1、人教版（2019）高中英语选择性必修第二册课文原文与翻译Unit 1To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.-Albert Einstein & Leopold Infeld译文：提出新的问题，发现新的可能，从新的角度审视已存在的问题，这些需要创造性的想象力，并标志着科学的真正进步。Reading and ThinkingJOHN SNOW D
2、EFEATS “ KING CHOLERA”约输斯诺战胜“霍乱王” Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor. John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,
3、 millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera onc
4、e and for all.在英国医生约翰斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，崔乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医。甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望 In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused
5、 the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particula
6、r streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。Snow began by marking on
7、a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in t
8、he pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the wo
9、man liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this interventi
10、on, the disease was stopped in its tracks斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样
11、水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw
12、 waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。 Through Snows tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean w
13、ater and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease。 However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of
14、maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。Using Langua
15、geTHE FATHER OF CHINAS AEROSPACE中国航天之父 Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on Chinas aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with great scientific thought and scientific spirit who was patriotic and served his homeland with ef
16、fort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man.也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们的尊敬，钱学森的故事一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且热爱祖国、勤勉努力、甘于奉献成就斐然。 Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechani
17、cal Engineering. However， after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.钱学森1911年生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，
18、因此决定改学航空专业。 Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies. Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant at the California institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important re
19、search into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASAS leading space-exploration centres.1935年，钱学森前往美国读研究生。二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美
20、国宇航局领先的太空探素中心之一 After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a heros welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing Chinas rocket science but also its space and missile programme. At that time, China was p
21、oor and its rocket science was undeveloped. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge. When asked Can we Chinese possibly make mis
22、siles?” his reply was a determined Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.”留学美国的最后几年，钱学森克服困难，于1955年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。那时候，中国还很贫穷，火箭科学尚不发达。中国没有一所学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，而且没有该领域的人才或专家。然而，钱学森并不气馁，而是接受挑战。有人问他:“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗?他的回答十分坚定:“有什么不能的，外国人能造出来的，我们中国人同
23、样能造得出来。” Under Qians leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successful launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can
24、also be traced back to Qians research, Qian earned the name of the father of Chinas aerospace.”在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹，紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年，中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父 Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of fronti
25、er science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research.钱学森博览群书，尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰
26、出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作带来灵感。 On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qians death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.2009年10月31日，钱学森逝世，举国哀痛，人们以各种方式纪念他缅怀他。A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT一个纯思维的世界 Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gift
27、ed scientists in physics. Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair unable to move and using a computer to talk. Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles his world became one of abstract thought.史蒂芬霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐
28、在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界 Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general there were two main theories on the origin of the universe. The first was the steady state theory
29、, which holds that the universe has no beginning or end. The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space. The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period after
30、one of Hoyles lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. Once the maths was corrected, it showed that the big bang theoryand not the steady state theorywas true. Hawkings own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes. A sta
31、r was born。霍金最早成名于1964年，当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论:第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终;另一个是大爆炸理论，认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius? Besides being brilliant, he
32、 was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. He was willing to say what others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore, he was quite determined. This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his
33、disease. Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries.那么，是什么使史蒂芬霍金成为一名天呢?除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他意志坚定。无论是作为一位科学家，还是与病魔作斗争，这种品质对他都大有帮助，最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错
34、误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。Reading and Writing (Workbook) 1 Read the passage and choose the correct answer to complete the statement.Al AND HUMAN BEINGS Is it possible to make machines think like humans? This is one question in research in the field of Artificial Intelligence, or AI”. To
35、think like a human, it involves feelings, morality, hopes, and dreams, Humans are capable of making decisions by themselves without input from others, and they can learn from experience.有没有可能让机器像人类一样思考？这是人工智能，即 AI 领域研究中的一个问题。要像人类一样思考，就涉及到感情、道德、希望和梦想，人类能够在不需要他人输入的情况下自己做出决定，并且可以从经验中学习到知识. In addition,
36、 humans are able to create things from their own inspiration for their own pleasure. The question is whether machines can ever really think in all these aspects.此外，人类还能根据自己的灵感创造出自己喜欢的东西。问题是，机器是否真的能在所有这些方面进行思考。 The idea of a computer that is all-powerful and can think and make decisions for itself te
37、rrifies many people. In some films, Al even decides that all humans must be killed. Many people are also concerned that AI will be used to replace humans.一台全能的电脑，可以自己思考和做决定，这个想法让很多人感到恐惧。在一些电影中，Al甚至决定必须杀死所有的人类。很多人还担心人工智能会被用来取代人类。 Yet others are comforted by the thought of Al, Maybe with Al, robots ca
38、n be made to replace loved ones who have died. Today, the creation of an all-powerful computer capable of human thought is still in progress. We have companion robots, and it is likely that they will grow more important in our lives as time goes by. However, the need for such robots does not seem to
39、 be as critical as our head for intelligent machines that can solve problems by learning from their observations and experience.然而也有人因为想到了Al而感到欣慰，也许有了Al，就可以让机器人来代替死去的亲人。如今，能够实现人类思维的全能计算机的创造还在进行中。我们已经有了陪伴机器人，而且随着时间的推移，它们在我们生活中的重要性可能会越来越大。然而，对于这种机器人的需求似乎并不像我们的脑袋那样关键，我们需要的是能够通过观察和经验的学习来解决问题的智能机器。 For e
40、xample, Al is already being used with great success in Internet search engines and as a personal assistant in our smartphones. It learns from our habits to help us find what we want and like. Al is also used to diagnose problems and suggest solutions. Researchers are also experimenting with the use
41、of Al in driverless cars which can sense their surroundings and decide on the best way to reach a destination. It is also being used in education, particularly in online courses. Furthermore, industries that use robots for repetitive or dangerous work often turn to Al to manage these electronic work
42、ers. In addition, virtual assistants are also being used in some homes today. In the near future, it is likely that Al will be used to manage smart homes and handle an even greater variety of tasks such as setting out favourite clothes and helping us with our personal grooming.例如，Al已经在互联网搜索引擎和我们智能手机
43、的个人助理中得到了非常成功的应用。它可以从我们的习惯中学习，帮助我们找到我们想要和喜欢的东西。Al还被用来诊断问题并提出解决方案。研究人员还在尝试将Al用于无人驾驶汽车，它可以感知周围环境并决定到达目的地的最佳方式。它还被用于教育，特别是在线课程。此外，那些使用机器人进行重复性或危险性工作的行业往往会求助于Al来管理这些电子工人。此外，如今一些家庭也在使用虚拟助理。在不久的将来，Al很有可能被用来管理智能家居，并处理更多种类的任务，比如摆放喜欢的衣服，帮助我们进行个人修饰。 The Al of today has already proven its superiority to humans
44、 in many areas. Do you think that we can create a robot that thinks like a human or one that is even more intelligent? If so, is there truly a difference between AI and a human?如今的Al已经在很多方面证明了它对人类的优越性。你认为我们可以创造出一个像人类一样思考的机器人，或者是一个更加智能的机器人吗？如果可以，人工智能和人类真的有区别吗？Unit2.BRIDGING CULTUREI am not the same,
45、having seen the moon shine on the other side of the world.-Mary Anne Radmacher在世界的另一端看过月光闪耀，我就不会是同样的自己了。Reading and ThinkingWELCOME，XIE LEIBUSINESS STUDENT BUILDING BRIDGES“欢迎你，谢蕾!”商科学生搭建文化交流的桥梁Six months ago， 19-year-old Xie Lei said goodbye to her family and friends and boarded a plane for London.
46、 It was the first time that she had left China. “I was very excited but also quite nervous. I didnt know what to expect,” Xie Lei recalled.半年前，19岁的谢蕾告别家人和朋友，登上了飞往伦敦的班机。这是她第一次离开中国。“我很激动，也很紧张，不知道会发生什么。”谢蕾回忆道。 Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification at a university in China and has come to our
47、 university on a year-long exchange programme. I chose the exchange programme because I wanted to learn about global business and improve my English. My ambition is to set up a business in China after graduation, she explained.谢蕾在中国一所大学攻读商科，来我校参加为期一年的交流项目。“之所以选择这个交流项目，是因为我想了解全球商务，并提高我的英语水平。我的志向是毕业后在
48、中国创办一家企业。”她解释道。 At first, Xie Lei had to adapt to life in a different country. “You have to get used to a whole new life.” she said. I had to earn how to use public transport and how to ask for things I didnt know the English names for. When I got lost, I had to ask passers-by for help, but people h
49、ere speak fast and use words Im not familiar with. I ask them to repeat themselves a lot!”起初，谢蕾不得不去适应异国他乡的生活。“你必须习惯种全新的生活。”她说，“我得学会使用公共交通，学会要到我不知道英文名称的东西。迷路时，我得向路人求助但是这里的人讲话语速很快，而且使用的是我不熟悉的单词。我老是让他们重复!”Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation, Xie Lei chose to live with a host fam
50、ily， who can help with her adaptation to the new culture. When I miss home, I feel comforted to have a second family， Xie Lei said “When theres something I dont know or understand I can ask them. They are also keen to learn about China. Laura, the daughter of my host family, wants to study in China
51、in the future. We take turns to cook each evening. They really love my stir-fried tomatoes and eggs! Laura says she always feels hungry when she smells it, so I taught her how to cook it, too.虽然一些留学生住在学校里，但是谢蕾选择住在寄宿家庭有助于她适应异国文化。“有第二个家，想家时我会得到些安慰。”谢蕾说。“当我有不知道或不理解的事情时，我可以咨询他们。他们对中国也很感兴趣，我房东的女儿劳拉将来想到中国
52、求学。我们每晚轮流做饭，他们真的很爱吃我做的番茄炒蛋!劳拉说，每次闻到香味，她就感到饥肠辘辘，于是我教她做这道菜。 Another challenge for Xie Lei is the academic requirements. The first time that she had to write an essay, her tutor explained that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas, but that he mainly wanted to know wh
53、at she thought! Xie Lei was confused because she thought she knew less than other people. Her tutor advised her to read lots of information in order to form a wise opinion of her own谢蕾面临的另一个挑战是学业要求。她第一次写论文时，导师跟她解释说，如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明，不过他主要还是想了解她本人的观点!谢蕾困惑不解，因为她觉得自己懂得没有别人多。她的导师建议她广泛阅读文献，形成自己睿智的观点。 Xie L
54、ei also found many courses included students participation in class as part of the final result. Students need to generate ideas, offer examples, apply concepts, and raise questions, as well as give presentations. At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but what surprised her was that she
55、 found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks. “My presentation on traditional Chinese art was a great success, which boosted my confidence,” she said. “Ill use these skills back home for presentations. They ll help me build a strong business in the future.”此外，谢蕾发现很多课程的最终成绩都包含学生的课堂参与。学生
56、需要形成观点、提供例子、运用概念、提出问题并且还要进行展示。刚开始的时候，谢蕾不知道该说些什么。但令她惊喜的是，仅仅几周时间，她就能在课堂上大胆发言了。“我的中国传统艺术展示非常成功，提升了我的自信心。”她说，“回国后，我会将这些技能运用到展示中，帮助我未来打造一家强大的企业。”Now halfway through her exchange year, Xie Lei feels much more at home in the UK. What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to her. Engaging in Britis
57、h culture has helped, she said. As well as studying hard, Ive been involved in social activities. British people are fascinated by our culture and eager to learn more about it, so Im keen to share my culture with them. While Im learning about business Im also acting as a cultural messenger building
