1、Section Grammar & Writing名词性从句阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法1What we find out from space research is important for us on Earth.2The fact that we cannot travel faster than light means that it will take a long time to reach those planets.3A lot of new information we have about space has been gathered by computers.4
2、The teacher showed us the controls of the spacecraft and explained how gravity worked.5Like every schoolboy I had thought that going into space as an astronaut must be the best job in the world.6The question people are asking is “What is the space programme going to cost”？名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句
3、。一、名词性从句的引导词引导名词性从句的连接词分为三类：1连词：than，whether，if2连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever，whom，whose，which3连接副词：when，where，how，whyThat she became an artist was due to her fathers influence.她成为画家是受了她父亲的影响。What we will do tomorrow depends on the weather.明天我们做什么得看天气。When we arrive doesnt matter. 我们什么时候到无关紧要。Wheth
4、er it will do us harm remains to be seen.它是否对我们有害还有待观察。名师点津(1)名词性从句中用陈述语序；(2)连词that，whether，if在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分；(3)连接代词和连接副词在句中充当句子成分。二、主语从句1作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。Where the English evening party will be held has not yet been announced.还没有宣布英语晚会将在哪里举行。2主语从句可以放在主句谓语动词之前，但有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后
5、的谓语动词一般用单数形式。Its a pity that he cant attend the meeting.他不能参加会议，真是遗憾。It is possible that he may not be able to come.他可能不能来了。It is said that she failed the exam.据说她考试不及格。三、宾语从句宾语从句在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语，另外，某些作表语的形容词，如sure，certain等之后也可以带宾语从句。1由连词that引导的宾语从句that引导表示陈述的宾语从句。连词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式
6、的文体中常被省去，但在以下情况中不能省略：(1)当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。The teacher told the students (that) they should hand in their homework the next day and that the homework must be signed names by their parents.老师告诉学生他们要在第二天交上作业，并且作业必须由家长签名。(2)当it作形式宾语时。She made it clear that it had nothing to do wit
7、h her.她表明这件事和她没有任何关系。名师点津在demand，order，suggest，decide，insist，desire，request，command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词常用“(should)动词原形”。I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。2who，whom，which，whose，what，when，where，why，how，whoever，whatever，whichever等连接代词、连接副词引导的宾语从句相当于由特殊疑问句转化而来，但应注意句子要用陈述语序。
8、She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡是需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述语序。whether与if在作“是否”讲时，在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：(1)引导主语从句并在句首时；(2)引导表语从句和同位语从句时；(3)引导从句作介词宾语时；(4)后紧跟“or not”时；(5)后接动词不定式时。Everything depends on whether we have enough mone
9、y.一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether or not he will come.我想知道他来还是不来。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?你能告诉我是去还是留吗？4宾语从句中的时态与主句时态的呼应当主句动词是现在时时，从句应根据具体情况使用不同时态。当主句动词是过去时(could，would除外)时，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时等；但当从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象，则从句仍用一般现在时。The teacher told us that Tom had left for Amer
10、ica.老师告诉我们汤姆已经离开，去美国了。The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。5否定转移当think，believe，suppose，expect，fancy，imagine等动词的主语为第一人称，且本身为一般现在时时其后的宾语从句的否定词通常转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。其反意疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。I dont believe hell come.我想他是不会来的。I dont believe that man was killed by Jim，was he?
