1、第八周 词语猜义题 我们在阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词和短语，但许多这类词语的含义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断词语含义的能力，是一个合格的读者必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读理解部分经常考查的一种能力。每年每套题通常有一个小题，有时会有两个小题，要求考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的含义。题干常含mean,replace,best explain或refer to四个词语之一：Which of the following best explains underlined in Paragraph？(2018年全国卷)What do/does the
2、words/word in Paragraph probably mean？(2018年全国卷)What does the underlined word/phrase inParagraph refer to/mean？(2017年全国卷；2017年全国卷)What does the author mean by“”in Paragraph？(2017年全国卷)Which of the following can replace the underlined word“”in Paragraph？(2016年全国卷)解答这类题时，需要考生在理解全文的基础上，理解画线词语所在句的意思，有时需要
3、理解该句的前一句或后一句的意思，或前后句的意思；也有的需要理解前后一段或几段的意思，如2014年全国卷的23题和2013年全国课标卷的38题。要善于根据画线词语所在句内部各分句之间，或该句与上下句或上下段之间的逻辑关系，并结合常识，进行推断。特别是转折关系(but,however,though,fortunately,sadly等)、因果关系(so,because等)或条件与结果的关系。典型例题(2018年全国卷29)Soon afterwards,many of those people started settling down to become farmers,and their la
4、nguages too became more settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries,trade,industrialisation,the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many languages to disappear,
5、and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chinese arc increasingly taking over.什么样的语言才会取代别的语言？复杂的？先进的？强大的？现代的？表示转折或对比根据常识“强大”才可“取代”Which of the following best explains“dominant”underlined in Paragraph 2？A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern.点拨：画线词所在句句意为“所有这一切都造成了许多语言消失，像英语、西班牙语和汉语这些语言正在越
6、来越多地取而代之。”什么样的语言才会取代别的语言？复杂的？先进的？强大的？现代的？根据常识，语言无所谓先进和现代，也不可能因为复杂就可取代别的语言，只有“强大”才可“取代”！故选C项。顺便提提，and在这表示转折或对比，但语气较but或while柔和。星期一考纲词汇复记强化_ vt.鼓励_ vt.宣布，声明_ vt.提到_ n.使用说明书_ n.想像，想像力_ n.建造物_ n.存在，在场_ n.缺点，欠缺encouragedeclarementioninstructionimaginationconstructionpresencedrawback_ n.重担_ adj.意外的_ adv.特
7、别，非常_不情愿做某事_ 因而高兴without fail _冒着的危险wildly imaginative _burdenunexpectedexceptionallyhesitate to do sth.be delighted at必定，无疑run the risk of极富想像力的阅读理解 对答案:A D B A作为一名教师，作者用一种玩具培养孩子们的创造性和动手能力，其中一个孩子的创造性引起了作者的注意。1.A 细节理解题。本题问作者在课堂使用Tinkertoys这种玩具的目的。由第一段第一句中的“as a testto find out something about my stu
8、dents”可知，其目的是更多地了解自己的学生,故选A项。2.D 推理判断题。第三段作者描述这个学生，说他特别有创造性(an exceptionally creative mind),故选D项，“富有想象力的(imaginative)”。3.B 词义猜测题。由下文“冒着失去那些有不同的思考风格的学生的风险”可知，downside的含义应该是drawback“缺点”，而不是mistake“错误”，difficulty“困难”，burden“负担”。4.A 推理判断题。在最后一段对话中，作者鼓励学生讲述他最有趣的梦，起因于有学生声明“But Im just not creative(但我就是没有创
9、造力)”，由此推断，作者让学生讲述他们的梦，是为了帮助学生看到自己的创造性，故选A项。【难句理解】His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other students.结构分析：本句是一个复合句。that引导的宾语从句作动词“meant”的宾语；whose引导的定语从句修饰先行同“teaching assistant”。汉语大意：他的存在意味着在课堂上我有一位意想不到的助教，他的创造力将感染其他学生。星期二考纲词汇复记强化_
