1、专题一 阅读理解第四节 词义猜测题(2018全国卷，D 篇)Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings？The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.I found the pre-holidays
2、a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things，and it worked.Because of our efforts，our daughter Georgia diddecide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less of
3、ten used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)For weeks，Ive been thinking of bigger，deeper questions：How do we make it a habit for them？And how do we train ourselves to help them live with，need，and use less？Yesterday，
4、I sat with my son，Shepherd，determined to test my own theory on this.I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest.I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes，ten minutes，max.I chose a red rubber ballsimple，universally available.We
5、passed it，he tried to put it in his mouth，he tried bouncing it，rolling it，sitting on it，throwing it.It was totally，completely enough for him.Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together.He had my full attention
6、and I had his.My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.32What do the words“more is more”in Paragraph 1 probably mean?AThe more，the better.BEnough is enough.CMore money，more worries.DEarn more and spend more.33What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?ASavin
7、g up for her holiday.BRaising money for a poor girl.CAdding the money to her fund.DGiving the money to a sick mother.34Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?ATo try out an idea.BTo show a parents love.CTo train his attention.DTo help him start a hobby.35What can be a suitable title for the
8、text?ATake It or Leave It BA Lesson from KidsCLive More with Less DThe Pleasure of Giving【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，题材是生活哲理。文章介绍了作者如何教育自己的孩子用更少的物质过更丰富的生活。32解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段第三句“The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than Idid how to live more with less.”可知，作者不认同前面的more is more 这种观点；再根据第一句可知，成
9、人能够理解物质过剩的感受，可是当涉及孩子时，我们却会认为(孩子)拥有的东西越多越好。more is more 是相对于 enough is enough 而言的。故选 A。答案：A33解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段第三句可知，当我们许诺把卖掉这些物品的钱放到她的教育基金里的时候，她才同意卖。故选 C。答案：C34解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第三句中的“determined to test my own theory on this”和第四句中的“I decided to play with him”可知，作者和儿子玩耍是为了测试自己的理论：live more with less。故选 A。答
10、案：A35解析：主旨大意题。第一段的最后一句是文章中心句，即作者想要教会孩子“how to live more with less”；接下来是作者为此所做的努力和尝试。文章最后一句也是对中心句的回应。故选 C。答案：C词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词或词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。词义猜测题选项设计较短，要字斟句酌，可能是对原相应表达方式的错误改写，半对半错；或者故意丢三落四，释意不完整；或者曲解原意，却又符合一般常识，设置迷惑信息。一、常
11、见命题形式What does the underlined word“.”probably mean?What does the underlined word“.”in Paragraph 2 refer to?The underlined word“.”could best be replaced by_Which of the following words can take the place of the word“.”？By saying“.”we mean_“.”used in the passage can best be defined as_二、命题特点词义猜测题的难度深浅
12、不一，但究其根源，一般有两种基本解题方法：联系上下文和构词法。联系上下文就是看相邻的两句话或者是一句话内部主句和从句之间的关系，是同义延伸还是反义驳斥，找到句子之间的关系后再找相应位置单词(或句子)的同义词或反义词就易如反掌了。构词法则是根据一个较难单词的词根、前后缀或是词组的后接介、副词分析出该单词或词组的大概含义，然后对照四个选项找出最接近的一个答案。该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义
13、的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测。有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。根据同位关系进行猜测。阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或短语意义进行猜测。根据同义关系进行猜测。当词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or 时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的或相反的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，进而可推知其大致意思。根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测。在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀或在后面加后缀，从而构成另
14、外一个词。这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义了。根据因果关系进行猜测。在一篇文章中，根据原因可以预测结果；同样，根据结果也可以找出原因。根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测。文章中的代词it，that，this，he，him 或 them 等可以指上文提到的人或物，其中 it 和 that 还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时还需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。真题例析1(2019全国卷，B 篇节选)But hes nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should.should.”C
15、hris trips on the“-ld，”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him，whispering support.“.Vote for.me.”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Whaley invites the rest of the class
16、 to praise him.25What does the underlined word“stumbles”in Paragraph 2 refer to?AImproper pauses.BBad manners.CSpelling mistakes.DSilly jokes.解题思路第一步题干关键词underlined word，refer to第二步原文关键词nervous，you should.should.，a pronunciation difficulty第三步比对选项关键词AImproper pauses.不适当的停顿。因果猜测BBad manners.没有礼貌。曲解文意C
17、Spelling mistakes.拼写错误。无中生有DSilly jokes.愚蠢的笑话。曲解文意第四步概括总结根据文段“to tell you today why you should.should.Chris trips on the.”可知Chris因为紧张，演讲时说话有点磕巴，故此处stumbles指不恰当的停顿，选A真题例析2(2017全国卷，C 篇节选)Despite the celebrations，though，in the US.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has fa
18、iled to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change thatAs the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture.29 What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 refer
19、to?AJazz becoming more accessible.BThe production of jazz growing faster.CJazz being less popular with the young.DThe jazz audience becoming larger.解题思路第一步题干关键词underlined word，refer to第二步原文关键词failed to connect with younger generations第三步比对选项关键词AJazz becoming more accessible.爵士乐正变得更容易被人们了解。曲解文意BThe p
20、roduction of jazz growing faster.爵士乐的制作变快了。无中生有CJazz being less popular with the young.爵士乐不受年轻人欢迎。指代猜测DThe jazz audience becoming larger.美国爵士乐的听众数量正在增加。颠倒是非第四步概括总结第一段提到在美国爵士乐的听众数量正在减少，爵士乐未能受到年轻一代的欢迎，第二段首句提到Jason Moran的工作就是要帮助改变这一现象，由此可知that指代“爵士乐不受年轻人欢迎”这一现象，故选C项。A项曲解文意，根据第二段中的“Moran hopes to.make t
21、he music more accessible”可知，Jason Moran希望爵士乐能更容易被人们了解，显然该项“爵士乐正变得更容易被人们了解”不符合文意。B项无中生有，文章没有提到“爵士乐的制作变快了”。D项颠倒是非，根据第一段中的“in the US.the jazz audience continues to shrink”可知，在美国爵士乐的听众数量正在减少，D项与文意恰恰相反真题例析3(2018全国卷，D 篇节选)Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assu
22、me that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings？The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.32What do the words“more is more”in Paragraph 1 probably mean?AThe more，the better.BEnough is enough.CMore money，more worries.DEarn more an
