专题16 阅读理解说明类-三年（2017-2019）高考真题英语分项汇编 WORD版含解析.doc

1、三年（2017-2019）高考真题英语分项汇编专题16 阅读理解说明类一、2019年高考真题1. 【2019全国卷I，C】As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Research

2、ers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by an

3、alyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets th

4、e password right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data

5、collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to

6、market in the near future.28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys.B. To improve accuracy in typingC. To replace the password system.D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？A. Computers are much e

7、asier to operate.B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.D. Data security measures are guaranteed.30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.A. Itll be environment-friendly.B. Itll reach consumers soon.C. Itl

8、l be made of plastics.D. Itll help speed up typing.31. Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary.B. A guidebookC. A novel.D. A magazine.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。28.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的At present, these technologies are still expen

9、sive, though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user

10、s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine peoples identities可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。30.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。31.D 【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技智能键盘，

11、它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选D。2. 【2019全国卷I，D】During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids.

12、They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: th

13、e likable and the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power an

14、d even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study

15、, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were

16、 high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you b

17、etter able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of

18、 life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind.B. Lonely.C. Generous.D. Cool.33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolesce

19、nts.C. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A. They appeared to be aggressive.B. They tended to be more adaptable.C. They enjoyed the highest status.D. They performed well academically.35. What i

20、s the best title for the text?A. Be Nice-You Wont Finish LastB. The Higher the Status, the BeerC. Be the Best-You Can Make ItD. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。32.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing

21、my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。33.A 【解析】主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and t

22、he status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。34.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B

23、。35.A 【解析】主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。4. 【2019全国卷II，D】Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours clea

24、ning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? Its turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New Yor

25、k.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think theyre close to a solution(解决方案). “We dont give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engi

26、neers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other thanAre you working towards your goal? Basically, its Ive got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA. Engineers come and

27、really do an in-person review, andits not a very nice thing at time. Its a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dont teach.” And that

28、 annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of.B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear d

29、ifferent forms.D. They damage the instruments.33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.B. To sharpen students communication skills.C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.D. To link space technology with school education34. What do the NASA

30、engineers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product.B. Guide project designsC. Adjust work schedules.D. Grade their homework.35. What is the best title for the text?A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.D. HUNCH:A Colleg

31、e Admission Reform.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入 的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。46.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的With such models, scientists have found out some key princ

32、iples operating in food webs.可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。47. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。48. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at th

33、e top of a food web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species they did not directly attack可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。49.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activi

34、ties that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。50. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would te

35、ll us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。9. 【2019江苏卷，B】In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christians

36、en became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before:he couldnt find the parks volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature thats what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldnt find the Yellowsto

37、ne volcano anywhere.Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In

38、 one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is，however，a

39、second les known type of volcano that doesnt involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldnt find the caldera anywhere.Just at this ti

40、me NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he rea

41、lized why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole park-2.2 million acreswas caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles acrossmuch too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the sc

42、ale of anything known to humans.58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone？A. Its complicated geographical features.B. Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.C. The mysterious history of the park.D. The exact location of the volcano.59. What does the second-paragraph mainly talk a

43、bout？A. The shapes of volcanoes.B. The impacts of volcanoes.C. The activities of volcanoes.D. The heights of volcanoes.60. What does the underlined word blow-up in the last paragraph most probably mean？A. Hot-air balloon.B. Digital camera.C. Big photograph.D. Birds view.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代Bob C

44、hristiansen在研究黄石公园的火山历史时，奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子，原来，这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子，而是一个巨大的洞，这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。58.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句But Christiansen couldnt find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.可知，他困惑的是到处看不到火山。故选D。59.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本段讲述了两种形状的火山，一种是通常人们所理解的由火山岩浆堆积形成的圆锥体，还有一种极具爆发力的火山，它们会在一个大裂缝中爆裂，留下一个巨大

45、的洞，故选A。60.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors centers.可

46、知，美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们可能会将其放大以供一个游客中心展示。故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选C。10. 【2019浙江卷，C】California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).The number of trees larger

47、 than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number

48、of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the wo

49、ods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread d

50、eath of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were ge

51、tting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to l

52、ose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.B. The increasing variety of California big trees.C. The distribution of big trees

53、in California forests.D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?A. Ecological studies of forests.B. Banning woodcutting.C. Limiting housing development.D. Fire control measures.29. What is a major cause of the w