10、vt.获得_ n.替代品；代替者_ n.组成部分，成分all but _in place _ v.(被)支搭_ v.(使)某物固定_ vi.加重于；偏袒obtainsubstitutecomponent几乎(almost)在正确位置restsecureweight对答案:D B C D阅读理解 主要介绍了一款简易太阳能蒸馏器的建造和使用方法。1.D 细节理解题。由第一段最后三句“You must carry The only components.These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your be
11、lt.”可知，制作一个简易蒸馏器是可携带的，只需一些简单的器材，这些器材可以折叠起来放进腰包里，可见是非常方便的，可以随身携带的(Its portable.)。注意“only”这个词的语气。2.B 指代关系题。由第二段第一、二句“To construct a working still,use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity
12、.”可知，本段讲如何建造简易蒸馏器的方法，选择湿润地点就是为了提高“蒸馏器”的生产效率。注意地段的选择(如湿润地和干燥地)会影响蒸馏器的生产效率，因此“the water catcher”应该是指“蒸馏器”，而不是指某个零部件。3.C 细节理解题。第二、三段讲蒸馏器的建造方法。由第三段第一句“Next,cover the hole with the plastic sheet,securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock.”可知，最后一步就是用石头把塑料纸
13、的中心压低。因此C项符合。4.D 推理判断题。从最后一段第二句“Ground water evaporates and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form,run down the material and fall off into the cup.”可知，地下水蒸发后，聚集在塑料纸的底面，然后聚成的小水滴是从塑料纸的底面流到杯子中。【难句理解】When the container is full，you can suck the refreshment out through the tube，and wont hav
14、e to break down the still every time you need a drink.结构分析：这是一个复合句。when引导时间状语从句；主句由and连接的两个并列分句组成；every time引导时间状语从句。汉语大意：当容器满了，你可以用管子把水吸出来，这样每次你需要喝水的时候不必拆开蒸馏器。星期三考纲词汇复记强化_ adv.热情地_ n.谈话_ n.冒险_ v.抱怨_ n.魔术_ adj.紧急的_ 参观_ 交很多朋友learn about British culture _ 太遗憾了，enthusiasticallyconversationadventurecomp
15、lainmagicurgentpay a visit tomake a lot of friends了解英国文化it is a pity that完形填空 对答案:1-5 DBCAD 6-10 CDBAC 11-15 AABDA 16-20 BCCDA本文通过Lainey的故事告诉人们如何让孩子喜欢阅读。1.D 考查介词。within在之内；on在上面；to朝着；above超过，在之上。句意：她成绩好，可以读超过她的年纪水平的书，但是她不喜欢读书。故选D。2.B 考查名词。daughter女儿；niece 侄子；student学生；friend朋友。根据“姑姑拿出一本哈利波特”可知是“给她侄子
16、一个惊喜”，故选B。3.C 考查动词。opened打开；dried哭；rolled滚动；shaded遮蔽。句意：Lainey看了它一眼，翻了个白眼，说“没意思”。故选C。4.A 考查副词。Even甚至；Still仍然；Just仅仅，只是；Yet然而。句意：Aunt Dede,一位老师，曾给她的学生读过这本书，他们喜欢它，甚至班里最小的孩子也被故事吸引。故选A。5.D 考查动词。surprised使惊讶；annoyed烦恼；puzzled疑惑；attracted吸引。句意：甚至班里最小的孩子也被故事吸引。故选D。6.C 考查动词。read阅读；told告诉；listened听；wrote写。根据
17、上文可知“孩子们带着极大的兴趣听故事”。故选C。7.D 考查副词。suspectedly怀疑地；anxiously焦虑地；calmly冷静地；enthusiastically充满热情地。听完故事后，孩子们充满热情地加入到关于哈利波特的冒险谈话中。故选D。8.B 考查形容词。amazing令人惊讶的；boring故事；ridiculous荒谬的；humorous幽默的。根据第一段最后一个单词，可知此处意思是“你怎么能说它很没意思呢？”故选B。9.A 考查名词。pictures图画；stories故事；adventures冒险；conversations谈话。句意：它太长，也没有图画。根据下文的“
18、there are lots of pictures”可知此处说的是没有图画。故选A。10.C 考查形容词。crazy疯狂的；foolish愚蠢的；wrong错误的；different不同的。根据空格下句“有许多图画，每页都满是图画”可知你说没图画是你“错了”。故选C。11.A 考查动词。see看见；match匹配；show展示；recognize认出。句意：只是你必须读单词才能看见它们。故选A。12.A 考查副词。sourly怪怪地,酸酸地；patiently耐心地；eagerly热切地；shyly害羞地。句意：Lainey怪怪地说：“Dede阿姨，我试一次。”故选A。13.B 考查名词。i