58、a bridge between us。年的交换生生涯现已过半，谢蕾感觉在英国过得轻松自如多了。以前看似奇怪的事情现在对她来说显得十分平常。融入英国文化使我受益匪浅。”她说，“努力学习之余我还参加了一些社交活动。英国人对我们的文化十分着迷渴望了解更多中国文化，因此我也乐于同他们分享。攻读商科的同时，我也扮演着文化使者的角色，在中外文化之间架起一座桥梁。 We will follow Xie Leis progress in later editions, but for now we wish her all the best.我们会在随后的几期中跟踪报道谢蕾的进展情况，但现在我们祝她一切顺利
59、Using LanguageSTUDYING ABROADIS IT A GOOD OR A BAD IDEA?留学:好主意，还是坏主意? Dear Editor尊敬的编辑:In the past few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people studying abroad. Although studying abroad can bring great benefits, I think the disadvantages for young people are greater.过去几十年里
60、，留学人数急剧增长。尽管留学大有裨益但我认为，留学对年轻人来说是弊大于利 To begin with, many students who study abroad face great economic pressure. That means studying abroad is just not possible for everyone. Tuition fees and living expenses are much more expensive than at home and could end up costing most families an arm and a leg
61、. Studying in China is much more convenient and can help save money首先，许多留学生面临着巨大的经济压力，这意味着并非每个人都有留学的可能。国外的学费和生活开销比国内昂贵得多，大部分家庭最终可能要花费一大笔钱。而在中国读书则更加方便，还能省钱。Another important factor to consider is the tremendous pressure that comes with studying abroad. Students must learn how to live in an unfamiliar
62、 environment with limited language skills. Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. Other students are not mature enough to handle the challenges by themselves and may become depressed. Some students might even encounter problems with personal
63、safety. In addition, different approaches to teaching and learning may come as a shock to many students需要考虑的另一个重要因素是留学所带来的巨大压力。学生必须学会靠有限的语言技能在一个陌生的环境中生活在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些学生可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨，另一些学生则还不够成熟，无法独立应付各种挑战，因而感到苦闷。有些学生甚至会遭遇人身安全问题。此外，不同的教和学的方式对很多学生来说也是一种冲击。 A final point to consider is that wh
64、ile studying abroad does have potential benefits, young people who study in China also have a great future to look forward to! As China has boomed the educational environment has improved significantly, with many great universities now available. They have great facilities and outstanding professors
65、, helping to educate young people who will contribute to the economy and further strengthen our country.最后要考虑的一点是:尽管留学有诸多潜在的益处，但是在中国读书的年轻人同样未来可期!随着中国的蓬勃发展，教育环境己大为改观，优质大学比比皆是。这些高校拥有一流的设施和杰出的教授，助力培养为经济作贡献、进步增强我国实力的年轻人。To sum up, one cannot deny the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages, so w
66、hen you think about studying abroad you should consider these many factors综上所述，我们无法否认的事实是:留学有其弊端。因此当你想要海外求学时，应当考虑上述诸多因素。Kind regard谨致问候!Wang Li ( other of twin girls)王丽(一对双胞胎女孩的母亲) Dear Editor尊敬的编辑 Is studying abroad a good idea or not? There are certainly disadvantages, but in my opinion, the advan
67、tages are much greater. As I always tell my son, there are no great difficulties or a person who is brave, optimistic, and willing to work hard!留学是个好主意还是坏主意呢?留学当然有其弊端，但我认为利大于弊。我时常告诚我儿子，对勇敢、乐观、愿意拼搏的人来说，世上无难事! The first advantage of studying abroad is personal growth. The education you gain and the ex
68、periences you have will change you for the better. For example, you will certainly become more independent because you will have to deal with all kinds of difficulties by yourself. Studying abroad also helps you to gain a global perspective and improve your general competence留学的第一个好处就是个人成长。你获得的教育和拥有
69、的经历将有助于你提升自我。例如，由于你需要独自应对各种困难，你一定会变得更加独立。留学还有助于你获得全球视野，提升综合能力。 Another advantage is the increased chance for cultural exchange. Chinese students can be seen as cultural envoy promoting friendship between nations. International students in China also bring their colourful cultures here. Cooperating w
70、ith people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps us view the world from different angles and thus gives us more insight into our own culture.留学的另一个好处是获得更多文化交流的机会。中国留学生可被视为增进国际友谊的文化使者。在华的外国留学生也带来他们丰富多彩的文化。与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同视角看待世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。 Finally, studying abroad provides a great oppo
71、rtunity to contribute to the development of our motherland. Chinas global outlook, with projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has helped us make connections across the world. Therefore, China needs more talented young people with a global perspective who are highly competent with languages
72、have leadership and organisational skills, and have strong cultural awareness. Students who study abroad will develop such skills and abilities, and these in turn will provide them with better career opportunities最后，留学是为祖国的发展作出贡献的好机会。中国“带一路”倡议等项目的全球前景帮助我们与世界建立联系。因此，中国需要更多有能、有国际视野、语言能力极强具有领导力和组织能力、拥有
73、强烈文化意识的年轻人。海外求学的学生能够培养这类技能，而这些技能反过来又将为他们带来更好的就业机会。 All in all, studying abroad helps to build character and increase peoples understanding of cultural diversity while strengthening China and building a shared future for all. I think this life-changing experience is certainly worthwhile and I hope my
74、 child will study abroad in the future.总而言之，出国留学有助于塑造人格，增加人们对文化多样性的了解，同时增强中国的实力，为大家打造一个共同的未来。我觉得这段改变人生的经历肯定是值得的，我希望孩子将来能出国留学。Sincerely yours此致敬礼Zhang Yi(ather of one boy)张毅(一个男孩的父亲)Reading and Writing (Workbook)Hi there, Aunt Joan你好，琼姨 How are you? Mum said you asked how I was dong, so let me tell y
75、ou about my life here.你还好吗？妈妈说你问我怎么样，所以让我告诉你我在这里的生活。 As you know, Ive been in China for around a month now. I want to study in a local university which is why I took those after-school Chinese classes. I decided on China because its a fast-developing country with trade links all over the word. Study
76、ing here could be useful in finding a good job in trade or business. Whats more, Chinese Culture is really interesting, so choosing to come here was a no-brainer for me!你也知道，我来到中国已经一个月了。我想在当地的大学里学习 所以我参加了课后中文课。我之所以选择中国，是因为中国是一个快速发展的国家，贸易联系遍布全球。在这里学习可以在贸易或商业领域找到一份好工作。而且，中国文化真的很有趣，所以选择来这里对我来说是个不二之选。 H
77、aving said that, China isnt like I thought it might be. I thought it would be quite old and traditional but in many ways, the cites are just as modem as back home in Vancouver, only with lots more people! Theres so much more food to try too, and its all delicious! Everywhere I go, I see restaurants
78、and snack stallsit seems to be a big part of their culture. Food here is very reasonably priced so its great for my budget. The people I meet are all very welcoming towards me as a foreigner, and I even seem to be a point of interest! However, hardly anyone speaks English in my area, so it can be a
79、bit overwhelming at times. But I guess thats why Im here-to learn.不过，中国并不像我想象的那样。我以为这里会很古老、很传统，但在很多方面，这里的城市和温哥华的家乡一样，只是人更多而已。还有更多的食物可以尝试，而且都很好吃。无论我走到哪里，我都能看到餐馆和小吃摊-这似乎是他们文化的重要组成部分。这里的食物价格非常合理，所以很适合我的预算。我遇到的人都非常欢迎我这个外国人，我甚至似乎成了他们的兴趣点！然而，在这里几乎没有人会说英语。然而，在我所在的地区，几乎没有人会说英语，所以有时会有点不知所措。但我想这就是我在这里的原因-学习。
80、Right now, Im studying every day for m HSK exam (a Chinese language qualification. But I also get a chance to explore the city. I usually get up extra early each morning to enjoy a freshly made breakfast on the street and then I often visit a park, Im not sure if you know but Im really interested in
81、 tai chi, so I spend a lot of time in the city parks practising with the locals. Theres a lot of traditional culture still alive in China. The park are full of people playing traditional instruments, playing Chinese chess, and even writing calligraphy on the ground with giant paintbrush. 现在，我每天都在为HS
82、K考试（一种中文资格考试）而学习。但我也有机会去探索这个城市。我通常每天早上都会起得特别早，在街上享受新鲜的早餐，然后我经常去公园，我不知道你是否知道，但我对太极拳非常感兴趣，所以我花了很多时间在城市公园里和当地人一起练习。中国有很多传统文化还在延续。公园里有很多人在演奏传统乐器，下中国象棋，甚至用巨大的画笔在地上写书法。Unit3.FOOD AND CULTUREFood brings people together on many different levels. Its nourishment of the soul and body; its truly love. -Giada D
83、e Laurentiis食物在许多不同的层面上把人们聚集在一起，它是心灵和身体的养料，是真正的爱。吉娅达德劳伦蒂斯Reading and ThinkingCULTURE AND CUISINE The French author Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin once wrote, “Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are.” Put more simply, this means “You are what you eat.” Most people today relate this say
84、ing to healthy eating. However, Brillat-savarin was actually referring to our personality, character, and culture.法国作家让安泰尔姆布里亚-萨瓦兰曾写道: “告诉我你平时吃什么，我就可以说出你是个什么样的人。”简单地说，这句话就是“人如其食”的意思。如今，大多数人把这条谚语与健康饮食联系起来“然而，布里亚-萨瓦兰实际上指的是我们的个性、品格及文化。 Certainly, in many ways this seems to be true. Chinese cuisine is a
85、 case in point. Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. For example, Americas most popular Chinese dish is General Tsos chicken, which consists of fried chicken covered in a sweet sauce, favour
86、ed with hot red peppers. This is probably not an authentic Chinese recipe, however, so it cannot tell us much about the Chinese. On the other hand, it does tell us a lot about Americans. It tells us, for example, that Americans love bold, simple favours. And since the dish was also invented recently
87、, it tells us that Americans are not afraid to try new foods.当然，从很多方面来看，此话不假。中国菜就是个很好的例子。来中国之前，我只在美国接触过中式烹任，那里的中国食物已被改变，以适应美国人的口味。例如，在美国最受欢迎的中国菜是“左宗棠鸡”，它在油炸的鸡肉上淋上甜酱，再佐以煸炒过的红辣椒制成。然而，这或许并不是地道的中餐做法，因此并不能让我们对中国人了解多少。不过在另一方面，它确实让我们对美国人了解很多。例如，这道菜说明美国人喜爱浓烈、简单的口味。此外，由于这道菜也是新发明，说明美国人不惧怕尝试新的菜品。 Later, I had
88、a chance to experience authentic Chinese food by coming to China. When my family and I had just arrived in China, we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing. A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend, and finally, we found it. Tired, hungry, and not knowing a word of Chines
89、e, we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. With this, we had the pleasure of experiencing an entirely new taste: Sichuan peppercorns. The food was wonderful and different, but what was even more important was the friendship offered
90、us.后来，我来到中国，有机会品尝地道的中国食物。我与家人刚刚抵达中国，便在北京找一个好地方吃饭。一位朋友之前向我们推荐过一家川菜馆，最终我们找到了这家餐馆。我们疲惫不堪，饥肠辘辘，也不认识一个汉字，不知道该怎么点餐，所以厨师径自在我们的桌子上摆满食物;那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。于是，我们高高兴兴地体验了种全新的口味:四川花椒。食物妙不可言、与众不同，但更为重要的是我们所获得的友谊。We soon moved to Shandong Province in the eastern part of North China. My favourite dish there was boiled
91、dumplings served with vinegar. I observed that family is important to the people there. It has become a favourite traditional dish of the people in North China, where making dumplings has always been a family affair with everyonefrom the youngest to the oldestjoining in to help. Later, I learnt that
92、 the most famous food in Shandong is pancake rolls stuffed with sliced Chinese green onions.不久，我们到了位于华北东部的山东省。在那里我最喜爱的食物是蘸着醋吃的水饺。我发现那里的人都很重视家庭水饺已成为华北人民最喜爱的一种传统食物:包饺子一直是一项全员参与的家庭活动，无论老少都会加入进来帮忙。后来，我了解到，最有名的山东食物是煎饼卷大葱 Then we moved to northern Xinjiang. Some of our friends were Kazak and Inner Mongoli
93、an. These groups traditionally wandered the open range on horses. As a result, their traditional foods are what you can cook over an open fireusually boiled or roasted meat, such as lamb kebab.随后，我们又到了新疆北部。我们的一些朋友是哈萨克族人和内蒙古人。传统上，他们骑着马在广阔的草原上漫步因此，他们的传统食物在篝火上烹制而成，通常是水煮肉或烤肉，例如羊肉串 Our travels then took
94、us to South China, and then on to central China. In each place we went, we experienced wonderful local dishes, from Guangdongs elegant dim sumsmall servings of food in bamboo steamersto the exceptional stewed noodles In Henan. Everywhere, the food was as varied as the people. However, one thing is a
95、lways true: Through food, Chinese people everywhere show friendship and kindness.接着，我们前往华南，之后又去了华中。我们每到一处，都会品尝当地美食，有广东的精致点心一一那是放在竹蒸笼里笼出来的小份食品，还有河南独特的烩面。所到之处的美食与当地人一样精彩纷呈。然而，有一件事始终不变:每个地方的中国人都通过食物展现友情与善意。 At a minimum, the kinds of food local people consume tell us what they grow in their region, wha
96、t kinds of lives they lead, and what they like and do not like. Could we also say, for example, that those who like bold flavours are bold themselves? Or, that those who like spicy food tend to have a hot temper? Maybe. Maybe not. What we can say, however, is that culture and cuisine go hand in hand
97、, and if you do not experience one, you can never really know the other.当地人的食物种类至少能让我们知道该地区种植什么作物、人们过着怎样的生活以及他们的爱憎。例如，我们是否也能这样推断，喜欢重口味的人性格粗犷?抑或喜欢辛辣食物的人往往牌气火暴也许是的，也许又不是。但是，我们可以确定的是，文化和美食这两者息息相关，如果你没有体验过其中的一个，你就永远无法真正了解另一个。Using Language HEALTHY EATING There is much debate nowadays as to what makes up
98、 a healthy diet. For example, scientists have insisted for years that a big enemy of health is fatty food. However, there is increasing evidence that the real driver of poor health is not so much fatty food, as it is sugar. Heart disease is the number one killer of Americans. And in America, people
99、who receive 25%o of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day (Journal of the American Medical Association, 2014). This is true regardless of how healthy the rest of their diet might be. Put more simply, while
100、 people continue to argue over whether or not fatty food is dangerous, we already know that sugar is a killer.当下，何为健康饮食仍众说纷纭。例如，多年来科学家一直认为健康的大敌是高脂肪食物。然而，越来越多的证据表明，导致不良健康的真正因素并非高脂肪食物，而是糖分。心脏病是美国人的头号杀手。在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10的人的两倍(美国医学会杂志，2014年)。无论他们饮食的其他方面多么健康，都确实如此。简单地说当人们还在为高脂肪食物是否
101、有害而争论不休时，我们已经知晓糖分是健康杀手。 Much of this extra sugar comes from sweets and sweet drinks. The average American gets 1/3 of his or her sugar through sweet drinks alone. The American Heart Association recommends that we limit ourselves to less than 100-150 calories a day from sugar, which is less than what
102、 is usually contained in one can of sweet drink or in a single candy bar. In other words, if you want to be healthy, you have to cut down on desserts, and cut out sweet drinks altogether.多余的糖分大多来自甜食和甜饮料。一个普通的美国人单从甜饮料中摄取的糖分就占三分之一。美国心脏协会建议我们将每日糖摄入量限制在100至150卡路里以下，少于一听甜饮料或一块糖果通常所含的糖分。换言之，要想身体健康，就必须少吃甜点