11、我认为那个人不是吉姆杀的，对不对？6可以用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句(1)动词find，feel，consider，make，believe，think等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。I think it necessary that we(should)take plenty of hot water every day.我认为每天多喝热水是有必要的。I feel it a pity that I havent been to the gettogether.我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾。(2)有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词(词组)
12、主要有：hate，take，owe，have，see to。I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们在满嘴都是食物时说话。He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行。We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的。四、表语从句表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。引导表语从句的连接词有wh疑问词，whether，that，because，as，as if，as thou
13、gh等。The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want.那正是我想要的。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。Its just because he doesnt know her.这只是因为他不认识她。名师点津当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导。五、同位语从句1同位语从句一般跟在某些表抽象概念的名词后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。可跟同位语从句的名词通常有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea
14、，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word(消息)等。The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回家。2但是当作主语的名词后跟同位语从句，且谓语较短时，为了保持句式平衡，常将同位语从句置于谓语之后。The thought came to him that Mary had prob
15、ably fallen ill.他想到玛丽可能生病了。名师点津同位语从句和定语从句的区别(1)定语从句是先行词的修饰语，对先行词进行修饰或限定，但它不涉及先行词的具体内容。that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，并在从句中充当句子成分(主语或宾语)，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；(2)同位语从句表明中心词的具体内容。that引导同位语从句时，只起连接作用，没有具体词义，在从句中不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句：I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句，表明idea的具体内容，不能省略)我不知道你在这里。Have you got th
16、e idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？(that引导定语从句，修饰先行词idea，在从句中充当宾语，可以省略)你了解这本书中所展示的古希腊生活吗？六、whatever，whoever引导名词性从句的用法whatever，whoever可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语和表语等。在此用法中，whatever，whoever在从句中通常不含疑问含义。whateveranything that，whoeveranyone who。I will just say whatever comes into
17、 my mind.我想到什么就说什么。Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.违反这些规则的人将受到处罚。.单句语法填空1(2016江苏高考) It is often the case _ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.2(2016北京高考)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _ one can be entirely free from dust. 【导学号：72880023】3(2016天津高考)The manager
18、 put forward a suggestion _ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.4It is suggested _ physical education test should be included as part of the National College Entrance Exam.5Mr.Frank asked me a question _ I could go with him to what he called the Treasure House.【答案】1.that2.that3.
19、that4.that5.whether.单句改错1He made clear that he was in favour of my plan._2He demanded that the work will be finished within 2 hours._3If I shall go to Hong Kong or not tomorrow hasnt been decided._4He said he has lived in the city for 20 years._5Who breaks the window will be punished._【答案】1.在made后加i
20、t2.willshall3.IfWhether4.hashad5.WhoWhoever如何写新闻报道类文章新闻报道类文章的写作通常有比较固定的格式，写作时要注意以下几个方面：1新闻报道要主题突出，文字精练。一篇新闻通常报道一件事，说明一个问题，要用事实说话，一般不涉及作者的观点。2内容要新颖。新闻报道有较强的时效性，要贴近时代，能反映社会、科学、政治、经济、文化、生活等方面的最新动态。3(1)开头部分，通常用一段导语简要说明全文的主题思想或主要事实，唤起读者的注意，使读者先有一个总的概念。(2)正文部分，引入更多的与主题相关的事实、背景材料等。在写作时，一般是按照事物的内在联系，把最重要、最新
21、鲜的事写在最前面，然后再写次要的、更次要的；也可以依照事情的发生、发展、变化的顺序来写，但要突出主要部分。背景材料的交代应简明扼要，不可喧宾夺主。4主体部分用过去时态，局部也可根据需要采用其他时态。亮点句式1Id like to say something about.2Here is a breathtaking event of our school that happened this week.3In our top story，well take a look at the ongoing criminal investigation.4This is Jill，reporting
22、live at the White House.5Lets hear from John，whos reporting live at the scene.6It was apparent that.7The people around hurried to call the police.8He finished first in the race.9It happened that.10There is good evidence that.11There is no doubt that.写作任务根据课本所提供的材料信息，就假设的一艘太空船登陆火星的情况，写一篇新闻报道。要求：1.词数1
23、00左右；2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。审题谋篇体裁新闻报道话题太空船登陆火星时态一般过去时人称第三人称遣词造句.词汇1_宣布2_ 着陆3_ 踏上4_ 难以置信的5_ 样本6_ 分析【答案】1.announce2.land on3.set foot on 4incredible5.sample6.analysis.句式1“Its really incredible，”he said when he talked to mission control from the planet.(用分词作状语合并句子)_2However，he went on to say that it was much
24、 easier to walk on Mars than to walk on the Sahara Desert.He had been training there.(用定语从句合并句子)_【答案】1.“Its really incredible”he said，talking to mission control from the planet.2.However，he went on to say that it was much easier to walk on Mars than to walk on the Sahara Desert where he had been tra
25、ining.妙笔成篇_【参考范文】The British Space Authority last night announced that its mission to land a man on Mars had been successful.The Red Rover module left the mother ship called Red Queen at 10 pm.，and landed safely on the surface of the red planet at six oclock this morning.Major Peter Brown set foot o
26、n the surface of Mars an hour later.“Its really incredible，”he said，talking to mission control from the planet.However，he went on to say that it was much easier to walk on Mars than to walk on the Sahara Desert where he had been training.They will be staying on the planet for a week.Part of their mi
