1、第二板块阅读理解与阅读七选五专题一阅读理解高考总复习大二轮 英语 第四讲 词义猜测题整体感知明方向词义猜测题是历年高考必考的一类题型，它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。常见设问方式1词意类：The underlined word/phrase.probably means/can be replaced by _.Which of t
2、he following is closest in meaning to the underlined word/phrase.?2指代类：What does the underlined word“this/that/it/they.”refer to？The underlined word“this/that/it/they.”refers to _.3句意类：The underlined sentence in the.paragraph probably means _.What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Paragra
3、ph.?正确选项特征1含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。2上下文逻辑通顺。3与原句意思最接近。干扰选项特征1与所考词汇形似。2如果考的是熟词，含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。3句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。分类例析通技法 根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测解题攻略有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等，这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then le
4、tting it cool very slowly.句子给予了 annealing 一个明确的定义，即“退火”。It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is，it will break easily.从 that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle 是“脆的”意思。The herdsman，who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。The weather in this
5、 area is treacherous；its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是 treacherous，sudden changes 与 treacherous 在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualizeor picturewhat they read.visualize 的意思由破折号后的 picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。When Presi
6、dent Torrijos of Panama met Carter，he tried to give him a friendly abrazo(hug)abrazo 对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的 hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测 abrazo 也是“拥抱”的意思。典例(2019全国卷，阅读 B 节选)But hes nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should.should.”Chris trips on the“-ld，”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English
7、speakers.His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him,whispering support.“.Vote for.me.”Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.25What does the underlined word“stumbles”in paragraph 2 refer
8、to?AImproper pauses.BBad manners.CSpelling mistakes.DSilly jokes.解析：A 根据该段中的“you should.should.”Chris trips on the“-ld，”.可知，他有些发音上的问题。又根据 Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.可知，Chris 总体上很好，但是有些不合适的停顿。故 A 选项(不合适的停顿)正确。根据同位关系进行猜测解题攻略阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行
9、猜测。例如：They traveled a long way，at last got to a castle，a large building in old times.同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了 castle 的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。We are on the night_shift from midnight to 8 am.this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明 night shift 是“夜班”的意思。The“Chunnel”，a tunnel(隧道)connecting England and France i
10、s now complete.此 句 中“a tunnel(隧 道)connecting England and France”是Chunnel 的同位语。因此，Chunnel 指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。典例(2016全国卷，阅读 C 节选)I am Peter Hodes，a volunteer stem cell courier.Since March 2012，Ive done 89 tripsof those,51 have been abroad，I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because Ive
11、 got two ice packs and thats how long they last.In all，from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者)to the time they can be implanted in the patient，weve got 72 hours at most.So I am always conscious of time.29Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier”in Paragraph
12、 1?AProvider.BDelivery man.CCollector.DMedical doctor.解析：B“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes 的任务就是将捐献者的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择 B 项。根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测解题攻略在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定
13、的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，”Anaclerio said，“and theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”文中 interactive 是由前缀 inter(相互的)和 active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应该是“互动的”。Perhaps，we can see some possibilities for
14、 next fifty years.But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名词，据此可以判断 possibility 的意思是“可能性”。典例(2016全国卷，阅读 D 节选)A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.解析：不安；担忧 根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness 为名词后缀，easy(舒适的)为词根。因此，我们可猜测 uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。根据因果关系进行猜测解题攻略在一篇阅读文章中，根
15、据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久的”。Mary didnt notice me when I came into the classroom，because she was completely engrossed in her r
16、eading.从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed 的意思为“全神贯注的”。Our vision was obscured by the trees，so we couldnt see the lake from our window.由后面的结果 couldnt see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。典例(2018全国卷阅读 B 节选)If you have a_juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out c
17、omes a“soft-serve”creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a childrens party；they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.26What is“a juicer”in the last paragraph?AA dessert.BA drink.CA container.DA ma
18、chine.解析：D 该段第一句含有一个 if 引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句，“you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a soft-servecreamy dessert，to be eaten right away.”即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知 juicer 指的是榨汁机。故选择 D 项。根据上下文指代关系进行猜测解题攻略文章中的代词 it，that，he，him 或 the
19、m 可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中 it 和 that 还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：Like Schmid，the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion(捍卫)found photographs.One of them，called simply Found，was born one snowy night in Chicago，when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to
20、find under his wiper(雨刷)an angry note intended for someone else：“Whys your car HERE at HER place？”them 指的是前面出现的 self-published art magazines。However，the question that“moon people”asked is still an interesting one.A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.it 指的是月球人(moon people)所问
21、的问题(the question)。典例(2019全国卷阅读 A 节选)My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the ThisBook Will series(系列)of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new a
22、ppreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matildas battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress，Miss Trunchbull，are equally funny and frightening，but theyre also aspirational.21Who does“I”refer to in the text?AStephen King.BGillian Flynn.CJo Usmar.DRoald Dahl.解析：C 根据第一段可知本文是作者 J
23、o Usmar 的书评。根据Matilda 中的“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me.”可知，此处 I 指的是 Jo Usmar，故选 C 项。根据同义或近义关系进行猜测解题攻略在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。典例(2019浙江卷6月阅读B节选)Money_with_no_strings_attached.Its no
24、t something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”24What does the expression“money with no strings attached”in paragraph 1 mean?AMoney spent without hesit
25、ation.BMoney not legally made.CMoney offered without conditions.DMoney not tied together.解析：C 根据下文的内容并结合木板上写的“Give What You Can，Take What You Need”可知，附在木板上的钱是可以随意取的，并不附带任何条件，故选 C 项。根据转折或对比关系进行猜测解题攻略根据上下句的连接词，如 but，however，otherwise 等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：A c
26、hilds birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle；it can be a basket of fun.从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，所以不难判断 hassle 的意思是“困难，麻烦”。She is usually prompt for all her class，but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but 一词表示转折，因此 but 前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时
27、一向“准时”的结论。The players in the World Cup are professionals，while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs.由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出 amateurs 是 professionals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。典例(2017全国卷阅读 C 节选)Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the contin
28、ental United States，but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where there were fewer humans around.29What does the underlined word“displaced”in paragraph 2 mean?ATested.BSeparated.CForced out.DTracked down.解析：C 画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词 but 转折了句子意义，后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选 C 项。