103、，完全禁饮甜饮料。 Beyond this, you can keep healthy by consuming different categories of fresh foods, especially fruit and vegetables, which are full of vitamins and fibre, rather than processed foods. Processed foods often contain less nutrition, and have higher quantities of sugar, salt, and fat than fres
104、h ingredients. Besides this, it is also important to have some meat, beans, or dairy products in your diet, as they provide the necessary protein for strong bones and muscle growth. As with everything in life, moderation is key. The ideal diet is a balanced one, without too much or too little of any
105、 one thing.除此以外，为了保持身体健康，你还可以食用不同种类的新鲜食物，尤其是富含维生素和纤维素的水果和蔬菜，而不是加工食品。相比新鲜食材，加工食品通常营养成分较低，糖分、盐分和脂肪含量更高。此外，饮食中摄取一些肉类、豆类或奶制品也十分重要，因为这些食物为强壮骨骼、肌肉生长提供必要的蛋白质。适量是关键，生活中万事均如此。理想的饮食是均衡饮食，避免过多或过少摄入任何一种成分。 Finally, a fundamental key to healthy eating is to eat slowly. It takes about twenty minutes from the time
106、 you start eating for your brain to tell your body that you are full. What this means is that people who chew too quickly end up eating too much food because they still feel hungry. Eating slowly also allows your body to digest your food better, and will allow you to enjoy your food more. In additio
107、n, studies show that consistent eating habits, for example, taking three meals a day at the same time each day, are better for our health. It is also better to eat a modest amount of food each time, rather than to eat a lot in one meal, and then a little in the next.最后，健康饮食的基本要诀是细嚼慢咽。开始进食大约20分钟后，你的大
108、脑才会告知你的身体“你吃饱了”。这意味着咀嚼过快的人最终会吃太多食物，因为他们仍然感到饥饿。细嚼慢咽还能让你的身体更好地消化食物、更充分地享受美食。此外，研究表明，有规律的饮食习惯对我们的健康更有好处，例如，每天固定时间食用三餐。而且最好每餐摄入适量的食物，而不是上一餐吃很多，下一餐吃得很少。 There is no one trick to healthy eating. Rather, healthy eating starts with having a healthy attitude towards food. One question you can ask yourself is
109、, “Do I eat to live, or live to eat?” If you are using food mostly for nutrition, then you are on the right track with your diet. However, if food has become the centre of your life, you might be on the road to bad health. It is up to you to decide how you want to live, and to make the right decisio
110、ns about your diet。健康饮食没有诀窍。相反，健康饮食始于健康的饮食态度。你可以问自己一个问题:“我是为了活着而吃饭，还是为了吃饭而活着?”如果你吃饭主要是为了汲取营养，那么你已经在饮食上走对了路子。然而，如果食物已成为你生活的核心，那么你可能已踏上不健康之路。你想如何生活如何做出正确的饮食决择，这完全取决于你自己。Reading and Writing (Workbook)CONVENIENCE FOOD OR FRESH FOOD?方便食品还是新鲜食品？ A new survey indicates that young people in China much prefe
111、r making fresh food to buying prepared food. Mei Lin, for example, is 22 and she is a college graduate from Anhui. Mei L has stopped buying cheap food at the supermarket. I would much prefer my own bowl of noodles with fresh vegetables and a few spices to the packaged noodles I can buy in a store. I
112、ts fresher and healthier, especially since I lead an active life, Mei Lin often goes jogging in the evening and plays tennis at the weekend, in addition to swimming and training for a marathon in Xiamen in the autumn. She believes her fresh food choices help her stay fit and active.一项新的调查显示，在中国，年轻人更
113、喜欢做新鲜的食物，而不是买准备好的食物。例如，Mei Lin今年22岁，她是来自安徽的一名大学毕业生。Mei Lin已经不再在超市购买廉价食品。比起在商店里买到的包装面条，我更喜欢自己做一碗加了新鲜蔬菜和一些调料的面条。它更新鲜、更健康，特别是从我过积极的生活开始。梅琳经常在晚上去慢跑，周末去打网球，此外，她还会游泳，并为秋季在厦门的马拉松训练。她认为，选择新鲜的食物有助于她保持身体健康和活跃。 But the trend isnt one that only women are taking up. Su Bo, a 26-year-old computer programmer in Sh
114、enzhen, says that he has given up eating packaged meals except when hes travelling for work, For me, its a matter of wanting to be healthy and having enough energy. I have a very demanding job, and I need a sharp mind and strong body. It does take more time to go shopping, but I find my energy level
115、s are higher when I eat fresh food.” Su Bo used to order many of his meals online, so that he could spend more time working, but he soon stopped this habit. I realised it wasnt good to never take a break from my job,” he said. “Besides, the food often made me ill. For Su Bo this meant cooking his ow
116、n vegetables, eating less meat, and carrying fruit to work for lunch.“ Sometimes I buy one or two baozi from the food store on the corner but I usually make and bring my own lunch to work.” Like Mei Lin, Su Bo insists that eating healthy food helps him with his fitness routine.但这种趋势并不是只有女性才会接受。深圳26岁
117、的电脑程序员苏波说，除了工作出差的时候，他已经放弃了吃打包的食物，对我来说，这是一个希望健康和有足够能量的问题。我的工作要求很高，我需要一个敏锐的头脑和强壮的身体。逛街确实需要更多的时间，但我发现吃新鲜食物时，我的能量水平会更高。” 苏波曾经在网上订购了很多饭菜，这样他就可以花更多的时间工作，但他很快就停止了这个习惯。我意识到，从来不休息的工作是不好的,” 他说, 此外，这些食物经常让我生病。 对于苏波来说，这意味着他要自己做菜，少吃肉，中午带着水果去上班。 有时我会在街角的食品店买一两个包子，但我通常会自己做午饭，带着午饭去上班。 和梅林一样，苏波也坚持吃健康食品有助于他的日常健身。 Bot
118、h admit that in times of stress or busy periods at work, they do sometimes give in and eat fast food or packaged meals. Sometimes I just have to eat something on the run, says Me Lin, But I always regret it. I am so used to my diet now that when I eat less healthy food, I feel tired. I exercise less
119、 as a result. Su Bo insists that he does still sometimes enjoy eating on the go. But I almost always eat healthy meals. Because I live at home and my mother prefers to eat like I do, we often cook together. Its my father who likes to eat fast food in front of the TV.” he laughs.两人都承认，在工作压力大或忙碌的时候，他们
120、有时也会让步，吃快餐或包装食品。有时候我就是要在边走边吃点东西，梅林说，但我总是后悔。我现在已经习惯了自己的饮食习惯，少吃点健康的食物就会觉得累，我的运动量也因此减少了。 苏波坚持认为，自己有时确实还是喜欢边走边吃。 但我几乎都是吃健康的饭菜。因为我住在家里，我母亲也喜欢和我一样吃饭，所以我们经常一起做饭。倒是我爸喜欢在电视机前吃快餐。他笑道 When asked whether their eating habits are common among their age group, both Mel Lin and Su Bo say they are. Yet, its not clea
121、r whether this food trend will be adopted by other young Chinese people. Are Mel Lin and Su Bo unique or are they setting a new trend? Its too early to say.当被问及他们的饮食习惯是否在同龄人中普遍存在时，梅林和苏波都表示是。然而，这种饮食潮流是否会被其他中国年轻人所采用，目前还不得而知。梅林和苏波是独树一帜，还是在引领新的潮流？现在说还为时过早。Unit4.JOURNEY A CROSS A VAST LANDTravel far enou
122、gh, you meet yourself._ David Mitchell在一段足够远的旅行中，你会遇到(内心的)自己。Reading and ThinkingLi Daiyu and her cousin Liu Qian went to Canada to visit their cousins in Halifax on the Atlantic coast. Rather than travel by commercial airline all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train. Fo
123、r both of them， the thought of crossing the whole county by rail was exciting.李黛予和表妹刘倩前往加拿大探望居住在大西洋海岸哈利法克斯市的表兄妹。她们没有一路乘坐商业航班，而是决定先飞到温哥华，然后再乘坐火车。一想到可以坐火车横穿整个国家，姐妹俩就激动不已。Before starting out, they spent a couple of days in Vancouver, seeing the sights. During their first day, as is typical of Vancouver
124、, it rained. Despite the weather, they were able to take a boat ride out into the bay, and later visit an island that had wonderful shops selling crafts and antiques. The next day was clear and mild, and they were pleased to see the beautiful mountains looking out over the city. Later they took a pl
125、easant hike in a forest just a short distance away.出发前，她们在温哥华待了两天，欣赏当地风光。第一天温哥华一如往常细雨蒙蒙。尽管天气不佳，她们仍然泛舟驶入海湾，接着游览了一座岛屿。岛上有精致的店铺，出售手工艺品和古董。第二天，天气晴朗，温度适宜，她们看到壮美的群山俯瞰着整座城市，甚是欣喜。随后，她们在不远处的森林中徒步旅行，十分惬意 The next morning, the two girls arose early to take the train to Lake Louise, passing through the Canadian
126、 Rockies. Seen from the train window, the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive. When the train arrived at the station, they took a taxi to Lake Louise where the blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty. They spent the night, and then took a coach bound north
127、through the Canadian Rockies to Jasper. Looking at the beautiful scenery, they both agreed that it was the most awesome journey they had ever taken. In addition to seeing spectacular mountain peaks and forests, one highlight of their trip was being able to see many different creatures, including dee
128、r, mountain goats, and even a grizzly bear and an eagle.次日清晨，两个女孩早早起床，登上开往路易斯湖的火车穿越加拿大落基山脉。从车窗往外望去，加拿大巍峨的山脉和辽阔的森林尽收眼底。火车到站后，她们乘坐出租车前往路易斯湖。那里湛蓝的湖水美丽异常，摄人心魄。住了夜之后，她们乘坐长途汽车，向北穿过加拿大落基山脉，直达贾斯珀。望着眼前的美景，两人一致认为这是她们所经历过的最棒的一次旅行。除了欣赏壮丽的山峰和森林，旅程的亮点之一是能看到种类繁多的动物，如鹿、山羊、甚至还有一只灰熊和一只老鹰。 From Jasper, they caught the
129、 train towards Toronto. One of the trains first stops was in Edmonton, the provincial capital of Alberta, the centre of Canadas huge oil and gas drilling industry. Edmonton is freezing cold in winter, with daily temperatures averaging-10。C. Since it can be too cold to go outdoors, Edmonton is home t
130、o many shopping malls. In fact, one of the largest shopping malls in North America is in Edmonton.在贾斯珀，她们坐上了开往多伦多的火车。火车的头几站中有一站是埃德蒙顿，这是阿尔伯塔的省会，也是加拿大庞大的油气开采业中心。埃德蒙顿冬季十分寒冷，日平均气温为零下10摄氏度。由于天寒地冻，不适合户外活动，因此埃德蒙顿拥有众多大型购物中心。事实上，北美最大的购物中心之一就在埃德蒙顿。From Edmonton, the train headed southeast across the great Can
131、adian Prairie. At school, Daiyu and Liu Qian had leant that Canadas population is only slightly over thirty-seven million. However, they did not anticipate seeing such an open country, and were truly amazed. They went through two wheat-growing provinces, where they saw a bunch of farms that covered
132、a very large area.火车从埃德蒙顿出发，向东南方行驶，一路穿越加拿大大草原。黛予和刘倩在学校学过，加拿大的人口才刚过3700万。但两人还是未曾料想能看到如此辽阔的国度，真是惊叹不已。她们穿越两个种植小麦的省份，看到一片片广阔的农场。 After another day on the train, eventually they were back in an urban area, the city of Winnipeg. From there, they travelled through the night, and woke up in Ontario a land o
133、f forests and lakes. The train thundered on, through the rolling hills. The bushes and maple trees outside their windows were red, gold, and orange, and there was frost on the ground, confirming that autumn had arrived in Canada. Night came again, and the train turned south towards Toronto. When the
134、y woke up the next morning and pulled back the curtain, they could see the wide stretch of Lake Huronone of the four Great Lakes on Ontarios southern border. It was not until 9: 30 a m. that they finally reached the capital of Ontario, Toronto. All in all, their trip from Vancouver to Toronto had ta
135、ken a duration of four days.她们在火车上又度过了天，最终回到了都市区域温尼伯市。从该市出发，她们连夜前行，从梦乡中醒来时火车已抵达森林和湖泊密布的安大略省。火车继续轰隆隆地向前行驶，穿过绵延的群山。窗外的灌木丛和枫树林呈红色、金色和橘黄色，地面盖着一层霜，表明加拿大已进入秋季。夜幕再次降临，火车转向南行，开往多伦多。次日清晨，她们醒来，拉开车窗窗帘，辽阔的休伦湖映入眼帘。休伦湖是安大略省南部边境的四大湖之一。上午九点半，她们终于抵达安大略的省会多伦多。从温哥华到多伦多，她们的旅行总共历时四天。Using LanguageSEEING THE TRUE NORTH V
136、IA RAIL: TORONTO AND MONTREAL After Daiyu and her cousin arrived in Toronto, the largest and wealthiest city in Canada, they only had a few hours to kill before they had to proceed to the next leg of their trip to Montreal, so they went on a tour of the city. They went up the CN Tower and looked acr
137、oss the shores of Lake Ontario. Standing in the distance, they were astonished to see misty clouds rising from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake. Water from the lake lows into the Niagara River and over the falls on its way to the sea.李黛予和表妹抵达加拿大最大、最富有的城市多伦多之后仅有几个小时的时间可
138、以消磨，然后就得继续前往旅程的下一站蒙特利尔，于是两人就在市区逛了逛。她们登上加拿大国家电视塔，眺望安大略湖畔。站在远处，她们看到湖南边的尼亚加拉大瀑布升腾而起的水雾，惊叹不已。湖水流人尼亚加拉河，越过尼亚加拉瀑布，最终汇入大海 The girls saw hundreds of skyscrapers of glass and steel and old-fashioned cars rolling by. As they walked north from the harbour area, Li Daiyu said, “Lin Fei, one of my mothers old sc
139、hoolmates, lives here. I should phone her and see if shes available for dinner.”两个女孩看到很多玻璃和钢筋建造的摩天大楼，还有老式汽车从身边驶过。离开港口区后，她们向北行走。李黛予说:“我妈妈的老同学林菲就住在这里。我得给她打个电话，看看她是否有空一起吃晚饭。” They met Lin Fei around dusk over dinner at a restaurant in downtown Chinatown. The cousins chatted with Lin Fei, who had moved
140、to Canada many years earlier.黄昏时分，她们在市中心唐人街的一家餐馆里与林菲见了面，并共进晚餐。林菲多年前就来到加拿大生活。表姐妹俩与她畅聊了一番。 “This is the largest Chinatown in Toronto. We have a few more in the Greater Toronto Area, so you can guess that there are a lot of Chinese people in Canada! Chinese people have been coming here for more than a
141、hundred years. Therefore, we can get all kinds of great food here from all over China,” Lin Fei told them.“这是多伦多最大的唐人街。大多伦多地区还有几个唐人街，你们可以猜到加拿大有很多中国人!一百多年来，不断有中国人来到这里。所以，我们在这里能吃到中国各地的各色美食。”林菲告诉她们。 The train left late that night and arrived in Montreal early the next morning. At the station, in contra
142、st to Toronto, they heard people talking in French. They were surprised to see that all the signs and advertisements were in French and many people spoke English with an accent.火车于当天深夜出发，次日一早抵达蒙特利尔。在火车站她们听见人们用法语交谈，这与多伦多形成鲜明对比。两人惊奇地发现所有的标示牌和广告都是用法文写的，而且许多人说英语都有口音。 “We dont leave until this evening,”
143、said Liu Qian, “Lets go downtown. Old Montreal Is close to the water.”“我们要到傍晚才动身。”刘倩说，“咱们到市区逛逛吧蒙特利尔老城区就在河边。” They spent the afternoon in lovely shops and visiting artists in their workplaces along St Paul Street. As they sat in a restaurant alongside the broad St Lawrence River, a young man sat down
144、 with them.整个下午，她们穿梭于一家家可爱的小店，拜访圣保罗街边工作坊里的艺术家们。两人在宽阔的圣劳伦斯河边上的 “Hello, my name is Jean-Philippe. Im a photographer.” he said, “and I was wondering where you are from”“你们好，我叫让菲利普，是一名摄影师。”他说道，“请问你们从哪里来? The girls told him they were from China and were on a train trip across Canada. When they told him t
145、hey had only one day in Montreal, he said, “Thats too bad. You owe it to yourselves to stay longer. Overall, Montreal is a city with wonderful sights and sounds. Most of us speak both English and French, and the city has unique Quebec culture and traditions. There are fantastic restaurants and clubs
146、 around, too. Here, we love good coffee, toast and cheese. And good music, of course”姑娘们告诉他，她们来自中国，并且正在进行横跨加拿大的火车之旅。得知她们只能在蒙特利尔逗留一天时，他说道:“那太可惜了，你们应该多待几天。总的来说，蒙特利尔是一座声色俱佳的城市。我们大多数人既说英语，也说法语。这座城市拥有独特的魁北克文化和传统。此外，这里还有很棒的餐馆和酒吧。这里的人酷爱美味的咖啡、吐司和奶酪。当然，还有动听的音乐!”That night the train was speeding along the St.