19、dea主意，想法；try尝试；belief信念；behavior举止，行为。句意：又试了一次。故选B。14.D 考查副词。away离开；out在外面；in在 里面；back向后地。句意：如果你不想读它，就把它还回来。give back归还。故选D。15.A 考查动词。enjoy喜爱；admit承认；mind介意；finish完成。句意：或许你的妈妈喜欢听这个故事。故选A。16.B 考查名词。decisions决定；requests请求；comments评论；promises许诺。句意：第一章快读完的时候，有请求从后面的座位传来：“请再大点声读。”故选B。17.C 考查副词。more clear
20、ly更清晰；longer更长；louder更大声；more carefully更细心地。句意：请求从后面的座位传来：“请再大点声读。”故选C。18.C 考查形容词。unpleasant不愉快的；innocent无辜的；unwilling不愿意的；independent独立的。根据上文可知“Lainey是一个不情愿的读者”。故选C。19.D 考查形容词。astonished吃惊的；worried担忧的；confused困惑的；excited兴奋的。如此所示，Lainey开始对阅读兴奋起来。故选D。20.A 考查过去分词。presented赠送，提出，呈现；concerned牵挂；disturbe
21、d干扰；replaced代替。句意：当提供给她她感兴趣的话题时，Lainey能对阅读兴奋起来。故选A。短文改错(2018年广东东莞)I just come back from Britain last week.I was luckily enough to be one of the student from different countries to visit the UK from Feb.16 to 28.We paid a visit to many places,like London,Oxford or the Lake District.andstudentsluckyca
22、meI learned much about the British culture and history in London,where was my favorite.I also liked Oxford,in which I saw much more old buildings.The Lake District was beautiful,but it was pity that it rained heavily when they were there.The most excited thing for me in the Britain was that I made a
23、 lot of friends there.excitingweamanywhich作者有幸作为交换生去英国参观访问，这使他了解了很多关于英国的文化和历史。e came 由时间状语last week可知。2.luckily lucky 若作表语，且表性质或特征，一般用形容词。3.student students 由前面的one of可知用复数。4.or and 前后是并列关系，故用and。5.where which 此处which引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语。6.much many 根据后面所修饰的buildings可知。7.在pity前加a 这里的pity是可数名词，指一件遗憾的事
24、。8.they we 此处指作者一行人，当然要用we。9.excited exciting 指“物”让人兴奋，应用现在分词。10.去掉Britain前的the 因为专有名词前一般不加冠词。星期四考纲词汇复记强化_ 提出；想出_仔细考虑by your side _trained troops _degree and diploma _ 由于(because of;owing to)come up withthinkover在你身边；支持你训练有素的军队学位与文凭due to阅读填空 对答案:G E B F D本文作者建议我们在平常与人打交道的时候，说得最多的应该是“谢谢”这两个字，并阐述了自己的
25、理由。1.G 根据下句的意思，尤其是句中的two words are enough我们可以得出答案为G。2.E 这段和后两段是并列结构，开头句子的主句都含有“you should say thank you”，很显然，这个句子应该也含有you should say“thank you”，故选E。3.B 根据上句“When someone gives you advice,you should say thank you”可知，Someones advice对应someone gives you advice。4.F 由上句中的“When someone is by your side”可知，本
26、句在接着上句讲述人们很容易忘记身边人。5.D 根据后句“You can thank them right now”可推出答案。后句讲你可以马上感谢他们，那么本句应该说，你不要专门找个时机去感谢他们。这样前后才合乎逻辑。语法填空 (2018年贵州贵阳)Franklins life is full of charming stories which all young men should know 1 _ he sold books in Boston，and became the guest of kings in Europe;how he was made Major General Fr
