1、第二版块语篇版块 第一讲 细节理解题细节理解题的四类考法考点 1 直接信息理解类典例 1(2017全国卷A 片段)Support Pacific Science CenterSince 1962，Pacific Science Center has been inspiring passion(热情)for discovery and lifelong learning in science，math and technology.Today，Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings
2、 inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State.Its an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous supportfrom individuals，corporations,and other social organizations.Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can suppo
3、rt Pacific Science Center.22What does Pacific Science Center do for schools?ATrain science teachers.BDistribute science books.CInspire scientific research.DTake science to the classroom.解题思路：第一步 确定题干中的关键词本题题干的关键词是 what；Pacific Science Center；school.第二步 根据关键词定位信息句本题信息句是：文章第四部分中的“Today，Pacific Science
4、 Center.brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms.”可知，太平洋科学中心把基于探究的科学教育带入课堂。尝试解答：_D_干扰项分析：A、B 两项无中生有，文章没有提到“培训科学教师”和“分发科学书籍”。C 项曲解文意，根据文章第四部分中的“.inspiring a passion(热情)for discovery and lifelong learning in science，math and technology.”可知，太平洋科学中心激励着人们在科学、数学和技术方面有所发现以及终身学习，而不是激励着人们进行科学研究。1
5、识别题干关键特殊疑问句形式表达：以 when，where，what，which，who，how 等疑问词开头引出的问题。2“定位比对”判细节(1)从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，题干中的人名、地名、大写字母、时间、数字等都是命题首选的关键词，有利于迅速、准确地定位信息句。(2)以关键词为线索，运用略读、跳读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关。(3)仔细推敲，认真比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。考点 2 间接信息理解类典例 2(2017浙江卷 B 片段)How much sleep you need dep
6、ends a lot on your age.Babies need a lot of rest;most of them sleep about 18 hours a day!Adults need about eight hours.For most school-age children，ten hours is ideal(理想的)But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35%of 10-to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours.And guess what alm
7、ost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime?Watch TV.26How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?A7 hours.B8 hours.C10 hours.D18 hours.解题思路：第一步 确定题干中的关键词本题题干的关键词是：How many；11-year-olds第二步 根据关键词定位信息句本题的信息句是：For most school-age children，ten hours is ideal(理想的)。第三步 对比信息句和选项，得
8、出答案根据信息句可知，对于上学阶段的孩子来说，十个小时是睡眠的最理想的时间；11-years-old 属于 school-age children.尝试解答：_C_1识别题干关键(1)According to the author/passage.(2)The reason.，is that.(3)From.，we can learn.(4)Researchers have found that.2“同义互释”定选项间接理解题答案选项的表述通常不是使用文章的原话，而是使用与文中同义或近义的词语来表达。考生需对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进一步推理鉴别，也可运用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节
9、相反”的选项提前排除。3搞清正确选项特征(1)关键词替换：对原句的关键词进行同义替换；(2)词性或语态变化：对原句中关键词进行词性变化或对原句进行主被动变化；(3)语言简化：把原文中的复杂语言进行简化；(4)正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达。考点 3 数字计算类典例 3(2015四川卷 C 片段)Across Britain，burnt toast will be served to mothers in bed this morning as older sons and daughters rush to deliver their supermarket bunches of flow
10、ers.But，according to a new study，we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work.Now，the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours，they would earn as much as 172,000 a year.The stud
11、y looked at the range of jobs mothers do，as well as the hours they are working，to determine the figure.This would make their yearly income 30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.38How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister?A30,000.B142,000.C172,000.D202,000.解题思路：第一步 确定题干
12、中的关键词本题题干的关键词是：mother；the Prime Minister第二步 根据关键词定位信息句本题的信息句是：Now，the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours，they would earn as much as172,000 a year.This would make their yearly income 30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.尝试解答：_B_1识别题干关键特殊疑问句形式表达：以 when，in which
13、year，how many/much 等疑问词开头引出问题。2“列表推算”得数据此类问题解决的关键是要弄清各数据之间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法。(1)先阅读题干，然后带着题干中的关键词去读文章。在阅读过程中，对数字、时间、年代等词进行标记，以便读完文章后进行相应的计算。(2)简单的数据可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基础，进行简单的运算。(3)数据较多的文章，通常采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。考点 4 正误判断类典例 4(2016四川卷，D)A warm drink of milk before bed has