147、 Lawrence River towards the Gulf of St Lawrence and down to the distant east coast towards the province of Nova Scotia and its largest city, Halifax. The cousins dreamt happily of the beautiful cobblestone streets, old brick buildings, and the red maple leaves of Montreal.当晚，火车沿着圣劳伦斯河向圣劳伦斯湾飞驰，经过远方的东
148、海岸，驶向新斯科舍省及其最大的城市哈利法克斯。在梦乡中，表姐妺俩愉快地回味着蒙特利尔美丽的鹅卵石街道、古老的砖砌建筑和鲜红的枫叶。Reading and Writing (Workbook)XU XIAKES GUILIN徐霞客的桂林 It is 10 in the morning, and I am travelling by raft down the Li River. The sun is already burning hot even though it has not yet reached full strength, but a calm breeze cools my sk
149、in. So far the day is wonderful but the purpose of my trip is not just to have fun: I am following in the footsteps of Xu Xiake (1587-164 1), the famous Chinese travel write and geographer. Though Xu was from Jiangsu, he spent more than 80 years travelling throughout the country, and greatly admired
150、 my destination todayOx Gorge.现在是上午10点，我正乘着竹筏顺着漓江而下。虽然太阳还没有完全晒到，但已经是火辣辣的了，但一阵阵平和的微风却让我的皮肤凉爽起来。到目前为止，今天的天气是美好的，但我此行的目的不仅仅是为了玩乐。我是在追随徐霞客（1587-1641）的脚步，他是中国著名的旅行作家和地理学家。虽然徐是江苏人，但他花了80多年的时间走遍了全国各地，他非常欣赏我今天的目的地-Ox峡谷。 As we flow down the river, we are surrounded by steep hills sticking up into the skykars
151、ts. Unique among mountains, karsts were formed over thousands of years as rain drained into the acidic soil and melted the soft rock, leaving the harder rock behind, Guangxi is full of karsts, giving it some of the most interestingand beautiful scenery in the world. Xu was one of the first people to
152、 make a careful study of Guilins karsts and their related cave systems. He, like many people today, found them fascinating.当我们顺着河水往下走的时候，四周都是直插云霄的陡峭山体-喀斯特。喀斯特是山地中独一无二的，是几千年来雨水排入酸性土壤，融化了柔软的岩石，留下了坚硬的岩石，广西到处都是喀斯特，形成了世界上最有趣、最美丽的风景。徐先生是最早对桂林岩溶及其相关洞穴系统进行仔细研究的人之一。他和今天的许多人一样，觉得它们很迷人。 Suddenly, our raft hits
153、 some rapids, and I find myself covered in water, I turn to my raftsman and we share a laugh. The water not only keeps us cool, but it is all part of the adventure.突然，我们的竹筏遇到了一些急流，我发现自己浑身都是水，我转过身来，和筏工一起哈哈大笑。水不仅让我们感到凉爽，而且这都是冒险的一部分。 What made someone like Xu spend years travelling thousands of kilomet
154、res away from home? Perhaps its the same reason as mine: to explore the world and to discover new things. As Xu wrote, “A great man should in the morning be at the blue sea, and in the evening at Mount Cangwu. Why should I restrict myself to one corner of the world?”是什么原因让许某人长年累月地在离家数千公里的地方旅行？也许和我的原
155、因一样：探索世界，发现新事物。正如徐所写的那样：大丈夫当朝游碧海而暮苍梧。为什么要把自己限制在世界的某个角落呢? Xu was not alone. Much like today, the late Ming Dynasty was a golden age of tourism within China. People travelled hundreds of kilometres to visit temples, go mountain climbing, or explore scenery.徐先生并不孤独，和今天一样，明朝末年是中国国内旅游的黄金时代。人们不远千里去参观寺庙，去爬
156、山，或者去游览风景。Unit5.FIRST AIDIts a great honour to save a life. Leigh Bardugo.救人一命，善莫大焉。Reading and ThinkingFIRST AID FOR BURNS The skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ. Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins, and the suns rays It also helps control your body temp
157、erature, prevents your body from losing too much water, warns you when things are too hot or cold, and gives you your sense of touch. As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is giving first aid皮肤是人体必不可少的一部分，也是人体
158、最大的器官。皮肤是一道屏障，能阻挡疾病、毒素和太阳光线的侵入。皮肤还有助于控制体温，防止身体流失过多的水分，在外物过热或过冷时发出警告，并使你拥有触觉。可想而知，烧伤会造成严重后果。在处理烧伤时，第一步也是最重要的一步就是采取急救措施。CAUSES OF BURNS烧伤的原因 You can get burnt by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation, the sun, electricity, acids, or other chemicals.很多东西都会造成烧伤:灼热的液体、蒸汽、明火、辐射、太阳光、电流、酸
159、性物质或其他化学品。 TYPES OF BURNS烧伤的种类Burns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage根据皮肤损伤的深度，烧伤分为三类。First-degree burns： These affect only the top few millimetres of the skin. These burns are not serious. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by other minor household inci
160、dents.一度烧伤:仅伤及最上层几毫米的皮肤。此类烧伤并不严重，如轻度的晒伤和其他轻微家庭事故造成的烧伤。Second-degree burns： These go below the top layer of the skin. They are serious and take a few weeks to get better. Examples include burns caused by hot liquids.二度烧伤:伤及最上层皮肤以下的部位。此类烧伤较为严重，需要数周时间才能康复，如灼热的液体造成的烧伤Third-degree burns： These affect eve
161、ry layer of the skin, and sometimes the tissue under it. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or petrol fires. These burns cause very severe internal injuries and the victim must go to the hospital at once.三度烧伤:伤及每一层皮肤，有时甚至伤及皮下组织，如因电击灼伤、衣服着火造成的烧伤，或汽油起火造成的烧伤。此类烧伤会引起非常严重的
162、内部损伤，伤者必须立即送往医院。 CHARACTERISTICS OF BURNS烧伤的特点第 75 页 共 75 页First-degree burnsl dry, red, and mildly swollen l mildly painfull turn white when pressedSecond-degree burns l red and swollen, blisters: watery surface l extremely painfulThird-degree burns l black and whitel swollen, the tissue underneath
163、 can often be seen l little or no pain if nerves are damaged: maybe painful around the edges of the burn一度烧伤l 干燥、发红、微肿l 微痛l 受压时变白二度烧伤l 发红、肿胀;起水疱;表层渗液l 极度疼痛三度烧伤l 皮肤发黑或变白l 肿胀;通常可见皮下组织l 如神经受损，则微痛或无痛感;创面边缘或有痛感 FIRST-AID TREATMENT急救处理1 Place burns under cool running water, especially within the first ten
164、 minutes, The cool water stops the burning process and reduces the pain and swelling.1.将烧伤部位放在流动的冷水下冲洗，尤其在前十分钟。冷水冲洗可阻止烧伤进程，缓解疼痛和肿胀2 Dry the burnt area gently with a clean cloth.2.用干净的布轻轻吸干烧伤部位的水分。3 Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary, unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.3
165、.如有必要，用剪刀剪掉烧伤部位的衣服，除非衣服与被烧伤的皮肤粘连在一起。4 Cover the burnt area with a loose clean cloth. Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea, as it will keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.4.用干净透气的布盖住烧伤部位。在受伤处涂抹油膏不可取，因为这会阻碍伤口散热，而且可能引发感染。5 If burns are on the face, make sure the victim can st
166、ill breathe.5.如果烧伤部位在脸上，应确保伤者仍可呼吸。 6 If the victim is suffering from second or third-degree burns, there is an urgent need to take him/her to the hospital at once.6.如果伤者是二度或三度烧伤，必须立刻送往医院。Using Language Chen Wei, a high school student in Beijing, had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screa
167、ming from another table. A fellow diner at the restaurant, Zhang Tao, was choking on some steak. He was now holding his throat with his face turning red, while his desperate friends were slapping him on the back.北京高中生陈伟在吃晚餐，这时另一桌突然传来客人的尖叫声。原来餐馆里一个叫张涛的人被牛排噎住了。只见他按着喉咙，满脸通红，他的几个朋友正拼命拍打他的背部。 Chen wasted
168、 no time. He got up and ran to Zhangs table at once. With the help of Zhangs friends, he was able to help Zhang to his feet. Then, standing behind Zhang, Chen did the Heimlich manoeuvre. The food was instantly forced out, and Zhang began to breathe again. Ten minutes later, an ambulance arrived. The
169、 doctors checked Zhang and made sure that he was fine. They suggested he eat more slowly and take smaller bites before they left.陈伟毫不迟疑。他立刻起身，跑到张涛桌前。在张涛朋友们的帮助下，陈伟扶着他站了起来。接着，陈伟站在张涛的背后，实施海姆立克急救法。食物瞬间被排出，张涛又能开始呼吸了。十分钟后，救护车赶到。医生们为张涛做了检査，确保他没有大碍。离开前，医生建议他吃饭要细嚼慢咽，小口进食。 Choking victims usually have only ab
170、out four minutes before they collapse and sometimes die, leaving no time for an ambulance to arrive. To solve this problem, in 1974, an American doctor, Henry Heimlich, created the Heimlich manoeuvre, saving thousands of lives around the world. Doing the Heimlich manoeuvre is quick practical, and ea
171、sy. It is so easy, in fact, that almost anyone can learn how.噎食者通常大约四分钟后就会瘫倒在地，有时甚至死亡，等不到救护车的到来。为解决这一问题，1974年美国医生亨利海姆立克发明了海姆立克急救法，挽救了全世界成千上万人的生命。海姆立克急救法简便、实用、见效快。事实上，它非常容易操作，几乎所有人都能学会。 If you see someone choking, first call the emergency services.Then, make sure the victim is really choking: A choki
172、ng person cannot speak. Slapping the victims back will often force out the obstruction. If this does not work, you can perform the Heimlich manoeuvre by standing behind him and wrapping your arms around his waist. Make a fist with one hand and place it in the upper part of his stomach. Grabbing your
173、 fist with your other hand tightly, push up and into his stomach in one motion. Continue doing this until the obstruction is forced out.如果你发现有人被噎住，首先拨打急救电适。然后，确定此人确实是被噎住了:人被噎时是无法说话的。拍打噎食者的背部通常可以将异物排出。如果不奏效，那么你可以实施海姆立克急救法。具体做法是:站在此人身后，用双臂环抱其腰部。只手握拳，置于其上腹部，另一只手紧紧握住拳头，快速用力向上在里挤压。重复上述动作，直至异物排出。Doing the
174、 Heimlich manoeuvre on a small child is not recommended, as you may hurt him. Instead, lay the child face down on your lap with the head lower than the rest of his body, and then give firm slaps to his upper back until he can breathe again不建议对小孩实施海姆立克急救法，因为你可能会伤到他/她。相反，应将孩子脸朝下放在大腿上，使其头部低于身体其他部位，然后用力
175、拍打其上背部，直至他/她恢复呼吸。 With choking victims, every minute counts. You cannot just stand by and do nothing. Luckily, Chen had learnt how to give firs aid in school. Seeing Zhang choking, he remained calm and reacted immediately. Chen later said about the incident, How could I justify sitting there and doi
176、ng nothing? We are all humans and we all have a responsibility to look after one anothers welfare”救助噎食者，分秒必争。不要袖手旁观。幸运的是，陈伟在学校学过急救方法。看到张涛噎住，他保持冷静，且反应迅速。后来，陈伟谈起此事时说道:“我有什么理由坐在那儿袖手旁观呢?大家都是人，我们都有责任关心彼此的幸福。”Reading and Writing (Workbook)IS YOUR HOME SAFE?您的家安全吗？ Your home can be a dangerous place, but b
177、y making it safer you can prevent accidents. The kitchen ,bathroom, and bedroom are where most accidents happen. These can include falls, fires, poisoning ,cuts, hot water burns, and electric shocks.您的家可能是一个危险的地方，但通过使它更安全，您可以防止事故的发生。厨房、浴室和卧室是发生事故最多的地方。这些事故包括摔倒、火灾、中毒、割伤、热水烫伤和电击。THE KITCHEN厨房l People
178、may slip when the floor is wet so make sure the floor is kept dry.l Always cut away from your body when you use a knife.l Follow instructions for all electrical appliances.l Unplug all appliances after use.地板潮湿时，人可能会滑倒，所以要确保地板保持干燥。使用刀子时，一定要从身体向外切。遵守所有电器的使用说明。使用后要拔掉所有电器的插头。THE BEDROOM卧室l Never smoke
179、in bedl Keep a lamp near the bedl Have a telephone near the bed, especially when youre feeling ill.l Dont run electrical wires under carpets.绝不在床上吸烟在床边放一盏灯在床边放一个电话，特别是当你感觉不舒服的时候不要在地毯下面走电线。THE BATHROOM洗手间l Dont plug in an electrical appliance or use one while standing in water.l Dont use a hairdryer
180、near a bath containing water.l Keep the bathroom floor dry.l Make sure that your hot water heater is set at a low temperature不要在水中站立时插电器插头或使用电器。不要在有水的浴缸附近使用吹风机。保持浴室地面干燥。确保您的热水器设置在低温状态。PREVENTING FIRES预防火灾Fires can cause terrible damage to your home and terrible injuries to people. If there is a fire
181、, your first priority s getting everyone out of the house safely, and then calling for help. Never go back into a burning building to save your thing.火灾会给你的家造成可怕的损失，也会给人们带来可怕的伤害。如果发生火灾，您的首要任务是让每个人都安全地离开房子，然后打电话求救。千万不要回到燃烧的建筑物中去救你的东西。l Buy clothes, curtains, and toys that do not burn easilyl Use heat
182、ers very carefully, as they can set objects on fire.l Pace them away from furniture when cooking, do not let oil touch the fire or other sources of heat.l Check electrical wires a number of times each year to make sure they are in good condition.l Switch off your gas and electricity when you will be
183、 away from home for a long time.l Make sure your home is equipped with fire extinguishers.购买不容易燃烧的衣服、窗帘、玩具等。使用加热器时要非常小心，因为它们可能会使物体着火。烹饪时要远离家具，不要让油接触到火或其他热源。每年都要检查电线多次，确保电线处于良好状态。当您长时间不在家时，请关闭您的煤气和电。确保家中装有灭火器。CHILDREN AND HOME SAFETY儿童和家庭安全 Homes are not always safe places for young children. Being c
184、urious, the may stick their fingers or objects into dangerous places and end up suffering from electric shocks or getting burnt. In addition, they may try to eat or drink anything they can find, whether it is food or not. For these reasons, it is important to make your home safe if you have young ch
185、ildren about.对幼儿来说，家庭并不总是安全的地方。由于好奇心强，他们可能会把手指或物品伸进危险的地方，最终遭受电击或被烫伤。此外，他们可能会尝试吃或喝任何他们能找到的东西，不管它是否是食物。因此，如果您有小孩在身边，让您的家变得安全是很重要的。l Keep matches out of the reach of children.l Store all cleaning materials in a locked cupboard.l Never leave a small child alone in the bath.l Put covers over electrical o
186、utlets.l Keep all medicines out of the reach of children.将火柴放在儿童无法触及的地方。将所有清洁用品存放在上锁的柜子里。切勿将小孩单独留在浴室内。在电源插座上加盖。將所有藥物放在兒童無法觸及的地方。MAKING YOUR HOME SAFE FOR THE ELDERLY让老人的家更安全 The elderly present special challenges, as they may have trouble moving about and can be seriously hurt in falls. If you have
187、an elderly person in your home, you may need to take some extra measures to make your home safer.老年人提出了特殊的挑战，因为他们可能会有行动不便，并可能在跌倒时受到严重伤害。如果您的家中有老人，您可能需要采取一些额外的措施，使您的家更安全。l Make sure that passages within the home are kept clear.l Put non-slip bath mats in and next to the bath and shower.l Put handrail
188、s along passage walls and in the bathroom.确保家中的通道保持畅通。在浴室和淋浴间内和旁边铺设防滑浴垫。沿着通道墙壁和在浴室内放置扶手。【新教材】人教版（2019）高中英语选择性必修第三册课文原文与翻译Unit One ARTLove of beauty is taste. 爱美是一种品味，The creation of beauty is art. 而创造美则是一种艺术。-Ralph Waldo EmersonReading and ThinkingA SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTNG西方绘画艺术简史 What is W
189、estern art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.什么是西方艺术?很难给出一个精确
190、的定义。由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。也许了解西方艺术的最好方法就是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。 The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century) 中世纪(5世纪到15世纪) During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their work
191、s were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real
192、environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，艺术家对写实场景不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物通常比其他人物大得多，以显示他们的重要性。这种情况在13世纪时因乔托迪邦多纳(1267-1337)而开始改变。尽管他的画仍然带有宗教主题，但它们展示的是真实的环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的画作，因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻
