic
32、e.(最后一段补充说明了竞走对身体脚踝和臀部等部位的损害。)解题示范28Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?AThey must run long distances.BThey are qualified for the marathon.CThey have to follow special rules.DThey are good at swinging their legs.分析：由题干中的“conditioned athletes”定位到第二段。根据第三句可知，竞走规则要求竞走运动员在摆动腿的大部分时间里膝盖要保持笔直，且始终要有一只
33、脚与地面接触。正是这一特殊规则使得竞走运动员受到制约，故选C。本题考查的是文章主题部分的重要细节信息的理解。29What advantage does race walking have over running?AIts more popular at the Olympics.BIts less challenging physically.CIts more effective in body building.DIts less likely to cause knee injuries.分析：根据最后一段第一句可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，如跑步者的膝盖(受伤)，在竞走者中并不常见。据
34、此可知，竞走与跑步相比不太可能导致膝盖受伤，故选D。30What is Dr. Norbergs suggestion for someone trying race walking?AGetting experts opinions.BHaving a medical checkup.CHiring an experienced coach.DDoing regular exercises.分析：由题干定位到最后一段，根据第三句可知，想参加竞走运动的任何人都应该先咨询教练或者有经验的选手，以学习适当的技巧。consult a coach意为“咨询教练”，与A项“获取专家的意见”为同义表达，故
35、选A。本题考查的是文章补充说明部分的重要细节信息。31Which word best describes the authors attitude to race walking?ASkeptical.BObjective.CTolerant. DConservative.分析：根据全文内容可知，作者提到了竞走这项运动的好处，同时也指出它的一些缺点。因此，作者的态度是客观的，故选B。由上面的题目分析可知，解答说明文的题目时，考生需要理清文章基本的逻辑，需要明确叙述的主体部分，除此以外，高考中也常会针对结构部分进行出题。四、“议论文”策略指导议论文是一种用逻辑、推理和证明来阐述作者的立场和观点的
36、文章体裁。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点，提出或否定某种主张。议论文有明确的观点、充分的论据、精练的语言、合理的论证和严密的逻辑，注重考查学生的思维能力和判断能力。1知晓议论文的要素议论文的两个要素是论点和论据。其中，论点通常在文章的第一段提出，当然文章也会出现有多个论点的情况；在正文部分可使用的论证方式有列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或者利用亲身经历来充分证明自己的观点，这些也就是常说的论据：结论部分可以总结全文，进一步阐述文章的主题，并且体现作者的写作目的和文章的现实意义，但有时也会出现没有结论的情况，即一个开放式的结尾。2明晰常见文章结构3洞察高考考查
37、特点议论文在高考阅读理解中难度最大，一般放在最后。议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长句和复杂句。近些年在试题的设计上，议论文阅读加大了对篇章概括、推断等能力的考查。这就需要考生准确把握文体特点，抓论点抓论据，对篇章的脉络能有清晰的认识，挖掘篇章的深层含义。读懂言外之意，方能在解答高考议论文阅读题时取得理想的分数。4领悟读文、解题策略(1)善辨结构。议论文无论长短，一定会有论点和论据两大要素。但其内部结构一般是“总分总”或“总分”。考生在阅读时要注意分辨议论文的基本结构，厘清各个段落的作用，准确理解全文。(2)抓论点、论据。阅读时首先要弄清楚作者要证明什么观点，然后用什么样的论据进
38、行怎样的分析，最后得出了什么结论，理清文章线索，利于理解文章。典例下面以2020年天津7月高考的阅读理解D篇为例：After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And
39、 I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.(首段给出核心论点：伟大的人物会同时拥有两种品质：好奇心和永不满足的精神)Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed
40、 their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why？Why？”(第二段举例伽利略，提供论据，证明论点)Fortunately, curiosity and discontent dont have to be learned.We are born with them and need only recapture them.(第三段提出观点：人类天生就拥有好奇和不满足)“The great man，” sa
41、id Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his childs heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps in
42、to the dark, to be satisfied.(第四段引用孟子的话作为论据，点明现状：很多人都失去童心)Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent
43、 and keep them awake.(第五段举例人们遇到新朋友或新想法时，引出唤醒好奇心和不满足的方法)How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldnt arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangeme
44、nt.(第六段举例朋友学插花，指出要唤醒好奇心和不满足首先要虚心)One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You havent any special ability? Most people dont; there are only a few geniuses. You havent any time? Thats good, because its always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts
45、 of Uncle Toms Cabin while cooking. Youre too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.(第七段举例哈里特斯托，提出回答你自己的借口是一种开始的方法)However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for y
46、oull never be more alive than you are at this moment.(第八段再次强调：立即开始行动)解题示范51In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to .Apropose a definitionBmake a comparisonCreach a conclusion Dpresent an argument分析：由题干定位第一段。由议论文文体来看，首先我们能大致猜测首段引出议论主题，给出作者的论点；其次通读第一段， 主要内容是：作者在多年的观察后发现普通人和有卓越成就的人的区别就在于后者会同时拥有两种品质，