23、d spend more.解题思路第一步题干关键词the words，mean第二步原文关键词The good news，how to live more with less第三步比对选项关键词AThe more，the better.越多越好。近义猜测BEnough is enough.适可而止。颠倒是非第三步比对选项关键词CMore money，more worries.更多的钱，更多的忧虑。无中生有DEarn more and spend more.多赚多花。无中生有第四步概括总结根据文段第三句“The good news is that I can help my own kids l
24、earn earlier than I did how to live more with less.”可知，作者不认同前面的more is more这种观点；再根据第一句可知，成人能够理解物质过剩的感受，可是当涉及孩子时，我们却会认为(孩子)拥有的东西越多越好。more is more是相对于enough is enough而言的。故选APassage 1(2019全国卷，B 篇)“You can use me as a last resort(选择)，and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do it.”This was an actual re
25、ply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids lacrosse(长曲棍球)club.I guess that theres probably some demanding work schedule，or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport.She may just need a little persuading.So I try again and tug at the heartstringsI ment
26、ion thesingle parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids arent even on.At this point the unwilling parent speaks up，“Alright.Yes，Ill do it.”Im secretly relieved because I know theres real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many.The un
27、willing parent organizes the meal schedule，sends out emails，and collects money for end-of-season gifts.Somewhere along the way，the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team.The coach isable to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another s
28、eason.Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.Still，most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close.That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more：Conne
29、cting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time，money，skills，or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.In that sense，Im pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than Id freely like to admit.However，if others benefit in the process，and I get some reward too，does
30、it really matter where my motivation lies?24What can we infer about the parent from her reply in Paragraph l?AShe knows little about the club.BShe isnt good at sports.CShe just doesnt want to volunteer.DShes unable to meet her schedule.25What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in Par
31、agraph 2 mean?AEncourage teamwork.BAppeal to feelings.CPromote good deeds.DProvide advice.26What can we learn about the parent from Paragraph 3?AShe gets interested in lacrosse.BShe is proud of her kids.CShell work for another season.DShe becomes a good helper.27Why does the author like doing volunt
32、eer work?AIt gives her a sense of duty.BIt makes her very happy.CIt enables her to work hard.DIt brings her material rewards.【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文中讲述了作者成功说服一个家长参加志愿者团队，同时作为一名志愿者作者发挥了自己的作用，并获得了快乐。24解析：推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“You can use me as a last resort(选择)，and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do it.”可知
33、，你可以当我是最后的候选人，如果没有其他的志愿者，那么我就做。由此可推断出，她不想做志愿者。故选 C。答案：C25解析：词义猜测题。根据划线前句“She may just need a little persuading”和下面的一句话“I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talkabout the dad coaching a team that his kids arent even on.”可知，作者为了劝服这位家长，举了两个例子。故可知，划线句此处应是“煽情”之意。故选 B。答案：B26解析
34、：细节理解题。根据第三段中这位家长作出的 贡 献 及“the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team”可知，她最终成了志愿者队伍中的重要的一员，也就是说，她成了一个好帮手。故选 D。答案：D27解析：细节理解题。题干问作者为什么喜欢做志愿者工作。根据第四段最后两句“Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time，money，skills，or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just fe
35、els so good.”可知参加志愿者活动能让人感觉快乐。故选 B。答案：BPassage 2(2018全国卷，C 篇)Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers，small，tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own pattern
36、s of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became mo
37、re settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant language
38、s such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present，the world has about 6，800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages，often spoken by many people，while hot，wet zones have lots，often spo
39、ken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages；the Americas about 1，000；Africa 2，400；and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200，of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6，000，which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by
40、 fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6，800 languages are close to extinction(消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick，at random，Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers)，Chiapaneco in Mexico(150)，Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia(
41、one，with a question-mark)：none of these seems to have much chance of survival.28 What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?AThey developed very fast.BThey were large in number.CThey had similar patterns.DThey were closely connected.29 Which of the following best explains“dominant”un
42、derlined in Paragraph 2?AComplex.BAdvanced.CPowerful.DModern.30How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present?AAbout 6，800.BAbout 3，400.CAbout 2，400.DAbout 1，200.31What is the main idea of the text?ANew languages will be created.BPeoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.CHum
43、an development results in fewer languages.DGeography determines language evolution.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。28解析：推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers，small，tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.
44、when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.”可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类达到了 12 000 种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选 B。答案：B29解析：词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中的“dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly ta
45、king over.”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知 dominant languages 意为：强有力的语言。故选 C。答案：C30解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“At present，the world has about 6，800 languages.”和“The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6，000，which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上大约有 6 800种语言，但是讲的人数少于 6 000 人的占一半，即 3 400人。故选 B。答案：B31解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的主题句“Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.”可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选 C。答案：C