193、的情感冲击而从其他画作中脱颖而出。 The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)文艺复兴时期(14世纪到17世纪) New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on religious themes. They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough
194、 during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio(1401-1428) Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccios innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世
195、纪的思想和价值观。因此，画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始采取一种更人性化的生活态度。这一时期的个重要突破是马萨乔(1401-1428)对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如昂纳多达芬奇、米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创造出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。 Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as e
196、arly as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和现实主义风格,一些最好的油画看上去就像是照片。尽管早在达芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。 In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted fro
197、m religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, most clients wanted paintings tha
198、t were beautiful and interesting to look at.在题材上，重点逐渐从宗教主题转移到人和我们周围的世界。国王、贵族和上流社会人士都想购买自己和所爱之人的准确照片。其他人则想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户都想要看起来美丽有趣的画作。 Impressionism( late 19th to early 20th century) 印象派时期(19世纪后期到20世纪初期 The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19
199、th century. After that, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet 1840-1926) called
200、 Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monets aim was to convey the light and movement in the scenethe subjective impression the scene gave himbut not a detailed record of the scene itself.直到19世纪中叶摄影术发明之前，西方艺术的发展缓慢。在那之后，不再需要绘画来保存人和世界的面貌了。因此，画家们不得不寻找一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。由此，印象派在法国应运而生。这个新运动的名字来源于克劳德莫奈(1840-192
201、6)的一幅名为印象日出的画作。在这幅作品中，莫奈想传达场景中的光线和运动场景给他的主观印象而不是场景本身的详细记录。 While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919), focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and-white photographs of that time period, Renoirs paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, a
202、nd life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well.虽然许多印象派画家描绘了自然或日常生活场景，但其他画家，如雷诺阿(1841-1919年)则以人物为关注对象。雷诺阿的画作与那个时代冷淡的黑白照片不同，充满了光、影、色彩和生命。他不仅试图展示他笔下人物的外在形象，而且还展示他们内心的温暖和人性。 Modern Art(from the 20th century to today)现代艺术(20世纪至今) After Imp
203、ressionism. subsequent artists began to ask. What do we do next? Painters such as Picasso (1881-1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality. Still others turned to abstract art. Wha
204、t they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, What is art?在印象派之后，后来的艺术家开始问“下一步我们该做什么?” 像毕加索(1881-1973)这样的画家试图用一种新的方法立体主义来分析自然界中存在的形状。其他人则赋予他们的画中一种写实但又像梦一样的品质特征。还有一些人转向抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是提出一个问题 “什么是艺术?”Using LanguageANCIENT CHINNESEARTON SHOW中国古代艺术展览 The Richfi
205、eld Museum of Fine Art is proud to present our new exhibition, “From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages.” Join us as we explore more than 3,000 years of wonderful art from the Middle Kingdom. From bronze bowls to ceramic vases, and jade sculptures to ink wash paintings our goal is to displa
206、y the Chinese artistic genius from ancient times瑞奇菲尔德美术博物馆很荣幸地推出我们的新展览一从商到清:中国艺术千古流传”。加入我们，一起探索来自“中央王国” 3000多年的精彩纷呈的艺术吧。从青铜碗到陶瓷花瓶，从玉雕到水墨画，我们的目标是展示中国古代的艺术天赋。 The highlight of this exhibition is the painting Clearing After Snow on a Mountain Pass, one of the great works of Tang Yin (1470-1524). Born d
207、uring the Ming Dynasty, Tang sought and failed to gain entry into the civil service, so he turned to painting instead. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known. This painting, showing high mountains, trees, and houses covered in snow, was made with extraordi
208、nary skill. Though it is over 500 years old, it looks as fresh and full of life as the day it was created.此次展览的重头戏是唐寅(1470-1524)的巨作之函关雪霁图。唐寅出生于明朝，但未能进入文职队伍，因此他转而从事绘画。随着时间的推移，他被公认为中国有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一。这幅画作运用非凡的技巧，展现了高山、树木和被雪覆盖的房屋。虽然它已经有500多年的历史了，但它看起来与它创建之日时一样清新、充满生机。 Also of primary note is a collection
209、of nearly 100 bronze objects from the Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE-1046 BCE). While the artists who made these great works are not known, they showed great skill in creating these beautiful pieces. Some of the items on display are thought to have come from the collection of Emperor Qianlong(1711-1799), a
210、 great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze同样十分重要的(看点)是一组近百件商代(公元1600年公元前1046年)青铜器品。虽然创作这些伟大作品的艺术家并不为人所知，但他们在创造这些精美作品时展现了高超的技巧。部分展品被认为是来自对商朝青铜器大为赞赏的乾隆皇帝(1711-1799年)的收藏品。 Finally, we have many fine examples of Tang Dynasty(618-907)sculptures. Most of these are of Buddhist origin. Even though Buddhism ente
211、red China much earlier, it did not really begin to show expansion until the seventh century. During this same period, trade along the Silk Road also boomed. Chinese sculpture thus found itself highly influenced by Buddhist art brought from India and Central Asia through the Silk Road. These works we
212、re intended to spread Buddhism and they are of exceptional beauty and quality. Looking at the faces of the figures in these sculptures, one sees the faces of the past. History is brought to life.最后，我们有许多唐代(618-907)雕塑精品。其中大多数作品与佛教的起源有关。尽管佛教进入中国的时间要早得多，但直到公元7世纪才真正开始传播。在同一时期，丝绸之路的贸易也蓬勃发展。因此，中国雕塑受到通过丝绸之
213、路从印度和中亚传来的佛教艺术的极大影啊。这些作品旨在传播佛教，具有非凡的美感和品质。看着这些雕塑中人物的面孔，您会看到过去时代的面孔，历史栩栩如生。 This is just a small taste of what is in store for you in this exhibition. We guarantee that From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages will transport you to another time with its amazing collection of works.以上只是让你稍微感受下
214、你将在本次展览看到什么。我们保证“从商到清:中国历代艺术”将以其惊人的收藏品将您带到另一个时代。 From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages will run until November 25.“从商到清: 中国历代艺术”将持续到11月25日。 Opening hours are from 9: 00 a.m. to 5: 00 p. m, from Tuesday to Sunday ( the museum is closed on Mondays). No one will be admitted into the exhibiti
215、on after 4: 30 p. m.开放时间为周二至周日上午九时至下午五时(博物馆逢星期一闭馆)。展览下午4:30后停止入馆。 Admission: $10 for adults; $8 for students; $5 for children under 12; free for children under 5.门票:成人10美元;学生8美元;十岁以下的儿童5美元;5岁以下儿童免费入场。 No photos or food and drink are allowed in the museum.博物馆内禁止拍照、携带食物和饲料。Reading and WritingTHE STARR
216、Y NIGHT星夜 Perhaps my favourite painting is The Starry Night, by Vincent van Gogh(1853-1 890). Born in the Netherlands, Van Gogh had always been interested in art, and tried to live as a professional painter starting from 1883. His early work was dark and sad, so in 1886 Van Goghs brother Theo invite
217、d him to come to live in Paris也许我最喜欢的画是文森特-梵高（1853-1890）的星夜。梵高出生于荷兰，一直对艺术很感兴趣，从1883年开始尝试以职业画家的身份生活。他早期的作品是黑暗和悲伤的，所以1886年梵高的哥哥提奥邀请他来巴黎生活。 Theo hoped that the bright colours of the Impressionist movement there would influence his work. Van Gogh moved to the south of France in 1888. Later that year, he
218、 suffered a mental collapse and went to live in a hospital. He made more than twenty paintings of the view from his hospital window, during all times of the day and all kinds of weather. However, he only made one painting of the scene at night. As Van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo in June, 1889, “T
219、his morning I saw the countryside from my window a long time before sunrise, with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big.” The morning star Van Gogh referred to was actually the planet Venus. Van Gogh had longed to paint a night scene, and the sight of Venus inspired him提奥希望那里的印象派运动的明亮色
220、彩能影响他的作品。1888年，梵高搬到法国南部。同年晚些时候，他精神崩溃，住进了医院。他画了二十多幅画，画的都是医院窗外的景色，在一天中的任何时候，任何天气。然而，他只画了一幅夜景的画。正如梵高在1889年6月写给弟弟提奥的信中所说：今天早上，我在日出前很久就从窗口看到了乡村，除了晨星，什么都没有，晨星看起来非常大。 梵高所说的 晨星 其实是金星。梵高一直渴望画一幅夜景，而金星的景象给了他灵感. On the left side of The Starry Night, there is a large tree which shoots up from the ground like a d
221、ark fire. It reaches all the way to the top of the painting. In the background are rolling hills, with a small village in a valley. In the centre of the village is a white church. Its tower points up into the sky like a sharp knife. Here and there you can see houses with windows shining with yellow
222、light. Above all this is dark blue sky. A quarter moon fills the top-right corner of the painting with yellow. Venus sits low near the tree. It burns with white light. Here and there in the sky above Venus are yellow, orange, and red stars. Around these are lines of pure paint in different shades of
223、 blue, yellow and white. They flow out of control, like river rapids.在星夜的左侧，有一棵大树，它像一团黑火一样从地面射出。它一直延伸到画的顶端。背景是连绵起伏的群山，山谷里有一个小村庄。村子的中心是一座白色的教堂。它的塔楼像一把尖刀一样指向天空。在这里和那里，你可以看到房屋的窗户闪着黄色的光。在这一切之上，是深蓝色的天空。一轮四分之一的月亮在画的右上角充满了黄色。金星低低地坐在树旁。它燃烧着白色的光。在金星上方的天空中，这里和那里是黄色、橙色和红色的星星。在这些周围是蓝色、黄色和白色不同色调的纯颜料线条。它们不受控制地流动着
224、，就像河流的激流。 The Starry Night is not a realistic panting of the scene Van Gogh saw out of his window. For example in real life there is no village in that valley. However, perhaps the painting shows the deeper reality of what Van Gogh could see with his minds eye. Though the scene is dark and quiet, th
225、e painting is full of light and life. It gives us a look, perhaps, into the complex mind and genius of Van Gogh.星夜并不是梵高看到的窗外的真实景象。比如在现实生活中，那个山谷里并没有村庄。然而，也许这幅画表现了梵高用他的心灵之眼所能看到的更深层次的现实。虽然画面黑暗而安静，但画中却充满了光明和生命。它也许能让我们一窥梵高复杂的思想和天才。Unit Two Healthy Lifestyle第二单元健康的生活方式The greatest wealth is health. Virgil
226、 健康是最大的财富。Reading and ThinkingHABITS FOR A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE健康的生活方式需养成的习惯 As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more
227、serious ones when they become adults. For example, some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcohol abuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenagers life is essential. They must learn to recognise bad habits early an
228、d make appropriate changes.在成长过程中，青少年会变得越来越独立，并且开始自己做决定。然而，在这一时期，他们中的一部分人容易养成不良习惯。如果任其发展，在他们长大成人后，这些不良习惯可能会导致更为严重的有害习惯。例如，一些青少年可能吸烟成瘾或酗酒，造成身心健康问题。防止此类有害习惯主宰青少年的生活是至关重要的。他们必须学会早早认清不良习惯并作出适当的改变。 To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on the philosop
229、hy of Aristotle: We are what we repeatedly do. In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can
230、 change, if we understand how habits work改变不良习惯从来都不是一件容易的事情，即使你三番五次地尝试。有句基于亚里士多德哲学的名言:“我们反复做的事情造就了我们。”从很多方面看，我们的生活方式是我们所作出的选择的总和。我们选择做某件事，接着我们反反复复地做这件事。不久之后，这项选择就变得自然而然，成为一种更加难以改变的习惯。好消息是，如果我们了解习惯是怎么运作的，我们就可以作出改变。 According to modern psychology, we must first learn about the habit cycle, which works
231、 like this：根据现代心理学，我们必须首先了解“习惯循环”，其工作原理如下:l Firstly， there is a “cue” , an action， event，or situation that acts as a signal to do something.第一是“触发因素”，即一个行动、事件或状况，充当要做某事的讯号。l Secondly, there is a routine, the regular action you take in response to the cue.第二是“惯常行为”，即你响应触发因素而采取的常规行动。l Thirdly, there i
232、s the reward, the good thing or feeling we get from the routine.第三是“回报”，即我们从惯常行为中获得的美好事物或感受。 For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine) which makes us feel happy (reward). The reward makes us much more likely to continue the cycle, and the bad habit of relying
233、 on unhealthy snacks is formed例如，当我们感到不高兴时(触发因素)，我们会吃很多不健康零食(惯常行为)，这让我们感到快乐(回报)。这一回报使我们更有可能继续这一循环，从而形成了依赖不健康零食这不良习惯 To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles
234、 with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favourite music instead (routine) which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from chan
235、ging bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come to an escalator (cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.为了促进我们不良习惯的积极改变，我们必须首先审视我们的不良习惯循环，然后尝试去改变它们。为了做到这一点，我们
236、可以把来自我们不良习惯循环的信息与我们自己的积极想法结合起来。例如，我们可以试着将一个消极的惯常行为替换为一个更积极的东西。因此，当我们再次感到不高兴时(触发因素)，我们可以听几首自己最喜爱的音乐(惯常行为)，而不是吃零食，这会使我们感到放松(回报)。除了改变不良习惯之外，我们还可以利用习惯循环来养成良好的习惯。例如，当我们走到电梯前的时候(触发因素)，我们的惯常行为是乘坐电梯，但是我们可以改为走楼梯，从而将上述惯常行为改变为一个更积极的事情。 Many of us try to change bad habits quickly, and if we are not successful s
237、traight away we often become pessimistic and give up. In fact, the most successful way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” One step seems small, but it is essential. To reach the goa
238、l of change, a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small steps. After all, it is not easy to break bad habits我们中很多人试图迅速改变不良习惯，一旦没有立刻成功，我们往往变得悲观，继而放弃。事实上，改变不良习惯的最佳方法不是一蹴而就，而是需要一段时间。正如中国哲学家老子所说:“千里之行，始于足下。” 一步似乎很小，却至关重要。为了实现改变这一目标，一个人必须展示出一定程度的自制力，不断地出许多小步。毕竟，戒除不良习惯并非易事。 For youn
239、g people, there is plenty of time to change bad habits. However, there is no “magic pill” or delete button that will help you; you have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes. You have the power to build a happy and healthy life full of good habits!对年轻人来说，有大量的时间可以改变不良习惯。然而，能帮助你的“魔
240、力丸”或删除键并不存在;你必须思考自己的不良习惯，选定一些作出改变。你有能力构建一种充满良好习惯的快乐、健康的生活!Using LanguageWrite a letter to the editor about your lifestyle.Dear Editor尊敬的编辑 After I attended your summer camp about health and lifestyle choices, I realised I hardly ever felt well, either physically or mentally often felt sleepy and diz
241、zy, and lacked passion. Most worrying, though, I got the flu easily and experienced many toothaches, too参加了你们举办的有关健康和生活方式选择的夏令营之后，我意识到我几乎从来没有感觉好过，无论在身体上还是心理上。我经常感到昏昏欲睡和头晕目眩。不过最令人担忧的是，我很容易得流感，而且经常牙痛 At the end of the camp I heard, Change the world by changing yourself. This stimulated my motivation.