47、即后文主要讨论说明的论点，即首段是为了引出作者要阐明的话题和自己的观点，故选D。52What does the example of Galileo tell us?ATrial and error leads to the finding of truth.BScientists tend to be curious and ambitious.CCreativity results from challenging authority.DGreatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.分析：由题干中Galileo定位第二段，说明Galile
48、o 的事例给我们的启示就是要保持好奇心和永不满足的精神去问为什么。故选D。53What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?AObserve the unknown around you.BDevelop a questioning mind.CLead a life of adventure.DFollow the fashion.分析：由题干中动词recapture定位第三段和第四段， 第三段说明我们生来就有这两种品质。第四段说明我们像小时候那样多问、多质疑，即可重拾好奇心和永不满足的精神。故选B。54What can we l
49、earn from Paragraphs 6 and 7 ?AGaining success helps you become an expert.BThe genius tends to get things done creatively.CLack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.DYou should remain modest when approaching perfection.分析：由题干定位第六段和第七段，说明人们说没时间没天赋其实都是借口，只要真心想做，一切都能从现在开始做到，借此告诉人们成为优秀的人
50、就是不要给自己找借口。故选C。55What could be the best title for the passage?ACurious Minds Never Feel ContentedBReflections on Human NatureCThe Keys to AchievementDNever Too Late to Learn分析：作者在第一段提出观点“人的好奇心和不满足是取得成就的必备品质”，下文围绕该观点展开讨论，作者通过摆事实、讲道理等来论证自己的观点，并介绍了如何重获好奇心和不满足。所以C项“成就的秘诀”为本文最佳标题。由以上题目的分析可知，在了解议论文语篇基本论点的
51、情况下，可以较为清晰地了解文章的基本结构，而了解论据可以较快地梳理基本的细节点，这也是高考阅读理解中议论文的命题点。一、细节理解题细节理解题是历年来高考阅读理解的必考题型，也是数量最多的题型。细节理解题，是指原文提到某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般分为直接细节题和间接细节题。1直接细节题(1)根据题干中的关键词或中心词(如疑问词、名词、动词、数词、形容词、副词等)进行准确定位；(2)在定位区域中将题干关键词与文章内容进行对应，确定正确答案。 典例 (2020新高考全国卷阅读A片段)Prizes3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington,DC.fo
52、r each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winners choice. Trip includes roundtrip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Ea
53、rhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a Tshirt in memory of Earharts final flight.2What will each of the honorable mention winners get?AA plane ticket.BA book by Corinne Szabo.CA
54、special Tshirt.DA photo of Amelia Earhart.分析：根据题干中的关键词“the honorable mention winners”，我们可以轻松地定位到文章的Prizes部分。根据“50 Honorable Mentions”中“will each receive a Tshirt”可知，每一个荣誉奖获得者可以得到一件T恤衫，故选C。2间接细节题常见的考查方式有：语义转换、数据计算、是非判断、事件排序(1)根据题干中的关键词或中心词(如疑问词、名词、动词、数词、形容词、副词等)定位到相应语段或句子；(2)在定位区域中将关键词与文章相关内容进行对应，通过同
55、义词转换、反义词对照等推出答案；(3)可同时结合排除法，帮助选出正确选项。 典例1语义转换题Join targeted reading groups. Libraries will often hold readinggroup sessions targeted to various age groups. Perhaps youd like to learn a language or improve your English. The library may sponsor a language group you could join. If you have difficulties
56、 reading, ask about special reading opportunities.Your library might be able to accommodate you. And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a halfhour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.38As is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a halfhour Story
57、 Time allows .Athe kid to learn a new languageBthe parent to enjoy quiet readingCthe kid to overcome reading difficultiesDthe parent to meet their program sponsor分析：节选段落中bring的语意和题干中的关键词taking是一致的，都表示“带”；段落中“sit quietly in a corner with a good book”和选项B中的“enjoy quiet reading”同义，故选B。命题人使用了同义词替换，使得整个具
58、体细节信息被掩盖，成为一道具有一定迷惑性的试题，在考查具体细节信息的同时考查了考生的语言能力和思维品质。典例2数据计算题HoursOpen 7 days a week.SundayThursday 10：0017：30Friday and Saturday 10：0021：00Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, January 1, and the first Monday in May.Admission$25.00 recommended for adults,$12.00 recommended for students, includes the