27、anklin，only to quit because，as he said，he was no soldier，and yet helped to organize the army that stood before the trained troops of England and Germany.howThis poor Boston boy,without a days schooling,2 _(become)master of six languages and never stopped 3 _(study);this neglected apprentice(学徒)conqu
28、ered the lightning,made his name famous,4 _(receive)degrees and diplomas from many colleges，and became forever remembered as“Doctor Franklin”,philosopher,scientist and 5 _(politics)leader.Self-made，self-taught，the candle makers son gave light 6 _ all the world;the street bookseller set all men singi
29、ng of liberty;the apprentice became most sought-after man across the world，and brought his native land to praise and honor him.topoliticalreceivedstudyingbecameHe built America，for what the nation is today is largely due to the management，the forethought，the wisdom，and the 7 _(able)of Benjamin Frank
30、lin.He belongs to the world，but 8 _(especial)to America.The people around the world honored him while he was living;he is still regarded 9 _ one of the loftiest(崇高的)men by the common people today after his death.And he will live in peoples 10 _(heart)forever.heartsasespeciallyability本文讲述的是美国著名科学家富兰克
31、林的励志故事，他受到美国人民，甚至是全世界人民的爱戴。1.how 由与之并列的“how he was made Major General Franklin”可知填how，引导宾语从句。2.became 本文讲述的是富兰克林的故事，故用过去时。3.studying 因stop后可接to do(停下来去做)或doing(停止做)，根据句意应填studying。4.received 由与之并列的conquered、made和became可知。5.political 形容词作定语，修饰后面的leader。6.to 根据light的常见搭配give light to(照亮)可知。7.ability 由
32、与之并列的the wisdom可知。8.especially 副词作状语，修饰动词belongs(此处承前省略了)。9.as 根据regard的常见搭配regard as(认为是)可知。10.hearts 根据前面的people可知用复数。星期五考纲词汇复记强化_ adj.有竞争力的_ n.结婚；婚姻_ vi.呼吸_ n.情感；情绪_ adj.偶然的；不经意的_ n.典礼；仪式_ v.犹豫；迟疑competitivemarriagebreatheemotioncasualceremonyhesitate_ 为加油；为打气_ 报名(参加课程、活动等)comfort zone _a story-t
33、elling competition _ 前天_积极参加_在许多方面cheer onsign up舒适区讲故事比赛the day before yesterdaytake an active part inin many ways完形填空 对答案:1-5 DDABC 6-10 ACDAB 11-15 CBDAB 16-20 DCBCB本文讲述了作者最初讨厌跑步后来在丈夫的影响下练习跑步，尤其在一次跑步比赛中艰难取胜的经历让她意识到了跑步的乐趣。1.D 根据20空前原词复现，comfort zone“舒适区”故选D。2.D 根据全文可知“我”成了跑步者是受到了丈夫的影响，要不是因为“我”丈夫“我
34、”就不会成为一名跑步者(runner)。3.A 根据下文可知“我”的丈夫很爱跑步并且婚后念念不忘，可推测出他曾经是一名出色的跑步者，是不容小视的(serious)有竞争力的跑步者。4.B 根据下一段第一句他又开始跑步可推知他是多么想念(miss)跑步。5.C 根据本句大约一年以后，“我”开始和他一起在跑道(track)上跑步。此时还没有报名参赛所以不能选A。6.A 根据后句报名还太早可推知“我”对报名参赛有些犹豫(hesitated)。7.C 根据前句发令枪一响，跑步者都向前冲(pushed forward)。8.D 根据前句一千米很艰难可知“我”已经呼吸很沉重了(heavily)。9.A 根
35、据本句“我”已经呼吸沉重而且很痛苦地意识到很多跑步者跑(running)到“我”前面去了。10.B 根据本句又过了些时候“我”看到了三千米的标志牌(mark)。11.C 此时“我”所想的就是“我”快要死了(dying)很难受。12.B“我”绕过一个转角看到街道两侧都挤满(crowed)了人在观看比赛并为跑步者加油助威。13.D 根据上句看到人们为自己加油助威就坚定了意志(willed)要跑完比赛。14.A 根据前句“我”抬头看到了钟可知秒钟(seconds)滴滴答答地走似乎在为“我”加油助威。15.B“我”意识到如果“我”能真地(actually)能跑完比赛那“我”就成功了。16.D 所以“我