27、ssion is to do research into the nature of the surface of Mars.They will be bringing samples of rock home for analysis.The BSA is hoping to send two missions to Mars in the next five years.学业分层测评(十五).完成句子1他没来的原因是他不得不照顾母亲。That he didnt turn up was _.2你说大家应该相互平等，这就是我不同意的地方。You are saying that everyone
28、 should be equal，and this is _.3他问我哪个队能赢得这场比赛。 【导学号：72880040】He asked me_.4他又撒谎了这个事实让我们感到很吃惊。The fact _ greatly surprised us.5谁来这儿都受欢迎。_ will be welcome.【答案】1.because he had to look after his mother2.where I disagree3.which team could win the match4.that he lied again5.Whoever comes here.阅读理解AA home
29、 science experiment recently took the world by storm.Two teens from Toronto，in Canada，sent a Lego man rising above the Earth and captured their tiny astronauts trip on film.Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad，both 17，used a weather balloon to launch their plastic lego model 16 miles above the Earth.This is
30、inside a part of Earths atmosphere.The two teens were inspired by a similar project performed by students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)The MIT students had launched a weather balloon with a camera into near space and taken many unusual images of the Earth.Mathew and Asad then sp
31、ent four months figuring out how to launch their own spacecraft into the space.Traveling to space is expensive for NASA，but Mathew and Asad worked hard to keep their costs down.They bought much of their equipment used and even sewed the Lego mans parachute (降落伞) by hand.In total，the project cost onl
32、y $400.“We had a lot of anxiety on launch day because there were high winds when we were going up，” Mathew told reporters.They had to pump extra helium into the balloon so that it would rise quickly and avoid being blown too far off course by the strong winds.The toy astronauts journey lasted 97 min
33、utes before the balloon broke and he fell back to Earth.Mathew and Asad then spent two weekends looking for their spacecraft.It had landed 76 miles away from the launch site.The student scientists are currently finishing up their final year of high school and applying for colleges.They are also look
34、ing into more doityourself space projects.“I guess the sky is not really the limit anymore，” Mathew told reporters.“We never knew wed get this far.Its been a lesson for us that hard work pays off.”【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了两个青少年利用气象气球把他们的玩具乐高人送到太空的过程和结果。1By saying “took the world by storm” in the first paragraph
35、，the writer meant the experiment _.Adestroyed the worldBflooded the worldCfascinated the worldDmanaged the world【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的第二句话可知两个青少年把一个玩具乐高人送入了太空，并把过程拍了下来，因此作者想要表达的是这个试验吸引了世人的目光。【答案】C2Which of the following about the students at the MIT is right?A. They were examples for Mathew Ho and Asad Mu
36、hammad.BThey helped Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad to achieve dream.CThey launched weather balloon together with Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad.DThey studied with Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad in the same school.【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段的第一句话可知选A。【答案】A3How did Mathew and Asad keep their costs down?A. By sewing the
37、weather balloon themselves.BBy borrowing spacecraft from the MIT students.CBy making their spacecraft by hand.DBy using secondhand equipment.【解析】细节理解题。结合文章第四段的第二句话可知他们使用二手的设备来节省费用。【答案】D4What problems did Mathew and Asad have on launch day?AThey ran out of helium.BThe wind was too strong.CThe balloon
38、 suddenly broke.DTheir spacecraft was blown away.【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的“We had a lot of anxiety on launch day because there were high winds when we were going up”可知，在他们进行发射的那天遇到的问题是风比较大。【答案】BBRich Americans are willing to spend large amounts of dollars to fly into space, including paying $100,000 for a
39、 15minute trip into the heavens, according to a poll (调查) released on Monday.Possibly bored by our Mother Earth or inspired by such pioneers as first American in space Alan Shepard and first millionaire in space Dennis Tito, the poll says 7 percent of rich Americans would pay $20 million for a twowe
40、ek orbital(太空轨道) flight and 19 percent would pay $100,000 for 15minute suborbital flight.The poll by Zogby did telephone interviews with 450 Americans whose yearly incomes are more than $250,000 or whose net worth is more than $1 million.The poll is intended to get an idea of what rich people think
41、and not the man in the street who loves the idea of going into space but cant afford it.He added, “We are saying these trips will cost a minimum of $100,000 for a 15minute trip, which was the amount of time the first American in space, Alan Shepard, had and for that you get to feel space weightlessn
42、ess and see the world from up there.” that trip would take a tourist 50 miles (80 kms) into space.Webber said a surprising 7 percent of the wealthy polled said they would be willing to take a twoweek flight to an orbiting space station, paying the $20 million that the Russians charged the two pionee