54、ater shortage according to Mclntyre?A. Inadequate snowmelt.B. A longer dry season.C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness of the air.30. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Californias Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California SoonC. Why Are t

55、he Big Trees Important to California Forests?D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California【语篇解读】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素。27.A 主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。28. D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests c

56、rowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同时，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利的影响，故选D。29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, , and earlier snowmelt, 可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选

57、C。30.A 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A符合题意。二、2018年高考真题1.【2018全国卷I，D】We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) we

58、ll after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Techn

59、ology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, b

60、asic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. “The living-room

61、television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices we continue to use them

62、. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So whats the solution (解决方案)? The teams data o

63、nly went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and

64、desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly. 33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?A. To reduce the co

65、st of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest

66、people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them. 【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。32.A 【解析】观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than

67、 the newer ones that do the same things.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。33.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environm

68、ental costs for each product throughout its life可知，Babbitts team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。34.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。35.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文

69、章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。【点睛】熟悉比较句型是彻底理解本文的关键，也是解题的关键。本文中的比较句型：1. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the news ones that do the same things做同样的事，旧的过时的装置比新装置消耗更多能源，对环境有害，浪费钱财。2. According to the analysis of Ba

70、bbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.根据Babbitt团队的分析，旧的桌面监视器和阴极射线管箱式电视机是最差的电子设备，它们的耗能和温室气体的排放是1992到2007window的两倍还多。3.

71、 They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.他们发现在平板电脑上看的随需变化的娱乐节目比在电视和电脑上看耗能减少了44%。2.【2018全国卷II，B】Many of us love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These col

72、ourful and sweet jewels form British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). B

73、lueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.When combined with be

74、rries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze

75、 of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy

76、dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.24. What does the author seem to like about cherries?A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vit

77、amin A.C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants.25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?A. A dessert. B

78、. A drink.C. A container. D. A machine.27. From which is the text probably taken?A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍并比较了几种水果各自的营养价值和健康功效，并列出了一些食用这些水果的方法。24.C 【解析】细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delic

79、ious who cares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。25.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选B。26.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段中they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of

80、the machine and watching the ice cream come out below可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出a juicer就是一台机器。故选D。27.B 【解析】文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用a juicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A项意为：生物教科书；B项意为：一本健康杂志；C项意为：一篇研究论文；D项意为：一本旅游手册。故选B。3.【2018全国卷III，B】Cities usually hav

81、e a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population g

82、rew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities

83、in the West, with a population of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow

84、that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.B

85、ut no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold d

86、iscoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City its present population is 762.24. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?A. Its business

87、 culture.B. Its small population.C. Its geographical position.D. Its favourable climate.25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.B. One out of five people got rich.C. Almost everyone gave up.D. Half of them died.26. What was the main reason

88、for many people to leave Dawson?A. They found the city too crowded.B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.C. They were unable to stand the winter.D. They were short of food.27. What is the text mainly about?A. The rise and fall of a city.B. The gold rush in Canada.C. Journeys into the wilderness

89、.D. Tourism in Dawson.【话题解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。24.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York Ci

90、ty, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.可知，人们选择在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正确。25.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知

91、，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，故B正确。26.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.可知，人们离开Dawson的主要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故B正确。27.A 【解析】主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出Dawson这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因，第三段介

92、绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕Dawson这个城市的发展起伏。故A正确。4.【2018北京卷，C】Plastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a ne

93、w study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 1

94、2 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% o

95、f their mass apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic. Wax is a comple

96、x mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, she explains, The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such

97、 worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees

98、 and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. 43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take pla

99、stics as their everyday food. B. They are newly evolved creatures. C. They can consume plastics. D. They wind up in landfills. 44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to . A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research fin

100、dingsD. increase the breakdown speed45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might . A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future46. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on w

101、orms. B. To introduce the diet of a special worm. C. To present a way to break down plastics. D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance. 【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。43.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break dow

102、n their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic. 可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。44.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是

103、辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。45.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. 可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。46.C 【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句So far there is no ef

104、fective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. 可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. 可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可

105、以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。5.【2018天津卷，C】Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isnt stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer, a cook can print

106、 complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to com

107、plete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性)The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to m

108、aintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduc

109、e fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock food that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Fo

110、od printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket, youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many

111、 challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to

112、dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?A. It helps cooks to create

113、new dishes.B. It saves time and effort in cooking.C. It improves the cooking conditions.D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?A. It solves food shortages easily.B. It quickens the transportation of food.C. It needs no space for the

114、 storage of food.D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food _.A. is more available to consumersB. can meet individual nutritional needsC. is more tasty than food in supermarketsD. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials49. What is the main fac

115、tor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?A. The printing process is complicated.B. 3D food printers are too expensive.C. Food materials have to be dry.D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.50. What could be the best title of the passage?A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New TechnologyB

116、. A New Way to Improve 3D Food PrintingC. The Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。46.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。47.

