1、阅读理解。 People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why. Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerne
2、rs do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes. We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions, Jack said. Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth. According to Jack
3、 and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations. The researchers studied cul
4、tural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how a
5、ccurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a
6、reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions, Jack said. Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less. In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, ex
7、amining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.( ) 1. The discovery shows that Westerners . A.
8、 pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth B. consider facial expressions universally reliable C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions ( ) 2. What were the people asked to do in the study?A. To make a face at each other. B. To
9、 get their faces impressive. C. To classify some face pictures. D. To observe the researchers faces. ( ) 3. What does the underlined word they in Paragraph 6 refer to?A. The participants in the study. B. The researchers of the study.C. The errors made during the study. D. The data collected from the
10、 study. ( ) 4. In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to .A. do translation more successfullyB. study the mouth more frequentlyC. examine the eyes more attentivelyD. read facial expressions more correctly( ) 5. What can be the best title for the passage? A. The Eye as the Window to the
11、 SoulB. Cultural Differences in Reading EmotionsC. Effective Methods to Develop Social SkillsD. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding【语篇解读】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍了最新的科学研究发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂他人的面部表情。1. 答案：A考点：细节理解题解析：根据第三段 “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor
12、the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth.” 可以得出答案2. 答案：C考点：细节理解题解析：根据第五段 “by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral.”可以判断选C3.
13、答案：A考点：词义猜测解析：根据定语从句 “that they show”所修饰的 eye movements 在研究中为the participants 所作（从the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people”可知）可判断选A4. 答案：C考点：细节理解题解析：根据第六段 “It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did W
14、esterners.”可判断选C5. 答案：B考点：主旨大意题解析：文章首先指出科学研究的最新发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂人的面部表情。之后更具体地介绍研究的结构及其研究过程，最后得出结论：文化差异丰富了理解情感的基本社会技巧，即：不同的文化背景使人理解他人情感的方式也不尽相同。由此判断最佳标题应为B。【浙江省金丽衢十二校2014高考英语第二次联考】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A,B,C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项标号涂黑。 Think of the last time a song really moved you, or meant something to yo
15、uListening to andplaying music affects marry different sections of the brain, affecting us physically as well.Why are we as humans so connected to music? Making music is something that we are born with. Theres a reason we refer to music as the“universal language”；there has been no known human cultur
16、e without music,Dancingandmusic came before agriculture, and possibly even before languageThe fact that whale music andhuman music have so much in common suggests that music may exist before humans and that wemay be latecomers to the musical scene rather than being the inventors of music We begin li
17、fe being affected by music; babies first begin to respond to music even beforetheir birth，Whether or not its true, everyone has heard that playing classical music; for your babysupposedly helps him or her become smarter. A study done in the United Kingdom concluded thatchildren were able to .recogni
18、ze and even preferred music that they had heard lip to three monthsbefore birth. Although it made no difference whether it was rock music or country music, thebabies who were exposed to faster songs showed a stronger preference for that song than thosewho had heard something slower. Researchers have
19、 also found that the playing of soft backgroundmusic or a mothers soft singing actually helps premature (早产的）babies. Those who were.subjected to the music tended to gain weight faster and were able to leave hospitals earlier thanthose who werent. However, the study in the UK uncovers no links betwee
20、n babies listening tomusic and increased intelligence or brain development. Another experiment at the University of California at Irvine compared the puzzle-solvingabilities of 3-year-olds who were given piano lessons with those of others who sang, usedcomputers, or did nothing. The children studyin
21、g the piano were better at the puzzlesAlso, highschool students with a musical background seem to do better in their SATs，Whether its naturalintelligence that helps the children do better in both music and math，or the music that helpsdevelop other areas, you cant deny the benefits of a musical backg
22、round. On the other hand, its possible that some music and lyrics（歌词）could be had for childrenand teenagersThe lyrics of todays popular music are stated more and more clearly. A study oilmass media and teenagers showed that a group of 14- to 16-year-olds in 10 different southeasterncities listened t
23、o music an average of 40 hours per week. Obviously, the music they are listeningto plays a large part in their lives，and especially influences self-identity. So any bad influencesin the music will have a very direct effect on the teenagers. Several other experiments mentioned in the American Academy
24、 of Pediatrics policy statement on the Effect of Music Lyrics and Music Videos on Children and Youth supported this idea. One study from Sweden found that children who developed a preference to rock music were more likely to be influenced by their peers than by their parents. Others showed links bet
25、ween a predilection for heavy metal and detrimental behaviors, including taking drugs, self-killing risk, and other risk-taking habits. The American Acajeny of Pediatries (AAP) doesnt support the idea of censorship（检查制度）, but strongly encourages parents to monitor what their children are listening t
26、o. 50.Music is regarded as the “universal longunge” because_51.Acording to Paragrapg 3,what afgerts bubies preference for songs? A.The tone B.The specal C.The style D.The lyries【参考答案】50、C 5154、BDAD 阅读理解。A German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced gre