14、 long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk”contains more melatonin(褪黑激素)，which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxi
15、ety.The study，by researchers from Seoul，South Korea，involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected d
16、uring daytime，according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now，taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to t
17、hose who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice befor
18、e bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime，the greater burden you will put on your body at night.33Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?AIts been tested on mice for ten times.BIt can make people more energetic.CIt exists in milk in great a
19、mount.DIts used in sleeping drugs.解题思路：第一步 根据关键词找出相关信息句A：Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime.B：Researchers have discovered that“night milk”contains more melatonin，which has bee
20、n proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.C：Researchers have discovered that“night milk”contains more melatonin.D：.taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.第二步 对比选项与信息句，逐项击破A 项与信息句毫无关联；B 项与信息句意思相反；C 项范围扩大化；D 项与信息句符合。尝试解答：_D_1识别题干关键(1)
21、Which of the following is TRUE/WRONG according to the passage?(2)Which of the following is NOT true according to.?2“去伪存真”辨是非(1)速览题目所提供的四个选项。(2)若各选项围绕同一内容展开，则要注意找出各选项之间的差别，再带着问题去原文中核实文章的实际内容。(3)若各个选项陈述的内容不一致，则要根据题干或选项中提供的线索回读原文，逐个找到相关句，最后确定答案。(4)表达“绝对化”的选项一般不是正确答案。状元技法“火眼金睛”识别干扰项 解答细节理解题1扩缩范围：通过改变或去掉
22、限制性词语，将信息中的范围、程度等加以扩大或缩小，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误的。2无中生有：干扰项与所阅读的文章内容没有任何联系。3偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的单词，但句意已发生改变。4张冠李戴：把文中两个不同的概念、人物或观点进行错位拼接。随堂训练 A(2017衡水中学全国高三大联考)Discovering the beauty of the science and math that shape our everyday lives，an experience in WonderLab will fuel your imagination and inspi
23、re you to see the world around you in new and exciting ways.Come and enjoy yourself!What to seeSpread across seven different zones，therere loads of opportunities to get hands on with real scientific phenomena.Observe live experiments at our Chemistry Bar，see lightning strike before your eyes，play wi
24、th forces on giant slides or travel through space under a canopy(苍穹)of stars.You can also take part in explosive science demonstrations led by our talented team of explainers.With 50 mind-blowing wonders of science to enjoy，WonderLab is an experience unlike any other.Besides，a selection of shows wil
25、l be performed daily in WonderLabs beautiful new show space.They are free of charge and last 20 minutes.TicketsDay pass：6 per person.This ticket gives you day-long access to WonderLab，perfect whether youre planning a special trip to the Museum or simply passing through London and want to feed your c
26、uriosity.Annual pass：10 per person.For less than the price of two visits，give yourself a year packed full of wonder，curiosity and breathtaking experiences.Opening timesOpen seven days a week,10：0018：00(last entry 17：15)WonderLab will be closed on December 24,25 and 26 and will be open as usual from
27、December 27.During school holidays our opening hours are 10：0019：00(last entry 18：15)Please note that in peak periods(from midday onwards)we are experiencing long queues due to the gallerys popularity.语篇解读 文章介绍了 WonderLab 的活动、票价及时间安排等信息，吸引大家前去参观游玩。1.What can you do in WonderLab?AExplore stars.BProdu
28、ce lighting.CJoin in explosion shows.DDo chemistry experiments.解析：细节理解题。依据 What to see 小标题下的“You can also take part in explosive science demonstrations led by our talented team of explainers.”可知，你可以参加爆炸演示。答案：C2How much should two visitors pay if they visit WonderLab and enjoy the shows for one day?A
