1、第八讲定语从句和名词性从句语法项目(一)定语从句考纲解读定方向定语从句是高考考查的重点，也是必考点之一，语法填空主要考查关系代词、关系副词的选用，故分清句子结构，搞清定语从句部分缺少何种成分至关重要。语法填空考查形式均为无提示词型填空。定语从句的重要性还体现在书面表达上，它属于高级句式，对提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。如何确定填关系代词或关系副词思考趋向1依据句子成分，先确定是定语从句还是名词性从句，然后判定先行词，再判定关系词在从句中所作成分，最后确定填关系代词或关系副词。2知晓并列句与定语从句的主要区别在于：并列句是由and，but等并列连词连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。
2、典例感悟典例1(2018浙江卷6月)Many westerners _ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析：who/that此处缺少引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语的关系代词，故用who 或that。典例2(2018江苏卷)Selfdriving is an area_China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.解析：where句意：无
3、人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处于同一条起跑线上的领域。考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in_the_area.由此可知先行词与表地点的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。典例3They live in a small house，in front of _ stands an orange tree.They live in a small house，and in front of
4、_ stands an orange tree.解析：which；it两句的区别是连词and，句逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示物，故填which；句and连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句中的a small house，故填it。典例4The old man has three sons，none of _ is a doctor.The old man has three sons，but none of _ is a doctor.解析：whom；them两句的区别是连词but，句逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示人，故填whom；句but连接两个并列分句，空格处
5、指代前面分句的three sons，故填them。定语从句解题技法寻找先行词，辨别人与物实例体验1(2018天津卷)Kate，_sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.解析：whose考查定语从句。句意：凯特去澳大利亚工作了。上大学期间我和她妹妹住同一房间。先行词为Kate，将先行词代入定语从句后为：I shared a room with Kates sister when we were at college.由此可见，关系词在定语从句中作定语，先行词指“人”，故填关
6、系代词whose。2(2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soiltesting program _ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.解析：that/which根据语境“.gives specific fertilizer recommendations to f
7、armers”修饰“a soiltesting program”，先行词表示物，关系代词作定语从句的主语，用that或者which。3(2017全国卷)But Sarah，_has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.解析：who所填词引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指人，故用who。4(2017北京卷)The little problems_we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations
8、 for great inventions.解析：that/which所填词引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语， 先行词为The little problems，因此用that或which。5(四川卷)The books on the desk，_ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.解析：whose句意：桌上那些封面闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。本题考查定语从句。先行词为The books，与从句中的covers为所属关系，故答案为whose。重点强化关系代词的使用规则关系代词引导的定语从句who，whom，that代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语，
9、宾语等，其中whom只能作宾语，介词提前时，指人只能用whom；that不能引导非限制性定语从句which，that代替的先行词是表示物的名词或代词，在从句中作主语、宾语等whose用来指人或物，在从句中作定语只用that的情况先行词是all，some，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时先行词被the only，the very，all，every，some，any，few，no，little等修饰时先行词是形容词最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时先行词既包括人又包括物时只用which的情况介词提前
10、时，指物只能用which在非限制性定语从句中，指物只用which判断所缺成分，选择关系副词实例体验1(2016全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，_ I was the first Western TV reporter.解析：when先行词 the mid1980s在定语从句中作时间状语，故应用when引导。2(天津卷)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his emp
11、loyees enjoy their work.解析：where句意：该公司的老板在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，在这种氛围中，他的员工们可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为atmosphere，将先行词代入定语从句后为：His employees enjoy their work in_the_easy_atmosphere.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为where。3(2019青岛二模)The reason _ we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.解析：why先行词为the reason，定语从句中
12、缺少状语，故用why 引导。重点强化关系副词的使用规则关系副词引导的定语从句when，where，why的先行词分别是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，并且在从句中作状语特殊用法当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point，situation，case，stage等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句先行词occasion当“时机”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where当先行词way意为“方法，方式”，且在从句中作状语时，可用that，in which或省略关系词这三种形式识别特殊定语从句，分清限制性、非限制性定语从句 实例体验1(2017天津卷
13、)My eldest son，_work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.解析：whose句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作让他走遍世界各地。设空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词son，空格处在从句中作定语修饰work，所以要用关系代词whose。2(天津卷)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，_the weather may be better.解析：when句意：我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下周，届时天气可能会更好。先行词为next wee
14、k，将先行词代入定语从句后为：The weather may be better next_week.由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，故答案为when。3(北京卷)Opposite is St. Pauls Church, _ you can hear some lovely music.解析：where句意：你们在对面的圣保罗教堂能听到一些动听的音乐。先行词为St.Pauls Church，将先行词代入定语从句后为：You can hear some lovely music in_St.Pauls_Church.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用where。4(江苏卷)The
15、number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.解析：as句意：正如报道的那样，吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为整个主句的内容，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填as。as is reported正如报道的那样。重点强化1定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种，如果在先行词的后面出现逗号的，即为非限制性定语从句。(1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。(2)which引导非限制性定语从句，可以代表主句的全部或者部分内容。Tom failed again
16、in the match，which was a great pity.汤姆在比赛中又一次失利了，这是一个非常大的遗憾。2as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。as 和which都可引导非限定性定语从句，代表主句的内容。as在句中的位置比较灵活，意为“正如，正像”；which只能用在句中，意为“这，这一点”。The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking，which didnt help.母亲竭力说服儿子放弃吸烟，但没有效果。“You cant judge a book by its cover，”as the old sa