242、A dentist once examined me and told me that too much sugar in my meals had damaged my teeth and health. I made up my mind to change two things in my life: to eat nothing with sugar and to exercise regularly在夏令营尾声，我听到“改变世界，从改变自己做起”这句话，这激发了我的动力。有次，牙医给我做检查时告诉我，我的三餐摄入了过量糖分，损害了我的牙齿和健康。我下定决心改变我生活中的两件事:不吃含
243、糖的任何东西，定期锻炼身体。 After that I stopped buying all the sweets, biscuits, and sugary drinks that I used to have every day. Whenever I went out with friends, brought snacks from home, things that didnt have any added sugar: fruit, nuts, dried meat, etc.此后，我不再买我过去每天都要吃的糖果、饼干和含糖饮料。每次和朋友们出去时，我都会从家里带零食，也就是没有添
244、加任何糖分的东西:水果、坚果、肉干等。 My exercise was very simple: I went outside every day for at least 30 minutes and did something active. Sometimes I played table tennis or badminton with my cousins. Other times I jumped on my skateboard and rode around my neighbourhood, or just took a long walk我的锻炼很简单:我每天在室外积极活动
245、至少30分钟。有时，我会和堂(表)亲打乒乓球或羽毛球;有时，我会跳上滑板，在街区滑行，或是长时间散步。 The results have been fantastic. I feel more dynamic and stronger than ever, in both body and mind. I sleep soundly at night now. I no longer suffer from a flu virus or toothaches either. Best of all, in my opinion, is how I feel about myself. I fe
246、el like Im in control of my own life. To make choices about myself is within my own power. I CAN change myself. I just need to try.结果棒极了。在身心上，我感觉比以往任何时候都更有活力、更加强壮。现在，夜里我能酣然入睡。我也不再受流感病毒或牙痛的折磨。我认为，最棒的是我对自己的感觉。我感到我能掌控自己的生活。为自己作出选择是我力所能及的。我能够改变自己。我只需去尝试。Yours truly,此致敬礼!Wang Lu王璐Dear Editor尊敬的编辑:As I to
247、ok part in the summer camp about personal life choices, I started to analyse my choices, especially what I did to relax and how it was affecting my whole life.自从参加了有关个人生活选择的夏令营后，我开始分析自己的选择，尤其是我做了些什么来放松自己，以及它是如何影响我的整个生活的。 After starting high school, I felt stressed out and always relaxed by playing c
248、omputer games. I got so absorbed that I played the games day and night. Playing was fun, but I felt even more worn out afterwards! So after the camp, I realised that it was very, very important to adjust my lifestyle. I decided to take control of my life and find other ways to relax.高中开始后，我感到压力重重，总是
249、通过玩电脑游戏来放松自己。我十分着迷，没日没夜地打游戏。打游戏很好玩，但过后我却感到更加疲惫不堪!因此，夏令营之后，我意识到调整自己的生活方式是非常重要的。我决定掌控自己的生活，寻找其他的放松方式。 It was a big struggle not to join my friends in playing online games as Im mad for them. However, I realised that to succeed in quitting, I had to replace it with something else. So I thought about wh
250、at to try. Rock climbing, bowling, watching comedies, and playing basketball were the things I thought of doing instead.不和我的朋友们一起玩网络游戏是一件十分困难的事情，因为我痴迷其中。不过我意识到要想成功戒瘾，我必须用别的东西来取代它。于是，我思考该尝试些什么。攀岩、打保龄球、看喜剧片、打篮球都是我考虑过的取而代之的事情。 Now my dad and I go rock climbing together monthly! It has enhanced the qual
251、ity of my life, improving my health and increasing my happiness. I get refreshed through climbing, spend more time with my dad, and get to meet new friends.现在，爸爸每个月与我结伴去攀岩。这改善了我的健康，增加了我的幸福感，(从而)提高了我的生活品质。禁岩使我精神焕发，与爸爸共度了更多的时光，而且结交了新的朋友。 After six months of trying out new ways of relaxing, I feel much
252、 more energetic. I feel that I can change myself for the better. And if thats true for me, then it might truly be possible to change the world for the better. As Gandhi said “Be the change you want to see in the world.”尝试新的放松方式六个月后，我感到精力充沛多了。我感觉我可以让自己变得更好。如果这对我来说是真的，那么也许真的有可能让世界变得更加美好。正如甘地所说:“欲变世界，先
253、变其身。”Sincerely,此致敬礼!George Fielding乔治菲尔丁Reading and WritingMY EXPERIENCES WITH COMPUTER GAMES我的电脑游戏经历 I clearly remember the first time I played a computer game. I was seven years old. My friend had gotten a computer for his birthday. He invited me to play a game, which was very simple by todays sta
254、ndards, but we loved it! We played for hours. We would meet after school every day to play it. My addiction to computer games started then. Not long after that, my friend moved to the city. I missed him, but got my own computer and began playing by myself我清楚地记得我第一次玩电脑游戏的情景。那时我七岁。我的朋友在生日时得到了一台电脑。他邀请我
255、玩一个游戏，以今天的标准来看，这个游戏非常简单，但我们很喜欢！我们玩了几个小时。我们每天放学后都会聚在一起玩。我对电脑游戏的瘾就是从那时开始的。不久之后，我的朋友搬到了城里。我很想他，但我有了自己的电脑，开始自己玩。 Over the years, computer games developed rapidly. Technology improved, and there were always new and better games to play. You could then play games over the Internet with people from al over
256、 the world, using either computers or smartphones. The online games were fascinating and it was always exciting to play.多年来，电脑游戏发展迅速。技术进步了，总是有新的更好的游戏可以玩。那时，你可以通过互联网与来自世界各地的人一起玩游戏，使用电脑或智能手机。网上的游戏很吸引人，玩起来总是很刺激。 At first, I played games over the Internet after I had done my homework and eaten dinner. T
257、hen I started playing as soon as I got home each day, My parents stopped me, so I started playing it in the middle of the night. I went to school and often fell asleep in class. My teacher would scold me but I would often do the same thing the next day! Shortly after that, I began to skip meals and
258、play through the night. My parents found out and took away my computer and smartphone. I knew I had gone too far. My love of computer games had become an addiction. It was affecting my schoolwork and my health, and I felt quite depressed起初，我是在做完作业和吃完饭后才在网上玩游戏。后来，我每天一回家就开始玩，爸爸妈妈阻止了我，于是我就在半夜开始玩。我去上学，经
259、常在课堂上睡着了。老师会责骂我，但第二天我还是这样做同样的事情!在那之后不久，我开始不吃饭，整晚玩游戏。！父母发现后，把我的电脑和智能手机都拿走了。我知道自己做得太过分了。我对电脑游戏的热爱已经成瘾。影响了我的功课和健康，我觉得很沮丧. Then one day I bumped into my friend again! He had moved back to our hometown. We hadnt seen each other for ages. He looked happy and healthy. We talked about the past and the good
260、times we had, playing that old game. He still played computer games, but he also did many other things. He invited me to play basketball with some friends. I got tired quickly, but I loved it! Afterwards, we played a board game. We laughed and talked and played for hours. It was very sociable and gr
261、eat fun. Playing games with my friends in real life was much more enjoyable than doing so online.后来有一天，我又碰到了我的朋友! 他已经搬回了我们的家乡。我们已经很久没有见面了。他看起来很开心，很健康。我们聊起了过去，聊起了我们的美好时光，玩起了那个老游戏。他还是玩电脑游戏，但他也做了很多其他的事情。他邀请我和一些朋友打篮球。我很快就累了，但我很喜欢。之后，我们玩了一个棋牌游戏。我们笑着说话，玩了好几个小时。这是一个非常有趣的社交活动。在现实生活中和我的朋友玩游戏比在网上玩游戏更有趣。 Compu
262、ter games are great fun and I still play them sometimes. New technology is making more amazing things possible. Ive learnt that some games can even teach us to train our brains to solve problems. However, games can also be addictive, so balance is important for a healthy lifestyle. We can spoil good
263、 things by doing them too much. Now I enjoy playing games even more because I am able to maintain a good balance between work and play.电脑游戏非常有趣，我有时还是会玩。新技术让更多神奇的事情成为可能。我了解到，有些游戏甚至可以教我们训练大脑解决问题。然而，游戏也会让人上瘾，所以平衡对于健康的生活方式很重要。我们会因为做得太多而破坏了美好的事物。现在我更喜欢玩游戏，因为我能够在工作和游戏之间保持良好的平衡。 Unit 3 ENVIROMENTAL PROTECT
264、IONEarth provides enough to satisfy every mans needs, but not every mans greed. -Mohandas K. Gandhi. 地球能满足人类的需要，但满足不了人类的贪婪。Reading and ThinkingCLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRES THE WORLDS ATTENTION气候变化需要全世界的共同关注 We have known about climate change for decades. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer
265、 and warmer (see the graph). A warming ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the global climate.我们了解气候变化已经有几十年了。毫无疑问，地球是在变得越来越暖(见表)。海洋和气候变暖以及冰的融化和海平面的上升为全球气候的剧烈变化提供了证据。 In 2013, a lot of people were shocked by a news photo of a dea
266、d polar bear that was found on Norways Arctic island of Svalbard. According to the scientists who found its dead body, all that remained of the polar bear was skin and bones . An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have
267、 starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change meant that the bear could not hunt seals as before, so it had to travel greater distances in order to find food. This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had an impact on Earths ecology.2013年，一张关于那威北
268、极岛的斯瓦尔巴群岛上发现一只北极熊死亡的新闻照片，震惊了很多人。根据发现北极熊尸体的科学家的说法，北极熊只剩下“皮肤和骨头”。一位研究北极熊多年的专家说，从北极熊尸体的位置看，北极熊似乎饿死了。专家声称，由于气候变化导致海冰面积下降，这只熊无法像以前那样捕猎海豹，因此它不得不走很远的距离才能找到食物。这个令人震惊的案例表明，温度升高如何影响地球的生态。 Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature? Climate scientists often mention a key climat
269、e process called the greenhouse effect which has two common meanings: the natural greenhouse effect and the man-made greenhouse effect. The natural greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earths surface as short-wave radiation. The heat is released
270、 back into space at longer wave lengths. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earths climate warm and habitable. Without this process, Earth could not sustain life. However, the man-made greenhouse effect has now become a big problem.
271、 When people produce huge amounts of extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earths surface temperature to rise.那么，是什么导致全球平均表面温度上升?气候科学家经常提到一个称为“温室效应”的重要气候过程，它有两个普遍的含义：“自然”温室效应和“人造”温室效应。“自然”温室效应是指太阳的热量进入大气层，并以短波辐射的形式使地球表面变暖。热量以更长的波长释放回
272、太空。大气层中的温室气体(如甲烷和二氧化碳)吸收了部分热量，使地球的气候温暖宜居。没有这个过程，地球将无法维持生命。然而，“人造”温室效应现在已成为一个大问题。当人们燃烧化石燃料产生大量额外的温室气体时，更多的热量被困在大气层中，从而引起地球表面温度迅速上升。 There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serio
273、us damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths
274、and economic losses。有充分而全面的证据表明，温度升高导致全世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害增加，不仅造成了严重的破坏，而且还造成了人员伤亡。气候科学家警告说，如果我们不采取适当的行动，这种变暖趋势可能会持续下去，并且需要付出更高的代价。事实上，新闻报道经常播出极端暴雨和热浪造成死亡和经济损失。 Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of
275、 people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our carbon footprint by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility
276、 to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. So what will you do to help?持续的温室气体排放将导致全球气候进一步变暖和持久变化。这需要全世界人民的关注。政府需要考虑制定政策，采取适当的行动和措施以少温室气体排放。我们个人也可以通过限制生活方式产生的二氧化碳量
277、来减少“碳足迹”。抓住每一个机会，对所有人进行全球变暖及其成因和影响的教育，这是我们的责任，因为这是影响我们地球上所有人最严重的问题。那你会怎么做?REDUCING WATER POLLUTION IN THE LI RIVER减少漓江的水污染 The beautiful Li River and its amazing surrounding scenery is one of the most well-known tourist destinations in Chinas Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It attracts millions of
278、 domestic and foreign visitors each year. However, its reputation as a top destination has had negative effects on the rivers water quality. This report looks at the problem of water pollution and some actions that have been taken to deal with it.美丽的漓江及其迷人的风景是中西壮族自治区最著名的旅游胜地之一。它每年吸引数百万的国内外游客。然而，它作为顶
279、级旅游胜地的声誉对河流的水质产生了负面影响。这份报告着眼于水污染问题以及为解决这个间题而采取的一些行动。 Previously, water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists, many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river. Many tour boats contributed to the problem too. Kitchens on board were using lots of oil. w
280、hich was often thrown into the water. The growth in tourism also meant the local population rose rapidly, as well as the number of commercial and industrial enterprises. Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river. In order to feed more people, m
281、ore chemicals were used to increase crop production. These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, causing a decrease in the number of fish species. Local officials were concerned that the pollution was damaging the natural environment and felt that urgent steps should be taken to restore the
282、rivers original beauty以往，漓江的水质因游客量的增长遭到了严重破坏，一些游客频繁将垃圾扔进江中。许多旅游船也导致了这个问题。船上的厨房用了大量的油，这些油经常被扔入水中。旅游业的增长也意味着当地人口以及商业和工业企业的数量迅速増加。水污染水平上升，更多的家庭和商业废物最终流入河中。为了养活更多的人，使用了更多的化学药品来增加农作物的产量。这些化学物质导致严重的水质问题，导致鱼类种类减少。当地官员担心污染正在破坏自然环境，并认为应采取紧急措施恢复河流的原始美景。 A comprehensive initiative was started, with a number of
283、 measures that addressed the issues. The construction of waste water treatment facilities improved the water quality and water conservation. The collection and transport of household waste was also improved. Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved. The local government set up strict reg
284、ulations regarding further industrial development. New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods. Furthermore, the local authorities began to use the media to spread environmental awareness and encourage greater use of clean energy. At the same time, they sta
285、rted to carry out inspections regularly and fine tourist organisations for abuses. With these measures, it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come一项全面倡议启动了，采取了若干措施解这些问题。污水处理设施的建设改善了水质，节约了用水。生活垃圾的收集和运输也得到了改善。数十家污染企业被关闭或搬迁。地方政府对进一步发展工业制定了严格的规定。有关旅游船路线和垃圾处理