59、 Main Building and The Cloisters (回廊) on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.56How much may they pay if an 11yearold girl and her working parents visit the museum?A$12.B$37.C$50. D$62.分析：根据题干中的“How much”可知此题针对价钱进行提问，快速定位到Admission所在区域，可知门票价格为“$25.00 recommended for adults”“$12.00
60、recommended for students”以及“free for children under 12 with an adult”，由此可计算出题干中“an 11yearold girl and her working parents”的门票价格，即11岁的小女孩免费，父母购买2张成人票，也就是$25.002$50.00，故选C。此题通过对原文信息进行计算得出答案，为数据计算类的间接细节题。二、推理判断题推理判断题是历年来高考阅读理解中的必考题型，其考查频率和数量仅次于细节理解类题型。推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从
61、而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理判断题的四种常考题型：细节推断类、推断写作意图类、推断态度与观点类、推断文本来源或读者对象类。1细节推断类(1)根据设问，确定关键词，快速在原文定位其相关信息区域。(2)全面分析所有相关信息。(3)结合选项，选出最佳推断结论。(4)要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断；切忌片面思考，得出片面结论；注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足已知推断未知。典例(2020新高考全国卷阅读B片段)Through it all, she remained in good academic standing
62、and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed (牺牲) to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. “Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers，” she says. However, her children have learned an im
63、portant lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a firstgeneration graduate and an inspiration to her family and thats pretty powerful.7What can we learn from Jennifers story?ATime is money.BLove breaks down barriers.CHard work pays off.DEducation is the key to success.分析：根据所选段可知，
64、Jennifer在艰苦的环境中通过自己的努力不仅以优异的成绩毕业，还给孩子树立了榜样，同时也让家人得到了激励。基于这些事实，我们可以做出推断我们可以从Jennifer的故事中学到：努力总会有回报。故选C。A、B两项属于主观臆断，D项属于过度推断，与文章主题不符。2推断写作意图类 一般来说，可以通过分析文章的语篇类型特点，理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者的写作意图。通常作者的写作目的有以下五种：故事类to tell a story/to share a(n) . experience/to amuse/to entertain readers .广告类应用文to sell a pr
65、oduct/to attract visitors/to persuade/to promote .科普类说明文to introduce/to explain/to inform .议论文新闻类to argue/to prove/to analyze/to show .to inform/to report . 典例(2020新高考全国卷阅读C)1In the mid1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and h
66、aving lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.2His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asi
67、a, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24yearold who picked up
68、 his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.3This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on hi
69、s way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral (葬礼) followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.4Mr Bissell skillfull
70、y organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a wellrounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a pi
71、ece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.11What is the purpose of this text?ATo introduce a book.BTo explain a cultural phenomenon.CTo remember a writer.DTo recommend a travel destination.分析：文章第一段提到，Tom Bissell在几年之后回到乌兹别克斯
72、坦，想写一篇关于咸海消失的文章，结果写成了一本书。接下来第二、三段详细介绍了书中的内容，以及最后一段对书进行了评价，故作者的目的就是介绍这样一本书。故选A。3推断态度与观点类(1)找出设问中的关键词，根据关键词在原文中找到传达态度与观点的句子；(2)仔细分析句子深层意思，结合文章主旨，选出正确答案。(3)注意以下几点：由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点；特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词； 能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价；熟悉常见表示作者观点态度的词语。褒
73、义词：supportive (支持的), positive (肯定的，积极的), optimistic (乐观的), enthusiastic (热情的)等。贬义词：negative (否定的，消极的), ironic (讽刺的), critical (批评的), disgusted (厌恶的), disappointed (失望的)等。中性词：indifferent (漠不关心的), uninterested (不感兴趣的), objective (客观的), neutral (中立的)等。典例(2020全国卷阅读C片段)1 Race walking shares many fitness