117、D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。48.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional

118、 content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。49.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。50.A 【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打

119、印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。点睛：科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点。本文是一篇3D打印技术在食物方面的应用，文章运用一些小标题和对一些专业词汇作了多处中文注释，降低了考生的阅读难度。文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。最后一小题考查主旨大意，为文章选择出最好的标题。考生做此题时一定要注意选择项必须要能概括整个文章的内容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D选择项在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以

120、需要考生正确概括全文的主旨大意。6.【2018浙江卷，B】Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is

121、that one ofSteins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in

122、some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists likeSteintomake the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers argument: many cities with bans still allow shopperstopurchase p

123、aper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energytoproduce and transport. And while plastic bags may be uglytolook at, they represent a small percentage of allgarbageon the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping

124、 bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energytomake. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists

125、dont dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shopperstouse the same reusable bags for years.24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do?A. Help increase grocery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.C. Stop things falling off trucks.D. Argue for the use of pla

126、stic bags.25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Bans on plastic bags.B. Effects of city development.C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing

127、 them can be difficult.C. They are less strong than plastic bags.D. Producing them requires more energy.27. What is the best title for the text?A. Plastic, Paper or NeitherB. Industry, Pollution and EnvironmentC. Recycle or Throw AwayD. Garbage Collection and Waste Control【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成

128、了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段one ofSteins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists likeSteintomake the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steve

129、n Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。25.A 【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans on plastic bags，故选A。26.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energytomake.可知塑料袋生产商认为

130、生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。27.A 【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。7.【2018浙江卷，C】As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century

131、 ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（装配线）on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them. Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American

132、 culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be Americangoing forward at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol

133、, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history. In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America fr

134、om a farm-based society into an industrial power. The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990. The problems of excessive（过度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth have b

135、een described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best. Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength. “The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and hea

136、lthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”28. Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2? A. To explain Americans love for travelling by car. B. To show the influence of cars on American culture.C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.D. To praise

137、 the effectiveness of Americas road system.29. What has the use of cars in America led to? A. Decline of economy. B. Environmental problems.C. A shortage of oil supply. D. A farm-based society.30. What is Friedmans attitude towards Americas future? A. Ambiguous. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Tolerant.

138、【文章大意】文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。28.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.可知现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国

139、文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响，故选B。29.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.可知美国汽车的迅速发展，导致生态灾难。故选B。30.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的He fears the worst, but hopes for the best. 和最后一段中的Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to

140、 keep American strength.可见Friedman虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色积极的想法。可见Friedman对未来是充满希望的，故选C。8.【2018江苏卷，B】In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consomm. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for din

141、ing out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched

142、 their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than eve

143、ryone else, none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers

144、to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon,

145、 or no scent.Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables, crowding. high prices dont necessarily. Diners at bad tables next to the kitchen door, say spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not be overly concerned abo

146、ut bad tables, given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.58. The underlined phrase none the wiser in

147、paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A. not aware of eating more than usualB. not willing to share food with othersC. not conscious of the food qualityD. not fond of the food provided59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A. Playing classical music.B. Introducing lem

148、on scent.C. Making the light brighter,D. Using plates of larger size.60. What does the last paragraph talk about?A. Tips to attract more customers.B. Problems restaurants are faced with.C. Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.【文章大意】本文为说明文，介绍了现代餐馆面临的经营困

149、境和解决方案，介绍了刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，以及人们对餐厅就餐的一些错误认识。58.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线部分的前句they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else,可知在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据划线后 的句子they didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.可知他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃

150、多了，所以A正确。59.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是流行音乐。Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no

151、scent.引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬香，而D项文章没有提及，所以用排除方法可以选A。60.D 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables, crowding，high prices dont necessarily.可知你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如不好的桌子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选D。9.【2018江苏卷，D】Children as young as ten ar

152、e becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.It found many youngsters(少年）now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often through “likes”. Some change their behaviour in real life to improve their image on the web.The report into