286、方法的新规定也已出台。此外，地方当局开始利用媒体宣传环境意识，鼓励更多地使用清洁能源。同时，他们开始定期进行检查，并对旅游组织的陋习进行罚款。相信通过这些措施，漓江之美将得以世代相传。 In addition， the ambitiousWater Ten Plan is also now tackling water pollution across the country. Other initiatives， such as theRiver Chief System， hold senior officials responsible for reducing water pollut
287、ion. With such campaigns in effect， Chinas waterways are heading towards a clean and sustainable future另外，“水十条”的宏伟规划则是为了治理整个国家的水污染问题。例如“河长制”这样的举措让高级官员承担起减少水污染的职。随着这些行动(的展开)，中国的水资源正朝着洁净的、可持续发展的未来迈进。 Reading and WritingSMALL WASTE, BIG PROBLEM小垃圾，大问题 Many of us might not give a second thought to dropp
288、ing a small piece of litter. After all it is so small, it cannot possibly be that harmful, can it? In todays world, the answer is certainly Yes it can! With the growing use of plastic bags and the rising number of smokers, there is more litter being produced than ever before.我们很多人可能都不会去考虑掉一小块垃圾。毕竟它这
289、么小，不可能有那么大的危害吧？在当今世界，答案当然是 是的，有！。随着塑料袋的使用和吸烟者的增加，产生的垃圾比以往任何时候都多。 Although cigarette butts are small, they are bad for the environment. Worldwide, about 4.3 trillion cigarette butts are littered every year. As well as spoiling the beauty of the environment, they contain toxic chemicals. These find th
290、eir way into the water supply where they affect water quality and endanger plants and animals. Cigarette butts can take up to 25 years to break down, and the toxic chemicals add up to a large amount with so many littered. So, if people want to smoke they should dispose of the butts properly in a rub
291、bish bin.烟头虽小，却对环境有害。全世界每年约有4.3万亿个烟头被乱扔。除了破坏环境的美丽，它们还含有有毒的化学物质。这些物质会进入水源，影响水质，危害动植物。烟头需要长达25年的时间才能分解，而有毒的化学物质会随着这么多烟头的乱扔而大量增加。所以，如果人们想吸烟，应该把烟蒂妥善地丢弃在垃圾箱里。 Plastic bags are another common form of litter that is dangerous to the environment. They are easily blown by wind and float in water, so they can
292、 travel long distances. They find their way to rivers, parks, beaches and oceans, killing many birds, mammals, fish, and sea animals each year worldwide. They can last for hundreds of years in the environment. We should not let plastic bags become litter. We should use fewer plastic bags, and reuse
293、and recycle what we have already used.塑料袋是另一种常见的对环境有危害的垃圾。它们很容易被风吹动，漂浮在水面上，所以它们可以长途跋涉。它们进入河流、公园、海滩和海洋，每年在世界各地杀死许多鸟类、哺乳动物、鱼类和海洋动物。它们可以在环境中持续数百年。我们不应该让塑料袋成为垃圾。我们应该减少使用塑料袋，并将已经使用过的塑料袋再利用和回收。 One way to reduce the use of plastic bags is to charge for them. Shops used to give plastic bags for free. But i
294、n some countries, including China, customers are now charged for each bag. Some shops also have a bag-for-life scheme. They sell stronger bags that can be reused, and they replace them for free if the bags ever break.减少使用塑料袋的方法之一是收费。以前商店都会免费赠送塑料袋。但在包括中国在内的一些国家，现在却要向顾客收取每个袋子的费用。有些商店还实行 可重复使用的环保购物袋计划。
295、他们出售可以重复使用的更结实的袋子，如果袋子破损，他们会免费更换。 Waste is a big problem for the environment, so we need to do something. Not littering at all or cleaning up small waste saves money spent on disposing of litter properly. However, it would be better not to smoke or use plastic bags at all。垃圾是环境的一个大问题，所以我们需要做点什么。完全不乱
296、扔垃圾或清理 小垃圾，可以节省用于妥善处理垃圾的费用。但是，最好不要吸烟或使用塑料袋。Unit4 ADVERSITY AND COURAGEGreat works are performed not by strength, but perseverance.-Samuel Johnson业成于百折不挠，不论力量大小。塞缪尔约翰逊。Reading and ThinkingA SUCCESSFUL FAILURE一次成功的失败经历 Perce Blackborow joined an expedition with Sir Ernest Shackleton to Antarctica on t
297、he ship Endurance in 1914. Shackleton was one of the most famous explorers of his day and it was considered a great honour to be part of his expeditions. Below are some of Blackborow s diary entries.珀西布菜克博罗于1914年加入欧内斯特沙克尔顿爵的“坚忍”号轮船南极探险之旅。沙克尔顿是他那个时代最负盛名的探险家，加入他的探险活动被认为是一种巨大的荣耀。下面是布菜克博罗的一些日记。31 Octobe
298、r,19141914年10月31日 Well, it so happened that one morning I bought a newspaper and read the advertisement about the Antarctic expedition.好吧，碰巧有一天早上我买了份报纸，看了一则关于南极探险队的广告。 An expedition to the South Pole with the great Sir Ernest Shackletonthis is the adventure that I have been dreaming of. And I was re
299、ady for it. At the age of 19, I am fit and full of vigour. However, when I applied to join the expedition Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasnt qualified. But I was so enthusiastic about the idea of going along with them that I secretly went aboard his ship, the Endu
300、rance, and hid in a small cupboard. Unfortunately, three days after we set off I was discovered. Shackleton did not want to turn back so he offered me a job， but only after he promised me, If anyone has to be eaten， then you will be the first! He assigned me to be a steward, and I now serve meals fo
301、r twenty-eight men, three times a day.同伟大的欧内斯特沙克尔顿爵士去南极探险这是我梦寐以求的冒险。我已经准备好了。19岁的时候，我身体健康而且精力充沛。然而，当我申请加入探险队时，沙克尔顿拒绝了我，因为他认为我太年轻，不合格。但我对与他们同行的想法非常感兴趣，于是我偷偷地上了“坚忍”号轮船，在一个小橱里。不幸的是，我们出发三天后，我被发现了。沙克尔顿不想回头，所以他给我提供了一份工作，但他保证，“如果有人要被吃掉，那你就是第一个!”他让我当一名伙计，我现在做28个人一天三顿的饭菜。 How everyone will envy me when I come
302、 back and tell them about the amazing laces I have been to.当我回来告诉他们我去过的神奇的地方时，大家好该会多么羨慕我啊!21 Nov 19151915年11月21日 The journey has not been easy. Endurance became stuck in the ice as we approached Antarctica. The ice froze around us and we were well and truly stuck! We saw the ship get crushed by the
303、ice. And when the ship sank, our hearts sank with it.这段路程并不轻松。正当我们接近南极时，“坚忍”号被海土的浮冰卡住了。周围的冰都冻结了，我们千真万确地被困住了!我们看到船被冰挤坏了。当船沉没时，我们的心也随之沉没 Before we abandoned the ship, Shackleton calmly called us together and told us to rescue our most essential suppliesthe small boats, our food, the cook stove candles
304、, clothes, and blankets. This was no time to panic. We were not allowed to take most of our personal belongings, and Shackleton himself threw away all his gold. But to our surprise, he allowed Hussey to keep his banjo. Hussey often plays it to keep our spirits up.在我们弃船之前，沙克尔顿镇静地把我们召集在一起，告诉我们要抢出我们最基本
305、的给养小船、食物、炉子、蜡烛、衣服和毯子。现在不是恐慌的时候。我们不准带走大部分私人物品，沙克尔顿自己也扔掉了所有的金子。但令我们感到惊讶的是，他让赫西留着他的班卓琴。赫西经常弹班卓琴来保持我们的精神振奋。 We are now camped on the ice and we have been managing to survive, but spring is coming, and the ice will soon begin to melt.我们现在在冰上扎营，我们一直在设法生存，但春天来了，冰很快就会开始融化。20May,19161916年5月20日 We have been s
306、truggling for days, but things on Elephant Island are going from bad to worse. We are now crowded together under one of our boats on the rock shore of this miserable place. Soon after we arrived, Shackleton left us to find help on South Georgia Island, 1, 320 kilometres awaythe voyage was too danger
307、ous and difficult for all of us to make it in our small boats. If Shackleton fails, will we have any hope of rescue? No. No navy in the world ever stops at Elephant Island and no one else knows that we are here.我们已经苦苦挣扎了好几天，但是大象岛上的情况越来越糟。我们现在挤在一条船上，在这个悲惨的地方的岩石海岸上。我们到达后不久，沙克尔顿就离开我们，去1320公里外的南乔治亚求援，这趟
308、航程太危险和困难了我们所有人都无法乘小船上路。如果沙克尔顿失败，我们是否有营救的希望吗?不，世界上没有任何海军在大象岛停留过，也没有人知道我们在这里。 I feel low. Its cold and windy. The island has no plants. Sometimes we are able to catch a seal or a penguin to eat. Otherwise, there is no food. I try to think of happier things: decent food, warm and dry clothes, a cosy be
309、droom, sunny days, and my mothers face . However, these happy memories are soon interrupted by a sudden cold rush of air.我感到情绪低落。寒冷多风，岛上没有植物。有时我们能抓住海豹或企鹅来吃。否则，就没有食物了。我尝试着想一些更快乐的事情:体面的食物暖和的衣服、舒适的卧室、阳光明媚的日子以及妈妈的脸然而，这些美好的回忆很快就被突如其来的冷风打断了。I shouted. “Shut the door.” 我大喊:“关上门!“Hold on now, Perce. Dont yo
310、u go turning into another Tom,” came the reply.“Weve caught another penguin, so its penguin soup tonight!”“要坚持住啊，珀西。你可不要变成另一个汤姆。”传来一声回答，“我们又抓了一只企鹅，所以今晚是企鹅汤!”Bless Frank Wild, the kindest man there is after our leader, Ernest Shackleton.How could I become as selfish and bad-tempered as Thomas Orde-le
311、es!保佑弗兰克怀尔德，我们的领袖欧内斯特沙克尔顿之外最善良的人。我怎么能变得像托马斯奥德里斯一样自私又脾气暴躁! Without Frank and Ernest, wed all be dead by now. Their genuine concern for others, their perseverance, and their resolve fill me with hope.如果没有弗兰克和欧内斯特，我们现在都已经死了。他们对他人的真诚关心，他们的毅力和决心使我充满希望。 Perhaps there is a chance we will return home, after
312、 all毕竟，我们内部也许还是有机会回家的。Using LanguageTHE REWARD FOR PERSEVERANCE锲而不舍的回报 We watched as Shackleton and the boat sailed away from Elephant Island. It was easy to imagine the danger ahead of them. Would they ever return to find us? What might happen to them? What if they were delayed? We fell so alone an
313、d desperate. But it was not for long. There was nothing like a good dinner and some music to cheer us up.我们看着沙克尔顿和小船驶离大象岛。很容易想象他们将面临的危险。他们会回来找我们吗?他们可能会发生什么?如果他们被耽搁了怎么办?我们感到如此孤独和绝望。不过，这并没有持续很长时间。没有什么比得上一顿好饭和一点儿音乐能让我们振作起来了。 Life fell into a regular pattern. Staying alive took all our time and energy.
314、For example, we needed water, and Elephant Island had none. We found that we could melt ice from the ocean and drink the water from it. But how could we make fire? There were no trees growing on Antarctica and no oil, so the only fuel we could use was animal fat. This gave off oily, black smoke, but
315、 it stayed burning even in strong winds.生活转入了常规。活下去耗费了我们所有的时间和精力。例如:我们需要水，而大象岛没有水。我们发现我们可以融化海洋中的冰块并饮用其中的水。但我们怎么生火呢?南极地区不长树，也没有油料，所以唯一可供我们用作燃料的便是动物脂肪。燃烧脂肪会产生油膩的黑烟，但它即使在强风中也能燃烧。 Food was also a problem, as we did not find any vegetables or fruit on the island. One of our group members, Lionel Greenstr
316、eet, noted in his diary about how bored he was with the meals: The food now is pretty well all meat of sea creatures. If it werent for sea animals, we would all starve. As a chef. it was my duty to cook, so I tried to vary the meals in whatever way I could. But it was difficult.食物也是个问题，因为我们在岛上没有找到蔬菜
317、和水果。我们小组的一员，菜昂内尔格林斯特里特在日记中提到他对菜是何其厌烦:“现在食物全是海洋生物的肉。”如果不是海洋动物，我们都会挨。作为厨师，做饭是我的职责，所以我想方设法去变化伙食的花样。但这可真不容易。We had to be careful not to go outside too often, as the changing temperatures could make us ill. It was almost as dangerous to become too hot from wearing too many clothes as to become too cold f
318、rom wearing too few. The sweat could freeze very quickly. Many of us also became ill from the black smoke of the animal fat we burnt for our fires. It damaged our eyes and burnt our lungs.我们必须小心，不要经常出门，因为变幻的温度可能会使我们生病。穿衣服太多而太热同穿得太少而变冷差不多一样危险。汗水可能很快就会结成冰。我们中的许多人还因为燃烧动物脂肪产生的黑烟而生病。它伤了我们的眼睛，烧伤了我们的肺。 The
319、 twenty-two of us lived like this in the cold for four months. Our discipline and team spirit kept us optimistic and helped us deal with our fears in a positive and successful way. We also celebrated our birthdays, festivals, and even the times when we caught a sea animal. This was an episode in my
320、life that I would never forget.我们22个人就这样在寒冷中生活了四个月。我们的纪律和团队合作精神使我们保持乐观，并帮助我们以积极的态度成功地克服了恐惧。我们还庆祝生日、庆祝节日，甚至捕获到一只海洋动物也庆祝一番。这是我一生中永远不会忘记的一段插曲。 When we were finally rescued, we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears. We were at last free to go home to warm beds, good food and
321、the care of our family and friends. Our optimism and faith in Shackleton lad helped us persevere in staying alive. And he paid us back by his commitment to save us from a slow but painful death.当我们最终获救时，我们长长得松了口气，欣喜不已，许多人忍不住流下了眼泪。我们终于可以自由地回家，躺在温暖的床上，品尝可口的食物，享受家庭和朋友的关爱了。乐观和对沙克尔顿的信任帮助我们坚持顽强地活了下来。他给我们的
322、回报则是承诺返回岛上，并且把我们从缓慢而又痛苦的死亡中解救出来。Reading and WritingFAN ZHONGYAN范仲淹 Perhaps one of the most famous sayings in China is, To be the first to feel concern for the troubles of the world, and the last to enjoy its pleasures. Written by Fan Zhongyan, this 11th century proverb provides a goal for all Chines
323、e government officials to aspire to.也许中国最著名的一句话是：先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。 这句11世纪的谚语由范仲淹所写，为所有中国政府官员提供了一个向往的目标。 Fan Zhongyan(989-1052) himself was a good example of someone who lived by these words. Fan was born in Suzhou in 989 CE. When he was just one or two years old, his father died and his mother marrie
324、d another man From a very young age, he was very diligent in his schoolwork. Later, he left his stepfathers family and had to stay in a temple, where he was only able to eat porridge each day. In the winter, he had to cut frozen porridge into pieces for his meals. It is said that one day one of his
325、friends noticed that he was not eating well, so he sent over some tasty food. Fan refused to touch it, saying that he wanted to be content with what he had.范仲淹(989-1052)本人就是践行这句话的典范。范仲淹于公元989年出生在苏州。在他一两岁的时候，父亲去世，母亲改嫁，他从小就非常勤奋学习。后来，他离开继父家，只好住在寺庙里，每天只能吃粥。冬天的时候，他只好把冻粥切成块来吃。据说有一天，他的一个朋友发现他吃得不好，就送了一些好吃的东
326、西过来。范仲淹不肯碰，说要知足常乐。 In 1015, Fan passed the imperial examination and became a government official. While he served in Taizhou, he always had the peoples best interest at heart, and so he proposed building a sea wall to protect homes from flooding. This sea wall was later called Lord Fans Embankment.