74、benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.31Which word best describes the authors attitude to race walking?ASkeptical.BObjective.CTolerant. DConservative.分析：根据所选段内容可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断
75、出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B。三、主旨大意题主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以选择文章最佳标题(title/topic)，概括文章中心大意(main idea)、文章段落大意(topic)等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题型，属于能力型题目。1标题概括类(1)快速浏览全文，了解文章梗概；(2)找到文章主旨句或关键句，去掉修饰成分，保留中心词；(3)结合选项与中心词，选出能够全面概括文章内容的标题。 注意所选文章的题目必须能概括全文的中心内容，即标题涵盖性强，能覆盖全文；标题要体现主题，既不能“太大”，也不能过于片面
76、，即标题所指的范围要恰当；标题表意准确，与文章的感情色彩相同；避免以下四种错误：以偏概全(多表现为部分代替整体)；概括过度(多表现为扩大范围)；以具体代抽象(多表现为以事实或细节代替抽象概念的大意)；偷换概念(多表现为混淆事件的对象)。典例(2020全国卷阅读D)1We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples
77、of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattleraising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.2On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a te
78、am of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of seadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They hav
79、e traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, theyve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land，” said Rodney CJubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.3Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island
80、 in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders，” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”4In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in
81、genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population，” said Dr. Ilardo. She
82、also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.35What can be a suitable title for the text?ABodies Remodeled for a Life at SeaBHighlanders Survival SkillsCBasic Methods of Genetic ResearchDThe Worlds Best Divers分析：文章简要介绍了人类在最近几千年里的进化，并以巴瑶人为例，介绍了人类为了适应居住的环境身体发生的一些变化。本文第一
83、段提到近几千年来人类进化的观点，第二、三、四段讲述了巴瑶人在居住、潜水等方面的变化，意在表明巴瑶人为了适应海上生活，他们的身体结构发生了一些变化。选项A“为适应海上生活而改变了的身体”体现了本文大意，为最佳标题。故正确答案为A项。B项属于“以偏概全”错误；C项属于“概括过度”错误；D项属于“偷换概念”错误。2文章大意类(1)通读全文，抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义；(2)将每段的主题或主旨句综合起来，归纳出文章的中心大意。注意把握文章的“三主”，即文章的主题思想、结构主线和关键句的主谓结构。排除两类干扰项：一是以细节代替主旨；二是以表面意思代替深层含义。典例(2020全国卷阅读B)1Some p
84、arents will buy any hightech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with mathrelated skills.2Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ag
85、es 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition (认知) after controlling for differences in parents income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.3The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 childparent pairs during ev
86、eryday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.4“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate (旋转) and tran
87、slate shapes，” Levine said in a statement.5The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higherincome parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and gir
88、ls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.6The findings were published in the journal Developmental S
89、cience.27What is the text mainly about?AA mathematical method.BA scientific study.CA woman psychologist.DA teaching program.分析：文章介绍了芝加哥大学一位教授的研究成果：在24岁期间玩拼图的孩子以后会形成更好的空间认知能力，表现出更好的空间感。收入较高家庭的孩子接触拼图的时间更长，而且男孩比女孩玩的拼图更加复杂。故选B。A、C、D三项均为文章中的细节信息，不能概括文章的主旨。3段落大意类(1)快速浏览设问所指段落，标出主题句，如果没有主题句，标出高频关键词；(2)对比主题
90、句或高频关键词，结合选项，找出能够概括段落大意的选项。注意主题句通常以三种形式出现：开门见山：提出主题细节支撑阐明主题；段末点睛：细节描述归纳要点概括主题；段中点旨：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。典例(2019全国卷I阅读D片段)Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.