153、 youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Childrens Commissioner (专员）Anne Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.Some social apps

154、 were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friendsand friends of friends to demand “likes” for their online posts.The report found that youngsters felt the

155、ir friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock.Children aged 8 to 10 were starting to feel happy when others liked their posts. However, those in the 10 to 12 age group were concerned with how many people like their posts, suggesting a “ne

156、ed” for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become.Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to t

157、he constant demands of social media.She said: Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at secondary school.As their world expanded, s

158、he said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves.Miss Longfield added: Then there is this push to connectif you go offline, will you miss so

159、mething, will you miss out, will you show that you dont care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at once. For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally. The Childrens Commissioner for Englands studylife in Likesfound that children as youn

160、g as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play.However, the researchinvolving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.By the time they started secondary schoolat age 11children were already far more

161、aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found. However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities(名人）or more brilliant friends o

162、nline. The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the dayespecially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones.The Childrens Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield(雷区）they faced onli

163、ne. And she said social media companies must also take more responsibility. They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.Javed Khan, of childrens charity Bamardos, said: Its vital that n

164、ew compulsory age- appropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.“Its also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”65. Why did some secondary school students feel too much pr

165、essure?A. They were not provided with adequate equipment.B. They were not well prepared for emotional risks.C. They were required to give quick responses.D. They were prevented from using mobile phones.66. Some social app companies were to blame because .A. they didnt adequately check their users re

166、gistrationB. they organized photo trips to attract more youngstersC. they encouraged youngsters to post more photosD. they didnt stop youngsters from staying up late67. Childrens comparing themselves to others online may lead to .A. less friendliness to each otherB. lower self-identity and confidenc

167、eC. an increase in online cheatingD. a stronger desire to stay online68. According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .A. circulate their posts quicklyB. know the qualities of their postsC. use mobile phones for playD. get more public approval69. What should parents do t

168、o solve the problem?A. Communicate more with secondary schools.B. Urge media companies to create safer apps.C. Keep track of childrens use of social media.D. Forbid their children from visiting the web.70. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The influence of social media on children.B. The im

169、portance of social media to children.C. The problem in building a healthy relationship.D. The measure to reduce risks from social media.【文章大意】本文为说明文，主要介绍了社交媒体(social media ) 使得8-12 岁的孩子面临很多压力，并分析了原因，提出了建议。65.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句话She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional

170、 risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.可知一些社会媒体公司使孩子们处于大的情感压力下，从而使孩子们感到巨大的压力，故B正确。66.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句话Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13

171、.可知一些apps 很受孩子们欢迎，尽管它们要求使用者不低于13岁，言外之意，他们没有对孩子的年龄进行监管，故选A。67.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第九段children compared themselves to others online in a way that was hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves.可知孩子在网上与其他人比较损害他们的自尊

172、心，自信心以及自我发展的能力，故B正确。68.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第12段However, the researchinvolving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段By the time they started secondary schoolat age 11children were alrea

173、dy far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎、被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。故选D。69.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段Its also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.可以推断出父母需要了解孩子在使用什么apps，

174、所以应该时刻跟踪了解孩子对于社交app的使用。故选C。70.A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.可知本文为新闻报道体，文章主要介绍teens 变得越来越依赖社交媒体。再根据全文内容可知文章主要介绍了社交媒体对孩子的影响，所以A正确。点睛：推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于

175、合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：（1）细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；（2）逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；（3）目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；（4）预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。本题的第二和第四小题都属于细节推理，解答此类题目首先要准确定位信息句，然后根据信息句进行合理判断，如第二小题根据原文信息Some social apps w

176、ere popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.中关键信息为even though 后的内容，即尽管他们要求使用者要13岁以上，但在小于13的孩子中仍很受欢迎，说明他们的监管不力。再如第四小题也属于细节推理题。根据文章第12段However, the researchinvolving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12suggested that as they headed toward their teens,

177、 they became increasingly anxious online.可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段By the time they started secondary schoolat age 11children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎，被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公

178、众的认可。三、2017年高考真题1. 【2017全国卷I，D】A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, its an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the

179、 necessary equipment with you, since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 55 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container perhaps just a drinking cup to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into

180、a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube

181、in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up and out the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with

182、 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates(蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the mate

183、rial and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A. Its delicate. B. Its expensive.C. Its comp