29、12.B20.C32.D40.解析：推理判断题。从题干可知两位游客适合买第一种票，依据 Day pass：6 per person.可知，两位游客浏览一天需要的门票费用为 12 英镑。答案：A3.When can you enter WonderLab?A9：30 on December 23.B18：30 on school holidays.C11：00 on Christmas.D10：30 on December 28.解析：细节理解题。依据 Opening times 小标题下的“Open seven days a week,10：0018：00(last entry 17：15)W
30、onderLab will be closed on December 24,25 and 26 and will be open as usual from December 27.”以及“During school holidays our opening hours are 10：0019：00(last entry 18：15)”可知，平时的开放时间是 10 点到 18 点，圣诞节期间闭馆，在学校假期的开放时间是 10 点到 19 点，最后准许进入的时间是 18：15，只有 D 项符合。答案：D4What is the purpose of the text?ATo introduce
31、 WonderLab.BTo attract people to WonderLab.CTo explain how WonderLab works.DTo analyze why WonderLab is attractive.解析：推理判断题。文章介绍了 WonderLab 的活动、票价及时间安排等信息，再根据第一段末尾 Come and enjoy yourself！可知，本文的写作目的是吸引人们参观 WonderLab。答案：BB(2017烟台诊断)In an effort to discourage people from using plastics，scientists have
32、 been hard at work inventing alternative packaging products.From water bottles made from seaweed to cutlery(餐具)made from rice and wheat，a number of inventions are set to change the way we eat while we are on the go，or having a relaxing picnic in the park.The idea of using seaweed to make eco-friendl
33、y(环保的)water bottles has been around for a few years.Recently，Ari Jonsson took his inventiona water bottle made from red seaweedto show off at a festival.The bottles will only hold their shape as long as they are filled.As soon as these bottles are empty they will begin to break down，though they woul
34、d be perfectly safe to eat.Ari Jonssons bottles are a step closer to a widely used alternative to the current plastic ones.The eatable water container is not the only product to add to our image of the future.Narayana Pessapaty has also created eatable spoons.After the success of his spoons，Mr Pessa
35、paty is ready to expand and introduce forks and chopsticks to his menu.His aim is to largely reduce the amount of plastic waste，which is a huge problem for waste sites all over the world.It is a product that may take up to 500 years to break down，and recycling companies worldwide are struggling to d
36、eal with it.Aside from the obvious benefits to the environment，this new packaging is also cheap to produce and therefore cheap to buy.Even better is the fact that similar eatable cutlery can be made at home，possibly a science project for children or just fun with friends.Why not get experimenting an
37、d create your own recipes?语篇解读 为了阻止人们使用塑料包装，本文介绍了科学家发明的可食用的、环保的包装替代产品。5.Why do scientists invent alternative packaging products?ATo make peoples life more convenient.BTo reduce the amount of plastic waste.CTo change the way we picnic outside.DTo show off their inventive talents.解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“In
38、an effort to discourage people from using plastics.”可知，为了阻止人们使用塑料包装，科学家们发明了可替代的包装产品。答案：B6What makes Ari Jonssons water bottles ecofriendly?AThey can be made at home.BThey are cheap to produce and buy.CThey will hold their shape when they are filled.DThey will break down themselves when empty.解析：细节理解
39、题。根据第二段第四句“As soon as these bottles are empty they will begin to break down.”可知，水瓶一空，它们就会分解。也就是说，它们在被倒空时，会自己分解，所以使得这些水瓶很环保。答案：D7What do Ari and Narayanas inventions have in common?AThey are convenient to carry.BThey are safe to eat.CThey can be used for a short time.DThey are heavier than plastics.解
40、析：细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“.though they would be perfectly safe to eat.”及第三段第二句“Narayana Pessapaty has also created eatable spoons.”可知，两人发明物的共同特点是它们都是可安全食用的。答案：B8What can be inferred from this passage?AHome-made eatable cutlery is likely to be popular.BEatable cutlery will completely replace plastics in the n
41、ear future.CNo recycling companies can break down plastic waste.DIts unsafe for individuals to invent eatable cutlery at home.解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段倒数第二句 Even better is the fact that similar eatable cutlery can be made at home，possibly a science project for children or just fun with friends.可知，类似的可食用餐具可在家里自制，由此可猜测，这种餐具可能会变得很受欢迎。答案：A 能力提升点击进入WORD链接谢谢观看！