36、”就挺直了腰杆要跑完它。17.C 当“我”冲过终点时“我”把手臂举得高高的。18.B 一个志愿者把奖牌挂在“我”颈上。19.C“我”的丈夫为“我”能成功(made it)跑完比赛而兴奋。20.B 这很神奇！“我”想再次比赛。“我”的肺和舒适区都扩大(expanded)了。短文改错(2018年山东枣庄)We had an English story-telling competition day before yesterday.It is required that all the entries be original and interesting，and be presenting in
37、 English within five minutes.All my classmates took an actively part in the activity.activepresentedwastheTwo foreign English teachers were invited toact like judges.In the end，Li Ping had got the first place.All the participants said the activity benefited us a lot in many ways.Not only did it impr
38、oved their spoken English，and it also brought them much fun.We all hope that such kinds of activity can be held again.activitiesbutimprovethemas作者参加了用英语讲故事的比赛，提高了口语水平，获益匪浅。1.在day前加the 根据固定搭配可知，the day before yesterday意为“昨天”。2.is was 根据前句可知是过去时态。3.presenting presented 本句主语是entries(参赛作品)，因此用被动语态。4.act
39、ively active 形容词作定语，修饰后面的part。5.like as 由固定搭配act as(充当)可知。6.去掉had 根据时间状语In the end可知用一般过去时态。7.us them 这里them指代句首的All the participants。8.improved improve 前面的助动词已经是过去式，因此要改improved为improve。9.and but 由固定结构not onlybut also(不但而且)可知。10.activity activities 根据语境，尤其是kinds可知这里用复数。星期六考纲词汇复记强化_ 关闭reach out _mak
40、e a commitment _此外_有影响；起作用_在中间_毫不犹豫steering wheel _shortly afterwards _shut down伸出手以触到；愿意倾听做出承诺in additionmake a differencein the middle ofwithout hesitation方向盘不久以后阅读填空 对答案:F G E B D本文作者认为经济拮据并不意味着不能给予，其实有很多丰富我们生活的回馈的办法:打电话问候,写便条,节省开支来募捐等。1.F 上句是一个否定句，根据文章规律，接下来作者应该提出肯定的说法，因此选F。此题的关键词是Instead。2.G 根据
41、上句“They may be filled with joy or sadness”可推出，其中joy对应celebrate their good news，sadness对应support them with sympathy。3.E 根据小标题及后面的“write a thank-you note”可知，此处是说明写便条的理由：人人都喜欢听好话。4.B 此处应填小标题，根据本段后面的this dinner可知。dinner是原词复现。5.D 根据后句“Donate the money you save”可知，钱从哪里省出来，因此选D(每周少买点咖啡)。语法填空 (2018年河南濮阳)A b
42、us drivers main responsibility is safely transporting 1 _(passenger).But when one Milwaukee bus driver saw a child on the street needed help，she stopped everything and now she 2 _(regard)as a hero for it.Late last month，Karen Martinez noticed a small boy 3 _(wander)on the street alone without any sh
43、oes.4 _ _she was in the middle of her bus route,the Milwaukee bus driver knew she had to do something to help the boy，5 _ was just five years old.whoThough/wandering/was wanderingis regardedpassengersAlthough/While Martinez pulled over，got out of the bus，and approached the boy.As she got a little 6
44、_(close)，she could see he was shaking from the cold.Without 7 _(hesitate),she picked him up and carried him back to the bus,so he could warm up while they waited for police to arrive.“OK，go and find a seat where its warm,”Martinez said to the boy 8 _(soft).When they waited，Martinez gave the boy some