184、lex. D. Its portable.33. What does the underlined phrase the water catcher in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube. B. The still.C. The hole. D. The cup.34. What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.C. Weight the sheets center do

185、wn. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from .A. the plastic tube B. outside the holeC. the open air D. beneath the sheet【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法，并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。32. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话These piece

186、s can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，portable表示轻便的；手提的，故选D。33. B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某

187、个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。34. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheets center down with a rock(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它

188、压下去)，故选C。35. D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates(蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。2. 【2017全国卷II，C】Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying ca

189、r has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle named the Transition has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last

190、 month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, an

191、d those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But dont expect it to show up in too many driveways. Its expected to cost $279,000. And it wont help if youre stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.Inventors have b

192、een trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle

193、 to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administrations decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilot

194、s of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. The basic data of the Transition.B. The advantages of

195、flying cars.C. The potential market for flying cars.D. The designers of the Transition.29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?A. It causes traffic jams.B. It is difficult to operate.C. It is very expensive.D. It burns too much fuel.30. What is the governments attitude to

196、 the development of the flying car?A. Cautious.B. Favorable.C. Ambiguous.D. Disapproving.31. What is the best title for the text?A. Flying Car at Auto ShowB. The Transitions First FlightC. Pilots Dream Coming TrueD. Flying Car Closer to Reality【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普说明文。Terrafugia 公司研制出飞行汽车并成功进行了第一次飞行，使飞行汽车成为

197、现实更进一步。28. A【解析】考查段落大意。第一段的第二句The vehicle.like a car介绍了飞行汽车Transition的构造，第一段的后半部分介绍它的空中飞行速度、陆地行驶速度和油耗情况，这些都是飞行汽车的基本数据。故选A项。29. C【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段中的But dont expect it to show up in too many driveways. Its expected to cost $ 279,000可知，该飞行汽车是非常贵的，所以不太可能大量出现在车道上。故选C项。30. B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第三段中的The government

198、 has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly可推知，政府对该项目是支持的。故选B项。31. D【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within

199、the next year可知，Terrafugia公司的飞行汽车成功进行了第一次飞行，从而使飞行汽车更加接近现实。所以选D项。主旨大意题的解答要注意文章的首段和尾段，同时要结合文章中大部分内容所讲述的观点。文章中只提及Transition会出现在New York Auto Show，但这不是文章主要内容,故排除A项;B项只是飞行汽车的第一次飞行，过于片面；C项中的Pilots Dream未在文中提及。3. 【2017全国卷II，D】When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesnt sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scie

200、ntists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemical

201、s known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. Its a plants way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects

202、away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the

203、 neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists dont know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a m

204、essage to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to overhear the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasnt a true, intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的)

205、 than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. Theres a whole lot going on.32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?A. It makes noises.B. It gets help from other plants.C. It stands quietly.D. It sends out certain chemicals.33. What does the author mean by the tables are turned in

206、 paragraph 3?A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.34. Scientists find from their studies that plants can .A. predict natural disastersB. protect themselves against insectsC. talk to one anoth

207、er intentionallyD. help their neighbors when necessary35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The world is changing faster than ever.B. People have stronger senses than before.C. The world is more complex than it seems.D. People in Darwins time were more imaginative.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了植物在受到昆

208、虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的，同时引出世界比我们人类想象的要复杂得多这一观点。32. D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant可知，当植物受到攻击时，它会产生一些化学物质。故选D项。33. A【解析】考查句意理解。根据第三段中的The attacker who was lunch

209、ing now becomes lunch可知，正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐，也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选A项。34. B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第三段中的Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty可知，植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选B项。35. C【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear

210、. Our senses are weak可推知，世界比它显现出来的更加复杂。故选C项。4. 【2017全国卷III，C】After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gr

211、ay wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, wher

212、e there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations major food sources (来源) for the wolf grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyo

213、te populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes, and completely drove away the parks beavers.As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk

214、and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellows

215、tone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolve

216、s to other parts of the country as well.28. What is the text mainly about?A. Wildlife research in the United States.B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.29. What does the underlined word displac

217、ed in paragraph 2 mean?A. Tested.B. Separated.C. Forced out.D. Tracked down.30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the parks income.C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals.31. What is the authors attitude

218、towards the Yellowstone wolf project?A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.【答案】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的故事。28. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼。29. C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。30. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据

219、第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；土狼的数量快速增加，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。31. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。5. 【2017全国卷III，D】The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named DriveLAB in orde

