1、高中英语语法总结大全之定语从句要点清单定语从句定语从句（Attributi ve Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which 等。关系副词有：when,where,why 等。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作
2、用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2)Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换）,例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car hadbroken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose(of whi
3、ch)coveris green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which/that had never been seenbefore appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that 在句中作宾语）The package(which/that)you are carrying isabout to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that 在句中作宾语）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是
4、时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when,where,why关系副词 when,where,why 的含义相当于介词+which结构，因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when(on which)one mustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused ouroffer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that 代替关系副词that
5、 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when,where,why 和介词+which引导的定语从句，在口语中 that 常被省略，例如：His father died the year(that/when/in which)hewas born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/inwhich)he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词
6、；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed lastyear.Ill never forget the days when I worked togetherwith you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）（错）This is the mountain village where I visitedlast year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent inthe countryside.（对）This is the moun
7、tain village(which)Ivisited last year.（对）Ill never forget the days(which)I spent inthe countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1.Is this museum _ you visited a few daysage?A.whereB.thatC.on whichD.the one例 2.Is this the museum _
8、 the exhibition washeld.A.whereB.thatC.on whichD.the one答案：例 1 D，例 2 A例 1 变为肯定句：This museum is _ youvisited a few days ago.例 2 变为肯定句：This is the museum _ theexhibition was held.在句 1 中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where,that,onwhich 都不能起到宾语的作用，只有 the one 既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选 D。而句 2 中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可
9、用副词 where，又因 in themuseum 词组，可用介词 in+which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on 用的不对，所以选 A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)。限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例
10、如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house,which we bought last month,is verynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house,which I bought last year,has g
11、ot alovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel,which I have read three times,is verytouching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant,whichgreatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor,which is calledevaporation.液
12、态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that 前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词 when 和where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joinedour club?Do you remember
13、the day when you joined ourclub?as,which 非限定性定语从句由 as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和which可代整个主句，相当于 and this或and that。As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth,which is very important tous.典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss,_came as a surprise.A.i
14、tB.thatC.whichD.he答案 C.此为非限定性从句，不能用 that 修饰，而用 which.，it 和 he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选 he 句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good,_was more than we could expect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it答案 B。which 可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而 what 不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it 不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard
15、yesterday,_ prevented mefrom going to the park.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it答案 B.as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which不可。(2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.。在本题中，prevent 由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为 B。As 的用法例 1.the same as；suchas
16、中的 as 是一种固定结构,和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he(has).例 2.as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As is know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词 know 要用被动式。先行词和关系词二合一1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoev
17、er 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to sendtheir son to technical school.(what 可以用 all that 代替)what/whatever/that.1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to sendtheir son to technical school.(what 可以用 all
18、 that 代替)关系代词 that 的用法1）不用 that 的情况a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)The tree,that is four hundred years old,isvery famous here.b)介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get ourfood.We depend on the land that/which we get ourfood from.2)只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在 there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which。b)在不定代词，如：anything,
19、nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little 等作先行词时，只用 that，不用 which。c)先行词有 the only,the very 修饰时，只用 that。d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用 that。.e)先行词既有人，又有物时。举例：All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally,the thief handed everything that he hadstolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察精题精讲高考应用定语从句与语法填空定语从
20、句中的关系代词或关系副词以及介词的选用是语法填空题中的考查点。首先判断是否是定语从句是做题的关键，其次判断关系词充当何种成分，确定答案。有些特殊的定语从句，如分割式定语从句和插入式定语从句，一定要先确定先行词，然后再判断作何成分，最后确定用何关系词。典题试做 1在空白处填入适当的关系代词或关系副词12016全国But my connection with pandasgoes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，_ I was the first Western TVreporter.22016全国Some people think tha