45、 things 9_(draw)with and even let him sit behind the big steering wheel to cheer him 10 _.Shortly afterwards，police arrived and were able to return the boy to his parents.upto drawsoftlyhesitation/hesitatingcloser本文讲述了一个故事。美国密尔沃基的一位公交车驾驶员在驾车途中看到一个光脚的小孩，她毫不犹豫地把他叫到车上，并协同警察帮他找到了父母。1.passengers 可数名词前没有限
46、定词时要用复数，表泛指。2.is regarded 后面无宾语，由语境可知用被动语态。3.wandering/was wandering 这里可以看作是现在分词作补语，也可以看作是宾语从句，故也可用过去进行时。4.Though/Although/While 引导让步状语从句。5.who 指人的关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the boy。6.closer 指比原来走得更近些。7.hesitation/hesitating 可以看做是名词作宾语，也可以看作动名词作宾语。8.softly 副词作状语，修饰前面的动词said。9.to draw 不定式作后置定语，修饰前面的thing
47、s。10.up 根据cheer的常见搭配cheer up(振作起来)可知。星期日考纲词汇复记强化_ adv.身体上_ adv.精神上；心理上musical instrument _ n.唱片集；唱片_使回想起Tang Dynasty _Chinese literature _ adj.精选的，挑选的physicallymentally乐器albumbrings back to唐朝中国文学selected短文改错 (2017年全国卷)When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.I had grown
48、 not only physically，and also mentally in the past few years.About one month after this photo was took，I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.becametakenbuthaveAround me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time:car m
49、agazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums.This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.mylatestdifferentwhich/thatthe或my 本文主要讲了作者看到自己的照片时，想起了美好的往事。1.删掉realize后的of
50、 由语境可知，“我”意识到时间飞逝。realize后接从句，of多余。2.had have 由该句子的时间状语in the past few years可知，应用现在完成时，故改为have。3.and but 固定结构not only but also，意为“不仅而且”。4.took taken 由语境可知，此处指“照片被拍下”，故改为taken与前面的系动词was构成被动语态。5.become became 与上下文保持一致，用一般过去时，故改为became。6.in后加the或my 此处特指“这幅图片”。故加定冠词the，还可以加物主代词my，限定picture。7.they which/
51、that 分析句子结构可知，这是一个定语从句，先行词为things，指物，故用关系代词that或which。8.difference different 此处指“不同种类的”，用different kinds of，修饰名词用形容词。9.late latest 由语境可知，此处指“最新的音乐专辑”。10.your my 由语境可知，此处指“我的”高中生活。书面表达 Dear Peter,Glad to hear that you are going to take a trip to China this August.Welcome!As I know,you are always inte
52、rested in Chinese culture and want to learn some Chinese.Therefore,I suggest that you choose Chinese daily dialogues as a start,like greeting people,asking for directions and bargaining for souvenirs,which can help you a lot during your trip.Learning a foreign language needs great efforts.Apparently,Id like to be your teacher and send you an e-book with my teaching schedule later.I will try my best to make your learning easier and Im sure you can speak some fluent Chinese before you leave China.Looking forward to your early reply.Yours,Li HuaThank you!