220、r to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil

221、Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: For many older people,

222、 particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding a

223、ny potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and diff

224、iculties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break

225、the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.32. What is the purpose of the Dr

226、iveLAB?A. To explore new means of transport.B. To design new types of cars.C. To find out older drivers problems.D. To teach people traffic rules.33. Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A. It keeps them independent.B. It helps them save time.C. It builds up their stren

227、gth.D. It cures their mental illnesses.34. What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?A. Improve their driving skills.B. Develop driver-assist technologies.C. Provide tips on repairing their cars.D. Organize regular physical checkups.35. What is the best title for the text?A. A new Model Elect

228、ric CarB. A Solution to Traffic ProblemsC. Driving Services for EldersD. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road【文章大意】为了了解老年司机所面临的问题，科研人员研制出DriveLAB，目的是能够帮助他们延长驾龄，从而保持积极、健康的生活方式。32. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章首段的内容可知，研制DriveLAB的目的是为了更好地了解老年司机所面临的挑战。33. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中 Phil Blythe所说的.driving is important for prese

229、rving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others可知，在Phil Blythe看来，能够开车是老年人能够保持独立生活和自由外出的重要条件。34. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后三段的内容可知，研究人员希望能够通过研制一些司机辅助技术来帮助老年司机延长驾龄、享受更多的独立生活。35. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了科研人员通过把电动车改装成一款DriveLAB来研究如何帮助解决老年司机在开车时遇到的问题，以便延长他们独立生活的

230、时间，提高他们的生活质量。6. 【2017北京卷，C】Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformat

231、ion that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whol

232、e, everyone is protected. This is called herd immunity, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who cant be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesnt work.But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joi

233、ns in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.Thats exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 1

234、7-year-old caused an outbreak last year.The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加) of what are supposed

235、 to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption（豁免）, sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one do

236、es enough to limit exemptions.Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions? Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but theyll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.63. The first two paragrap

237、hs suggest that _.A. a small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trendB. the outbreak of measles attracts the public attention C. anti-vaccine movement has its medical reasonsD. information about measles spreads quickly64. Herd immunity works well when _.A. exemptions are allowedB. several

238、 vaccines are used togetherC. the whole neighborhood is involved in D. new regulations are added to the state laws65. What is the main reason for the comeback of measles?A. The overuse of vaccine.B. The lack of medical care.C. The features of measles itself.D. The vaccine opt-outs of some people.66.

239、 What is the purpose of the passage?A. To introduce the idea of exemption.B. To discuss methods to cure measles.C. To stress the importance of vaccination.D. To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.【文章大意】本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会发生这样的情况。63.A 【解析】文章第二段的首句既是对第一段的总结，又是第二段的中心句，由此可知答案为A。64.C 【解析

240、】根据第三段But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in.可知只有所有人都参与了才会有用，故选C。65.D 【解析】根据第一段But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly.可知，那些反对疫苗的人导致的麻疹的复发，故选D。66.C 【解析】本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会有这样的情况，最根本原

241、因还是那些不注射疫苗的人导致的，故本文的目的是强调疫苗的作用，故选C。7. 【2017北京卷，D】Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we real

242、ly want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine

243、is the purpose which we really desire. A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of

244、 the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If w

245、e are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer sci

246、entists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans

247、, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by so

248、me AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just switch them off as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think

249、that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine. However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-i

250、nduced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may _.A. run out of human controlB. satisfy humans real desiresC. command armies of killer robotsD. work faster than a mathematician68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things p

251、artly because they might be able to _.A. prevent themselves from being destroyedB. achieve their original goals independentlyC. do anything successfully with given ordersD. beat humans in international chess matches69. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to _.A. help super intelligen

252、t machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beingsC. keep machines from being harmedD. avoid robots affecting the world70. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A. It will disappear with the development of AI.B. It will get worse with human interfer

253、ence.C. It will be solved but with difficulty.D. It will stay for a decade. 【文章大意】这是一篇科技说明文。本文主要介绍了人工智能及它给我们的生活带来的影响。67.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.可知人工智能

254、可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。68.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第一句A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，原因是保护它自己的存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。69.D 【解析

255、】推理判断题。根据第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，所以选D。70.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难

256、，故选C。8.【2017江苏卷，B】Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教),birds couldrule the roost. As recently reported inThe Auk: OrnithologicalAdvances,

257、some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her

258、 colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers a sound that served as their regular feed me! call.To find out if the special quality was