327、Serving with distinction, he helped build up defenses when the country was threatened by war. Then, once the country was at peace again, he was promoted to a high level position in the capital, where he was able to advise the emperor on government policy.1015年，范仲淹通过科举考试，做了官。在台州任职期间，他始终以人民的利益为重，于是他提议
328、修建一道海墙，保护家园不受水灾侵袭。这道海墙后来被称为 范大人堤。他功勋卓著，当国家受到战争威胁时，他就帮助建立防御设施。后来，国家再次和平后，他就被提拔到京城担任高官，可以为皇帝提供政府政策方面的建议。 As an advisor to the emperor, Fan then tried to institute government reforms, known as the Qingli reforms. However, many conservative bureaucrats opposed him, and so the reforms were stopped and Fa
329、n was forced to leave the capital and go into exile.作为皇帝的顾问，范仲淹便试图推行政府改革，即所谓的庆历改革。然而，许多保守的官僚反对他，因此改革被停止，范仲淹被迫离开京城，流放在外。 While in exile in 1045, Fan wrote an essay entitled Memorial to Yueyang Tower. In the essay, he wondered if it was possible to find government officials who would be firm in their
330、desire to look after the needs of the common people, and not worry about their own personal welfare.1045年流放期间，范仲淹写了一篇题为岳阳楼纪的文章。在文章中，他想，是否可以找到一些政府官员，坚定不移地照顾老百姓的需要，不为自己的个人福利担忧。 Of such a man, Fan said, When serving in a high office at court, he will be concerned for the people; if living on distant ri
331、vers and lakes, he will be concerned for his sovereign. When serving, he worries, while in retirement. he worries. And when does he enjoy himself ? One must say: To be the first to feel concern for the troubles of the world and the last to enjoy its pleasures. “居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君。是进亦忧，退亦忧。然则何时而乐耶？其
332、必曰“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐” 微斯人，吾谁与归？After Fan retired, he bought a farm and used it to provide jobs for local people. The profits from the farm were then used to pay for the education of poor children. Though by this time he was a wealthy man, he spent all of his money helping others and lived a very simpl
333、e life.范仲淹退休后，买了农田雇佣当地人。然后把农田的利润用来支付贫困儿童的教育费用。虽然这个时候他已经是一个富翁了，但是他把所有的钱都用来帮助别人，自己生活非常简单。It is refreshing to think that there was once such a person who did not just speak wise words to live by, but who also put those words into practice during his own life. Fan Zhongyan was such a man.想到曾经有这样一个人，他不仅说
334、了明智的话作为生活的依据，而且还在自己的一生中将这些话付诸实践，真是令人耳目一新的。范仲淹就是这样一个人。UNIT FIVE POEMS第五单元 诗歌Two roads diverged in a wood , and I took the one less travelled by. And that has made all the difference.-Robert Frost林子里有两条路，我选择了行人稀少的那一条它改变了我的一生。 Reading and ThinkingAFEW SMIPLE FORMS OF ENGLSHIPOEMS简体英文诗 There are various
335、 reasons why people compose poetry. Some poems tell a story or describe a certain image in the readers mind. Others try to convey certain feelings such as joy and sorrow. The distinctive characteristics of poetry often include economical use of words, descriptive and vivid language, integrated image
336、ry, literary devices such as similes and metaphors, and arrangement of words, lines, rhymes, and rhythm. Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. Now we will look at a few of the simpler forms人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。有些诗是为了叙事，或者说是描述读者心目中的某个形象。而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情，比如喜悦和悲伤。诗歌的显著特点通常包括:用词简洁;语言描述生
337、动、形象; 具备整合的意象:使用明喻和隐喻等文学手法:词、句韵、节奏等编排有序。诗人用许多不同格式的诗来表达自己的情感。现在我们来看看几种格式比较简单的诗。 Some of the first poems a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes. They are usually the traditional poems or folk songs. The language of these rhymes, like Poem A, is to the point but has a storyline. Many childr
338、en enjoy nursery rhymes because they rhyme, have a strong rhythm, and often repeat the same words. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes children learn about language.孩子们最早学习的英文诗是童谣。它们通常是传统的诗歌或民歌。这
339、些童谣(如诗歌A)的语言简单明了，但带有故事情节。许多孩子喜欢童谣，因为它们押韵，节奏感强，并较多单词重复。童谣不一定有什么意义，甚至(有的)看来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背诵。通过童谣中的文字游戏，孩子们学习了语言。 One of the simplest kinds of poem is the list poem, which contains a list of things, people, ideas, or descriptions that develop a particular theme. List poems have a flexible line length
340、 and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem. Some rhyme( like B and C), while others do not.清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种，它包含一系列发展特定主题的事物、人物想法或描述。清单诗可长可短，可以重复一些短语，较为灵活，形成固定句型和诗的节奏。有些清单诗有韵脚(如B和C)，但有一些没有。Hush, little baby, dont say a word,Papas gonna buy you a mockingbird.If that mockingb
341、ird wont sing,Papas gonna buy you a diamond ring.If that diamond ring turns to brass,Papas gonna buy you a looking glass.If that looking-glass gets broke,Papas gonna buy you a billy goat.If that billy goat wont pull,Papa,s gonna buy you a cart and bull.小宝宝，别说话爸爸给你买个知更鸟，知更鸟不会唱爸爸给你买个钻石戒。钻石戒，变成铜，爸爸给你买个
342、小镜子。小镜子，打破了爸爸给你买个小山羊。如果小山羊变老了，爸爸给你买驾牛车。BMotherHundreds of stars in the deep blue skyHundreds of shells on the shore togetherHundreds of birds that go singing by,Hundreds of bees in the sunny weatherHundreds of dewdrops to greet the dawnHundreds of bees in the purple cloverHundreds of butterflies on
343、the lawnBut only one mother the world overGeorge CooperB母亲乔治库柏天空夜星如织，海滨贝壳满地，鸟儿鸣唱飞过蜜蜂沐浴阳光，黎明四野朝露，苜蓿蜜蜂成群，草从蝴蝶争艳，但世界浩瀚，我唯有一母。 LIFE Life can be good, Life can be bad, Life is mostly cheerful but sometimes sad, Life can be dreams, Life can be great thoughts, Life can mean a person, Sitting in court,生活生活可
344、能美满，生活可能悲伤，生活常常充满欢乐，但有时令人沮丧。生活可能是梦幻一场，生活可能是智慧结晶。生活可能将一个人送上被告法庭。 Another simple form of poem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain, which is made up of five lines. With these, you can convey a strong picture or a certain mood in just a few words. Look at the example( D)另外一种业余爱好者容易写的简体诗是由五行组成
345、的，叫做五行诗。用五行诗，你可以用少量的词语传递一幅动人的画面或某一特定的心情。请看例子D。 Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that consists of 17 syllables. It has a format of three lines, containing 5, 7, and 5 syllables respectively. It is not a traditional form of English poetry, but is very popular with English writers. It is easy to writ
346、e and, like the cinquain, can give a clear picture and create a special feeling using very few words. The haiku poem( E)on the right is a translation from Japanese, which shows a moment in the life of a delicate butterfly.俳句诗(Hak)是一种日本诗，由17个音节组成。它是三行格式，分别包含5、7和5个音节。它不属英诗的传统形式，但是在用英语写作的人们中间，这种诗也是很流行的
347、。它容易写，而且像五行诗一样，它可以用最少的词语呈现出幅清晰的画面，表达出一种特殊的感情。右边的徘句诗(E)就是从日文翻译出来的，展示了一只蝴蝶生命中的一个瞬间。 English speakers also enjoy poems from China, those from the Tang Dynasty in particular. A lot of Tang poetry has been translated into English, such as this one(F)说英语的人也喜欢中国的诗，尤其是唐诗。有许多唐诗被翻译成英文，比如这一首诗(F)。(D) Brother Be
348、autifu, athletic Teasing, shouting, laughing Friend and enemy too Mine(D)兄弟爱美，又爱运动爱闹，爱叫，又爱笑是我的朋友也是我的敌人E A fallen blossom Is coming back to the branch Look, a butterfly(E)落下的花朵回到了树枝上。瞧啊，是个蝴蝶!F Where she awaits her husband On and on the river flows. Never looking back, Transformed into stone Day by da
349、y upon the mountain top, wind and ram revolve Should the traveller return this stone would utter speech Wang Jian望夫石王健望夫处，江悠悠，化为石，不回头。山头日日风复雨，行人归来石应语。 With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, you may eventually want to write poems of your own. Give it a try!有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型，你最终也许想自己作诗了。试
350、一试吧!Using Language WIND ON THE HILLNo one can tell meNobody knowsWhere the wind comes fromWhere the wind goesIts flying from somewhereAs fast as it can I couldnt keep up with it,Not if I ranBut if I stopped holdingThe string of my kite.It would blow with the windFor a day and a niglAnd then when I f
351、ound itWherever it blew,I should know that the windHad been going there too.So then I could tell themWhere the wind goesBut where the wind comes fromNobody knows.AA.Milne山上的风没有人能够告诉我，也没有人会知道，风来自哪里，又将去往哪里。它从一个地方吹来，尽它所能，飞快地吹来，我不能赶上它，即使我奔跑。但如果我停下来，不再紧握我手中的风筝线，它将被风吹跑。一天一夜后来当我发现它，它吹向任何地方，我会知道风也曾经去过那里。所以当
352、我能告诉他们风去了哪里但是风从哪里来没有人知道。(AA米尔恩)DREAMHold fast to dreams,For if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged birdThat cannot fly.Hold fast to dreams.For when dreams goLife is a barren fieldFrozen with snowlangston Hughes梦想紧紧抓住梦想，梦想若是消亡生命就象鸟儿折了翅膀再也不能飞翔。紧紧抓住梦想，梦想若是消丧生命就像贫瘠的荒野，雪覆冰封，万物不再生长.(兰斯顿.体斯)A MATCHIf love we
353、re what the rose isAnd I were the leaf.Our lives would grow togetherIn sad or singing weather,Brown fields or flowerful closesGreen pleasure or grey grief:If love were what the rose isAnd I were like the leaf.A C Swinburne配偶爱情若是红玫瑰，我是绿叶永相随花叶同枝共生长任凭日晒与风吹，田园小径均开遍共担忧伤共喜悦，爱情若是红玫瑰我是绿叶永相随(AC斯温伯恩)Reading a
354、nd WritingEXPLORING POETRY IN CHINA探寻中国的诗歌 Poetry plays with sounds, words, and grammar, That makes poetry difficult to write but very interesting to read. Poetry uses colours, feelings, experiences, and images to paint a picture in your mind诗歌与声音、单词和语法相结合，这使得诗歌很难写，但读起来非常有趣。诗歌用色彩、感情、经验和形象在你的脑海中描绘出一幅
355、幅画面。 In Chinese classical poetry, the form is very important: the correct number of lines and the number of characters in each line. Poetry often follows special patterns of rhythm and rhyme.在中国古典诗歌中，形式非常重要：正确的行数和每行的字数。诗歌往往遵循特殊的节奏和韵律模式。 However, modern poets began to reject traditional forms and str
356、uctures for poetry in the 20th century. As a result, most poetry today is written in free verse, with lines of varying length.然而，现代诗人在20世纪开始抵制传统的诗歌形式和结构。因此，今天大多数诗歌都是用自由诗写的，诗行长短不一。 During the Tang Dynasty, a high point of classical Chinese poetry, poems by Li Bai, Du Fu, and Wang Wei became very popu
357、lar, Widely known as a genius and often called the Immortal Poet, Li Bai(701-762) wrote with a romantic style and his poems celebrate things such as friendship, nature, and wine. Du Fu(712-770) is also known as one of the greatest Chinese poets. He has been called the poet-historian and the Poet Sag
358、e by Chinese critics, and his poems cover a range of topics, with his most famous poems reflecting on the effects of war on the people. Wang We (701-761) was a painter, musician, and poet, and he was well known for his love of nature in his paintings and poetry.中国古典诗歌巅峰时期，唐朝李白,杜甫,和王维诗歌非常受欢迎,广泛被称为天才,
359、通常被称为“不朽的诗人”,李白(701-762年)，他的诗词以浪漫主义风格著称，他的诗词歌颂友谊、自然、酒等。杜甫(712-770)也被称为中国最伟大的诗人之一。他被中国评论家称为 诗史家 和 诗圣，他的诗涉及的题材广泛，最著名的诗作是反映战争对人民的影响。王维(701-761)是一位画家、音乐家、诗人，他的画作和诗歌以热爱自然而著称。 Outside of Asia, the study of Chinese language introduced the West to Chinese poetry. Americans were first introduced to classical
360、 Chinese poetry by American poet Ezra Pound (1885-1973). He translated 18 classical Chinese poems, mainly by Li Bai, into English, based on the notes of the American art historian Ernest Fenollosa (1853-1908). At about the same time, Chinese writers started reading more foreign poetry. From around 1
361、910 onwards, European literature came to China when some famous writers began to translate both poetry and novels into Chinese。在亚洲之外，汉语的研究让西方人认识了中国的诗歌。美国人最早经由美国诗人埃兹拉-庞德（1885-1973）而接触到中国古典诗词。他根据美国艺术史学家欧内斯特-费诺罗萨（Ernest Fenollosa，1853-1908）的笔记，将18首以李白为主的中国古典诗词翻译成英文。大约在同一时间，中国作家开始更多地阅读外国诗歌。大约从1910年开始，欧洲
362、文学传入中国，一些著名作家开始将诗歌和小说翻译成中文。 Just like readers in the West, Chinese readers admire Shakespeare, John Milton, Alexander Pope and many others for their fine English poetry. English Romantic poets are greatly loved in China. The nature poems by William Wordsworth, Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Sh
363、elley, George Gordon Byrons Isles of Greece, and long poems by John Keats have long been favourites. The style and the atmosphere in their poems have often led to comparisons with poets such as Du Fu and Li Bai. Among modern poetry, the American poet Robert Frost and his poems might be the best know
364、n.就像西方的读者一样，中国读者欣赏莎士比亚、约翰-弥尔顿、亚历山大-波普等人的优秀英文诗歌。英国浪漫主义诗人在中国深受喜爱。威廉-华兹华斯的自然诗、珀西-拜谢-雪莱的西风颂、乔治-戈登-拜伦的希腊群岛、约翰-济慈的长诗等，早已成为人们的最爱。他们的诗风和诗中的气氛，常使人与杜甫、李白等诗人相提并论。在现代诗歌中，美国诗人罗伯特-弗罗斯特和他的诗歌可能是最著名的。 Today, many Chinese people are becoming more interested in reading poems, no matter in what language they are writte
365、n. Translations can be good, but being able to read in the original language is best. No matter how well a poem is translated, something of the spirit of the original work is lost. Besides, poems and literature can be bridges between East and West. They can help us to understand each other better, or as the poet Mu Dan wrote: Quietly, we embrace In a world lit up by words.如今，很多中国人越来越喜欢读诗，不管是用什么语言写的诗。翻译可以是好的，但能用原文阅读是最好的。无论一首诗翻译得多好，都会失去原作的一些精髓。此外，诗歌和文学可以成为东西方之间的桥梁。它们可以帮助我们更好地理解对方，或者像诗人穆旦写的那样。 静静地，我们拥抱着 在这个被文字点亮的世界里。