27、ater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.The paper, published this March in Psychology and Aging, examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40，000 Germans between ages 18 and 96.The surveys were conducted every year from 1993
28、 to 2003.Survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, among other questions.The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction, while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more
29、accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65 and older, however, were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would, the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and
30、death for the study period.“We observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade，” wrote Frieder RLang, a professor at the University of ErlangenNuremberg.La
31、ng and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施)，” the
32、 authors wrote.Surprisingly, compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes, respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.Also, the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.The authors of the study no
33、ted that there were limitations to their conclusions.Illness, medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.However, the researchers said a pattern was clear.“We found that from early to late adulthood, individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction fro
34、m optimistic, to accurate, to pessimistic，” the authors concluded.67According to the study, who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?AOptimistic adults. BMiddleaged adults.CAdults in poor health. DAdults of lower income.68Pessimism may be positive in some way because i
35、t causes people _Ato fully enjoy their present lifeBto estimate their contribution accuratelyCto take measures against potential risksDto value health more highly than wealth69How do people of higher income see their future?AThey will earn less money.BThey will become pessimistic.CThey will suffer m
36、ental illness.DThey will have less time to enjoy life.70What is the clear conclusion of the study?APessimism guarantees chances of survival.BGood financial condition leads to good health.CMedical treatment determines health outcomes.DExpectations of future life satisfaction decline with age.【要点综述】 本
37、文是一篇议论文，主要讲述对未来过于乐观的人将面对残疾或死亡的巨大危险。在研究中，研究人员发现，年轻人对未来过于乐观，中年人对未来的预测很准确，而老年人相对低估。随着年龄的增长，人们对未来的预测越来越现实。67B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.”知，中年人对未来预测得更准确。故B正确。68C 细节理解题。根据第六段中的“people who were pessimistic about their fu
38、ture may be more careful about their actions ”知，对未来悲观的人可能在行动时更小心、更谨慎。句中的be more careful about与take measures against potential risks一致。故C正确。69A 细节理解题。根据第八段中的“respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.”知，身体好、收入高的人认为，他们的收入在未来将会下降，即挣的钱少了。故A正确。70D 推理判断
39、题。根据最后一段中的内容可知，研究人员认为有一点很清楚：从少年到成年，每个人都在调整自己对未来生活的满意度，从乐观，到适度到悲观。故D正确。C82013江苏卷 -CIf a diver surfaces too quickly，he may suffer the bends.Nitrogen(氮)dissolved(溶解)in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.The consequence，if the bubbles(气泡)accumulate in a joint，is sharp pain and
40、a bent bodythus the name.If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain，the consequence can be death.Other airbreathing animals also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast：whales, for example.And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs.That these ancient sea animals got the bends can
41、 be seen from their bones.If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply.This kills the cells in the bone，and consequently weakens it，sometimes to the point of collapse.Fossil(化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends
42、.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past.What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years.To this end
43、, he and his colleagues traveled the worlds naturalhistory museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolutio
44、n of measures to deal with decompression.Instead，he was astonished to discover the opposite.More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died，but not a single Triassic specimen(标本)showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an antidec
45、ompression means, they clearly did so quicklyand, most strangely, they lost it afterwards.But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened.He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (
46、捕食动物)such as a large shark.One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles，both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches.Triassic oceans，by contrast，were mercifully shark and crocodilefree.In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain.In the J
47、urassic and Cretaceous，they were prey(猎物)as well as predatorand often had to make a speedy exit as a result.61Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?AA twisted body.BA gradual decrease in blood supply.CA sudden release of nitrogen in blood.DA drop in blood pressure.62The purpose of
48、 Rothschilds study is to see _Ahow often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsBhow ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressionCwhy ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesDwhen ichthyosaurs broke their bones63Rothschilds finding stated in Paragraph 4 _Aconfirmed his assumption Bspeeded up his research processCdisagreed wit
49、h his assumption Dchanged his research objectives64Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs _.Afailed to evolve an antidecompression meansBgradually developed measures against the bendsCdied out because of large sharks and crocodilesDevolved an antidecompression means but soon lost it【要点综述】
50、 本篇为科普说明文，讲述鱼龙患减压病的原因和后果。Dr Rothschild通过实验推翻了关于鱼龙进化的一些猜测。61A细节理解题。根据the bends可定位到首段。由“The consequenceis sharp pain and a bent bodythus the name.”可知答案，a bent body和a twisted body是同义转换。由第二句的“Nitrogen dissolved in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.”可知，这是说the bends的形成原因，故C、D项错，
51、而B项文章没有提及。62B推理判断题。题干中的关键词是Rothschilds study，由此可定位到第三段的前两句。根据“to find out how widespread the problem was in the pastto investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression”可知答案为B。63C推理判断题。根据第四段“he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression.Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite.”可知，Rothschild的假设结论与在研究过程中得出的结果是相反的，故选C项。64A推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，Rothschild认为鱼龙在进化过程中反减压方式进化失败，故选A项。