91、The likables playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jumpstart interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.33What is
92、 the second paragraph mainly about?AThe classification of the popular.BThe characteristics of adolescents.CThe importance of interpersonal skills.DThe causes of dishonorable behavior.分析：根据本段第二句可知，临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类：讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。此句是段落主题句，本段内容分别对“the likable”和“the status seekers”做了解释，所以
93、本段主要介绍了受欢迎的人的两种分类，故选A。B、C、D三项分别是针对原文中“adolescence”“interpersonal skills”和“dishonorable behavior”这三个词臆造的选项，故排除。四、词(句)义猜测题词(句)义猜测题是高考阅读理解的常考题型，这类题型针对语篇中一些关键性的单词、短语或句子进行设问，要求学生推测其含义。这些需要推测的单词、短语及句子往往与上下文有紧密的逻辑关系，文章中往往会提供和这些字词句相关的定义解释、提示词或者句子结构，考生做题时要养成寻找这些相关提示信息的习惯。1猜测词义题“上下求索”猜词义(1)利用上下文的语境线索，“顺藤摸瓜”或“
94、上下取证”任何一篇文章中的单词、短语和句子在内容上都不是孤立的，它们必然与上下文紧密相关。因此，利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，是考生必须具备的一项关键能力。典例(2020全国卷阅读B片段)While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them.But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,
95、 rereading an authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, its you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.26What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refe
96、r to?ADebt.BReward.CAllowance. DFace value.分析：根据所选段第二句“但我认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙和必要的，但是重读一位作家的作品是读者能给予他们的最高 。”再联系上下文，作者重读一些好书是为了提升自己，但同时，作者认为重读也是与书的作者的情感联系。这应算作是对书的作者的回馈，而不是纯粹的金钱。故可判断currency在此指的是超越了物质的精神层面上的“回馈，报酬”。故选B。(2)利用表示逻辑关系的词阅读理解的文章中常见的逻辑关系有三种，考生可利用其对应的信息提示词反推出生词的含义。转折对比关系的常见标志词：but, however, yet, othe
97、rwise, though, although, instead of, rather than, unlike, while, on the contrary, compared to, compared with, in contrast；因果关系的常见标志词：since, as, for, in that, because, so, result in, as a result, thus, consequently, therefore；类比关系的常见标志词：similarly, like, as well, the same with, just as。 典例(2020新高考全国卷阅
98、读D片段)According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), its the beanpoles w
99、ith big appetites you really need to avoid.13What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?ABig eaters. BOverweight persons.CPicky eaters. DTall thin persons.分析：根据本段第二句可知，现有的研究宣称，你应该避免和吃得多且发福的人一起吃饭，这项研究与之相反你真正需要避免的是那些食欲大的人。contrary to表示对比关系，此处的beanpoles意思应与heavier people相反，故D项“高而
100、瘦的人”与之意义最接近。故选D。(3)利用例证性线索某些生僻的词汇后会列举一个例子，使词汇意思具体易懂。such as, like, as well as, just as, for example, for instance等连接性词语往往被用来列举说明前面较难理解的单词、短语或句子。 典例(2018全国卷阅读C片段)Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in num
101、ber. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Sp
102、anish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.29. Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?AComplex. BAdvanced.CPowerful. DModern.分析：根据“languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在代替其他语言。由此可推测，“dominant languages”意为“影响力
103、较大的语言”。故选C。(4)利用构词法、近义词、反义词和词根词缀等线索阅读理解的题目中，经常会根据考生的已有经验，例如构词法等知识，考查考生推测单词含义的能力。这要求考生在平时的学习过程中多钻研，多积累，在考试中遇到此类情况能够灵活运用，再结合上下文，推测出生词的含义。 典例(2016全国卷阅读B片段)Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part o
104、f his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect (感染) other students.Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran
105、 the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But Im just not creative.”27What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?AMistake. BDrawback.CDifficulty. DBurden.分析：从构词法角度来看，down(向下)side(方面)不利的一面。结合画线部分下文可知，作者冒着失去那些用
106、不同方式思考的学生的风险。由此可推测，鼓励创造性思维也会带来风险，即不利影响。故选B。2猜测短语含义题“语境分析”猜短语结合上下文及具体语境推断短语的含义，确定正确答案。典例 (2020全国卷阅读B片段)Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact，Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is kee
107、ping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants，” “The Hangover Part ” and “Zookeeper，” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them havent been treated properly.26What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs o
108、n” in paragraph 3 probably mean?AListing completely.BDirecting professionally.CPromoting successfully.DWatching carefully.分析：根据本段中的“One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment”可知，这个非营利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是被如何对待的，再结合画线词后面的内容可知，这个画线短语与monitor (监督)意义相近，故keep
109、ing tabs on的意思是“密切关注”，故选D。3猜测句义题“意义吻合”定句义(1)在原文中找到该句，进行语法和逻辑关系分析，首先要理解句子前后的语境，然后将句子的意思与语境相结合进行推断，做出选择；(2)正确选项一般是通过词汇、句式等的同义转换表达。典例(2020天津5月高考阅读D片段)History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deepe
110、r, more meaningful glimpse (一瞥) into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being openminded to the evolution of your culture can provide.51The underlined part “where we are today” in Para.2 probably means .Athe turning point in our historyBthe present state of our nationCthe location of our homelandDthe total area of our country分析：根据画线部分所在句可知，作者意在表达学习祖国的历史可以让我们更深入、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去，以及我们是如何到达现在的状态的，故“where we are today”指的是我们国家现在的状态，故B项正确。