259、 more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A c

260、omputer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies begging calls. In addition

261、, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inferenc

262、e can then be drawn. As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?Kleindorfer asks. Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.58. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means .A.be the worstB.be the bestC.be just as badD.be just as good59

263、. What are Kleindorfers findings based on?A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C. The data collected from Queenslands locals.D. Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60. Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the

264、 baby birds which.A. can receive quality signalsB. are in need of trainingC. fit the environment betterD. make the loudest call【文章大意】文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。58. B【解析】根据第二段when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers可知，鸟儿

265、在孵化小鸟的时候，鸣叫对未出生的小鸟有很大影响，它们被孵化后也能发出类似的声音，说明鸟儿很擅长胎教。59. A【解析】根据第三段the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird.可知，研究人员并未在全澳洲范围展开调查，排除B项；未对其它鸟类进行记录研究，排除D项。根据倒数第三段中的A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by simi

266、larity.可知，A项正确。60. C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food和最后一段Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.可知，模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知，胎教帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。9. 【2017江苏卷，D】Old Problem, New ApproachesWhile

267、 clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2emissions(排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative ex

268、amples of climate adaptation.When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment s

269、ays that: There is noone-size fits all adaptation. Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohamme

270、d Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace

271、flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous re

272、gion in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphels inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over w

273、inter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3of water. Climat

274、e change is a continuing process, so Norphels ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the su

275、dden increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting

276、 buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outco

277、me is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of 100 ideas to save the planet.More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But

278、 during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the pollu

279、ting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of

280、 adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies.A. adaptation is an ever-changing processB. the cost of adaptation varies with timeC.

281、global warming affects adaptation formsD. adaptation to climate change is challenging66. What is special with regard to Rezwans project?A. The project receives government support.B. Different organizations work with each other.C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.D. The project conn

282、ects flooded roads and highways.67. What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?A. Storing ice for future use.B. Protecting the glaciers from melting.C. Changing the irrigation time.D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.68. What do we learn from the Peru example?A. White paint

283、 is usually safe for buildings.B. The global warming trend cannot be stopped.C. This country is heating up too quickly.D. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.69. According to the author, polluting industries should.A. adapt to carbon pollutionB. plant highly profitable cropsC. leave carbo

284、n emission aloneD. fight against carbon pollution70. Whats the authors preferred solution to global warming?A. Setting up a new standard.B. Reducing carbon emission.C. Adapting to climate change.D. Monitoring polluting industries.【文章大意】文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题气候变暖，不同的是，文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径。65.A 【解析】考查句意理解。根据上文中的W

285、e are therefore.but to a constantly shifting set of conditions可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分暗示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。故A正确。66.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段首句可知，世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使用了令人意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变，化劣势为优势，再结合下文的内容可知，Rezwan就是这么做的，故答案为C。67.A 【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段中的.He directed the wasted water into shallow basins wh

286、ere it froze， and was stored until the spring.可知，他把水引入盆地，水在那里结冰并被存储到春天使用，故A正确。68.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六段的内容可知，在秘鲁当地的农民会把整个山峰涂成白色来增强对阳光的反射，希望借此来保护冰不被融化，再结合第五段的内容可知，反射太阳光可能会减轻全球变暖，故D项正确。69.D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第七段中的When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have

287、 no choice but to adapt可知，污染行业辩称因为人们没有赢得治理碳污染的战役，只能适应，再结合下文的its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual可知，作者认为污染行业的这种说法是荒谬的，其目的是给自己的商业行为制造借口。由此可推知，对于污染行业来说，负责任的做法是同碳污染抗争，以减少碳排放，故D正确。70.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy sys

288、tems to emit less carbon pollution可知，作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放，故B正确。 10. 【2017浙江卷，B】Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查)by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they

289、have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest; most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adul

290、ts need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.More children are

291、going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会)to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone, says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm

292、 down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some

293、 school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.25.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?A. Ame

294、rican kids sleeping habits.B. Teenagers sleep-related diseases.C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness.D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.26.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?A.7 hours.B.8 hours.C.10 hours.D.18 hours.27.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon

295、?A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.B. They tend to do things that excite them.C. They follow their parents examples.D. They dont need to go to school early.【文章大意】本文属于说明，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。25. A 【解析】细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数

296、据，向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。26. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal可知11岁正在上学的小孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选C。27. B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep可知她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动，故选B。