21、t the greatChinese scholar Confucius，_lived fromroughly 551 to 479 BC.，influenced thedevelopment of chopsticks.32016浙江Scientists have advanced manytheories about why human beings cry tears，noneof _ has been proved.42015全国Id skipped nearby Guilin，adream place for tourists seeking the limestonemountai
22、n tops and dark waters of the Li River_ are pictured by artists in so manyChinese paintings.52015天津The boss of the company is tryingto create an easy atmosphere _ hisemployees enjoy their work.62015四川The books on the desk，_covers are shiny，are prizes for us.72015陕西As the smallest child of his family
23、，Alex is always longing for the time _ heshould be able to be independent.答案：1.when2.who3.which4.that/which5where6.whose7.when应对策略 1一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分来确定关系词。若在从句中作主语和宾语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。定语从句与短文改错短文改错中对于定语从句的考查主要涉及限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的错用。典题试做 2单句改错(每小题 1 处错误)12016四川The d
24、ishes what I cooked wereMoms favorite._22014广西And it is wise to have as manygood friends that we can._答案：1.whatthat/which 或去掉 what2.thatas应对策略 2确定定语从句中关系词的步骤：1找出先行词；2看先行词被代入从句后在句子中的成分(作主语、宾语还是状语)；3选择合适的关系词。书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦(一)定语从句意识缺失1关系代词被普通代词取代(误)I have many collections of stamps，some_of_them are my
25、favorite.(正)I have many collections of stamps，some_of_which are my favorite.2关系代词遗漏(误)The last one leaves the classroom please closethe windows.(正)The last one who_leaves the classroom pleaseclose the windows.第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句1有从无主式(误)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to
26、usclassmates.(正)My friend Jane is very friendly to usclassmates.(正)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to usclassmates，has_a_variety_of_hobbies.笫一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。2从句成分残缺式(误)Those who_against it think that it isunnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.(正)Those who_are_against it think
27、that it isunnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.第一句定语从句的谓语不完整。介词 against 不能单独作谓语。3画蛇添足式(误)As can be seen from the picture，that a sadboy stands between his angry parents.(误)As can be seen from the picture，a man who istalking happily.(误)I have many collections of stamps，and someof which are my
28、favorite.第一句中关系代词 as 代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉 that。第二句中同样 as 代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的 who 是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词 and 是多余的。高效演练.单句语法填空12017福建福州十三中高三期中Once therelived a rich man_wanted to do somethingfor the people of his town.22017江西南昌高三联考Nowadays，schoolviolence is a hot issue.I think this is
29、aphenomenon，_calls for our greatconcern.32017安徽合肥八中段考He led me to a tableand poured tea，and I asked him why he hadplaced a“Sold Out”sign on the door on anight_there were thirty vacant tables.42017河北隆化存瑞中学高三检测Theythink it may be something unusual_livesin the water.52017山西运城期末调研The gentleman，_I had be
30、en calling“sir”during the wholeinterview，was wearing a skirt.答案：1.who2.which3.when4.that5who/whom.单句改错1I shall never forget the years I spent in thecountry with the farmers，that has a great effect onmy life._2I also enjoyed the evenings when we spenttogether._3The visitors saw rows of houses，the roo
31、fs ofwhose are red._4Please tell me the way which you did thejob._5Little has been done what is helpful to ourwork._答案：1.thatwhich2.whenwhich/that 或去掉 when3.whosewhich4.whichthat 或去掉 which 或 which 前加 in5.whatthat.语法填空A(定语从句专练)There was a time 1._I was tired oflearning English and disliked to speakEn
32、glish.And this was the reason 2._myfather forced me to join in a 30day training inan English club before I went to senior highschool.When I first came to the club,3._Imet many strangers，I missed my parents verymuch.So I packed up my things and wanted to gohome.Fortunately，my guide,4._teacherwas Yu M
33、inhong，communicated with me facetoface，from 5._ I gained some usefulinstructions.He also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.Gradually Iadapted to the life there.Every day I would like totalk to other teenagers and set down a series ofactivities 6._ we did.I should be grat
34、efulto my father and the guide,7._encouragedme to fall in love with English.Now I feel itinteresting to learn English，into 8._I putmy entire energy.Every day I read my words andpassages aloud.In class I join in Englishdiscussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall thepassages，through 9._ I can memorize a
35、large number of new words.10._ourEnglish teacher says，“As long as you form thehabit of learning English every day and haveperseverance，you will conquer English sooner orlater.”答案：1.when2.why3.where4.whose5which6.that/which7.who8.which9which10.AsB2017云南昆明摸底调研The matter of uniform has come up a lot.Sc
36、hoolsin different countries have different1._(rule)about uniforms.Some argue thatdressing all the same is likely to make studentshave no thoughts of their own.They think childrenare 2._(little)creative if they are notallowed to express themselves.However，morethan 50 pupils 3._(send)home from aNottin
37、gham school after turning up in improperfootwearincluding flipflops(人字拖)About100 pupils,4._broke the schools uniformregulations，are reported to have been taken out ofclass 5._the first day of this term，with 56sent home 6._(change)after their parentswere called.The uniform policy has been carriedout
38、by 7._ new head，DaveHooker.Hooker said，“Being properly8._(dress)，whether for school or work，is a lesson that will benefit all our studentsthroughout their lives.”In his opinion，9._(wear)a school uniform helps to makechildren all equal and makes 10._(they)proud to be part of their school.答案：1.rules2.less3.were sent4.who5.on6.to change7.the8.dressed9wearing10.them