43、ring space tourists who have already made the trip, South African Mark Shuttleworth and American Dennis Tito.If the price dropped to $0.5 million, 16 percent of those surveyed would be interested.Space tourists would have to meet medical standards and only be able to go to the International Space St
44、ation.Lance Bass, a singer, is currently undergoing tests to see if he could become the third space tourist.He wants to become the first entertainer in space.5Whats the main purpose of this poll by Zogby?ATo find out what people in the US think of travelling into space.BTo find out how much it will
45、cost to travel into space.CTo find out how wonderful it is to travel into space.DTo find out what rich people in the US think of travelling into space.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第四段“The poll is intended to get an idea of what rich people think and not the man in the street who loves the idea of going into space b
46、ut cant afford it.”可以得知Zogby进行调查的目的正是D项所述。【答案】D6How many of the wealthy people willing to pay for a twoweek orbital flight?A7 percent.B19 percent.C16 percent.D8 percent.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第二段的“the poll says 7 percent of rich Americans would pay $20 million for a twoweek orbital(太空轨道)flight.”得知，7%的美国富人愿意支付
47、2千万美元进行为期两周的太空飞行。故A是正确答案。【答案】A7We can know from the passage that Lance Bass _ if he pass the tests.Awould become the first spacemanBwould become the first entertainer space touristCwould become the third entertainer space touristDwould have to pay $0.5 million for his travelling into space【解析】推理判断题。
48、由文章最后一段“Lance Bass，a singer，is currently undergoing tests to see if he could become the third space tourist.He wants to become the first entertainer in space.”得知B是正确答案。【答案】B8What is the best title of this passage?AThe Wealthy People in the USBAn Interesting PollCThe Rich in the US Are Eyeing Space T
49、ourismDAn Expensive Travelling【解析】主旨大意题。第一段为本文的主题段，它点明了富有的美国人愿意花大量的美元去太空旅游。故C是正确答案。【答案】C.语法填空Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys?The answer depends 1._(large) on cultural values as well as personal experiences.To the Egyptians, green is a color 2._represents the hope a
50、nd joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven.Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures.During the Spring Festival in China, children 3._(give) money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year.For many nations, blue is a symbol of 4._(protect) and religious beliefs.Greek peop
51、le often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect 5._(them) against evils (灾祸)Peoples 6._(choose) of colors is also influenced by their bodies reactions toward them.Green is said to be the most restful color.It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally 7._physically.People 8._(work
52、) in a green environment have been found to have fewer stomach aches.Red can cause a persons blood pressure to rise and increase peoples appetites.Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant.And many commercial websites will have a red “Buy Now” button because red is a col
53、or that 9._(easy) catches a persons eye.Blue is another calming color.Unlike red, blue is believed to cause people to lose appetite.So 10._ you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.【答案】1.largely此处修饰动词短语depends on，故应用其副词形式。2that/which先行词color指物，故应用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，
54、且关系代词在从句中作主语，不能省略。3are given主语children与give之间为动宾关系，且该句陈述客观事实，故应用一般现在时的被动语态。4protection此处作介词of的宾语，故应用其名词形式。5themselves根据语境，这里指“保佑自己避开灾祸”，them的反身代词为themselves。6choice谓语动词是单数形式，故choose的名词形式也应为单数。7andboth.and.是固定搭配，连接两个并列成分，意为“既又”。8workingpeople是work的逻辑主语，两者间为主谓关系，故应用现在分词working作后置定语。9easily修饰动词catches应
55、用副词。10if/when此处语境为“如果/当你想少吃一些，用蓝色的盘子吃饭可以有所帮助”。用if或when均符合语境。.短文改错Our mothers accompanied us to school in the first day.Soon a teacher came and led us to a classroom.There we were put into four separate class.Some children begin to cry as the parents were not allowing into the classroom.I did not cry
56、 because I have been to kindergarten before.Actual my mother went home soon after for she knew I would be all right.It was enjoyable time for me as I got to know my new classmates.The teacher was very busy for writing down our information so they had plenty of time to ourselves.In the meantime some
57、children continued to sob although their parents looked in anxiously through the window.【答案】Our mothers accompanied us to school the first day.Soon a teacher came and led us to a classroom.There we were put into four separate .Some children to cry as the parents were not into the classroom.I did not
58、 cry because I been to kindergarten before. my mother went home soon after for she knew I would be all right.It was enjoyable time for me as I got to know my new classmates.The teacher was very busy for writing down our information so had plenty of time to ourselves.In the meantime some children continued to sob their parents looked in anxiously through the window.