17、ying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相”。介宾结构记心中实例体验1(2017江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.解析：whose句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，它的目标之一是减缓全球范围的饥荒。本题考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是the World Food Programme，与定语从句中的purposes是所属关系，即the World Food Programmes purposes，故填w
18、hose。2(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of _ has been proved.解析：which句意：就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出了许多理论，但没有一项理论得到过证明。先行词为theories，将先行词代入定语从句后为：None of the_theories has been proved.由此可见先行词(指“物”)在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故答案为which。3(江苏卷)Many young people，most of _ were welled
19、ucated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.解析：whom句意：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为young people，指人，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Most of the_young_people were welleducated.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，且介词已被提前，故答案为whom。4(安徽卷)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _ school education dep
20、ends.解析：which句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。先行词为skill，将先行词代入定语从句后为：School education depends upon the_fundamental_skill.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作介词upon的宾语；本句中介词upon已被提前，故答案为which。5(2019潍坊二模)In his small house，there is a bookshelf，the top of _ is filled with poetry books.解析：which空处引导非限制性定语从句，并且前面有介词of，指代物，故用which。重点强化
21、“介词关系代词”的使用规则构成用法介词(短语)which/whom介词提前时，指物只能用which，指人只能用whom数词/形容词最高级/不定代词ofwhich/whom表示部分与整体的关系the名词ofwhich/whom表示所属关系，可转化为“whose名词”牢记what不能引导定语从句：that不能引导非限制性定语从句 实例体验1(全国卷)Maybe you have a habit _ is driving your family crazy.解析：that/which定语从句的先行词为前面的habit，在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。注意：此处不能用what。2(201
22、9河南、河北七所名校联考)The shelter，_ is designed for the thousands of traders and shoppers at Bangkoks night market，has become an attraction itself.解析：which考查定语从句。先行词是The shelter，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用which。重点强化1what只能用于名词性从句中，而不能引导定语从句。2牢记指物时，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，只能用which引导非限制性定语从句。语法项目(二)名词性从句考纲解读定方向通过近五年语法填空
23、试题分析可以发现，名词性从句是考查的重点。语法填空考查形式为无提示词型填空，重点考查名词性从句引导词，尤其是对what，that，who 的考查。如何确定名词性从句思考趋向分析句子成分，确定主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，再根据在从句中的成分确定填连词(that，whether，if)或连接代词(what，who，whom，which，whatever，whoever，whichever)，或连接副词(when，why，where，whenever，wherever，how)。典例感悟典例1(2018北京卷)Without his support, we wouldnt be_we
24、are now.解析：where考查表语从句。句意：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。根据句意可知，设空处意为“情形，情况，形势”，应用where引导。典例2(2018天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to_wins the first place in the bicycle race.解析：whoever考查宾语从句。句意：这块金牌将颁发给在这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。“_ wins the first place in the bicycle race”为宾语从句，该从句缺少主语，且设空处表示“任何人”，故填whoever，相当于anyo
25、ne who。典例3(2018江苏卷)By boat is the only way to get here, which is _we arrived.解析：how句意：坐船是到达这里的唯一方式，我们就是坐船到达这里的。考查表语从句。which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，其中设空处引导的是表语从句，结合语境和By boat 可知，此处表示到达这儿的方式，所以要用how引导。名词性从句解题技法缺少主/宾/表语，用连接代词(who，which，what，whatever，whichever，whoever等) 实例体验1(2017北京卷)Every year_makes the most be
26、autiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.解析：whoever句意：每年，在风筝节上制作出最漂亮的风筝的人会赢得一份奖品。设空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语成分，且表示“无论谁”，故填whoever。2(北京卷)Your support is important to our work._ you can do helps.解析：Whatever句意：你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都有帮助。本题考查主语从句。“_ you can do”为主语从句，该从句缺少宾语，且表示“任何事情”，故答案为Whatever(相当于Any
27、thing that)。3(浙江卷)If you swim in a river or lake be sure to investigate _ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.解析：what句意：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，一定要查明水下的状况。经常会有岩石或树枝隐藏在水中。“_ is below the water surface”为宾语从句，作动词investigate 的宾语，该从句中缺少主语且表示“事物”，故答案为what。4(安徽卷)A ship in
28、harbor is safe, but thats not _ ships are built for.解析：what_ ships are built for为表语从句，该从句中缺少宾语且表示“事物”，故答案为what。重点强化连接代词(who，which，what，whatever，whichever，whoever等)在名词性从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.(宾语从句，whoever在从句中作主语)我们保证，任何参
29、加这个聚会的人都有机会与那个电影明星合影。缺少状语，用连接副词(when，where，how，why，while，as，if/whether，before，since等) 实例体验1(2017北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street，not knowing _ she was heading.解析：where句意：Jane在绿树成荫的街道上漫无目的地走着，不知道她要去哪里。设空处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少地点状语成分，故用where引导。2(2017天津卷)She asked me_I had returned the books to
30、 the library，and I admitted that I hadnt.解析：whether/if句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆，我承认我还没有归还。设空处引导的是宾语从句，根据句意可知该宾语从句要用whether/if引导。3(北京卷)_ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.解析：How句意：我们理解事物的方式与我们的认知有很大关系。“_ we understand things”为主语从句，该从句中缺少方式状语(如何)，故用How。4(重庆卷)We must find out _ Karl is com
31、ing, so we can book a room for him.解析：when句意：我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来，以便我们可以为他预订房间。“_ Karl is coming”为宾语从句，作动词短语find out的宾语，该从句中缺少时间状语，故答案为when。5(福建卷)I wonder _ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.By working out every day.解析：how句意：我想知道这么些年来玛丽是如何保持体形的。通过每天锻炼身体。“_ Mary has kept her figure after all t
32、hese years”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少方式状语，故答案为how。6(四川卷)The exhibition tells us _ we should do something to stop air pollution.解析：why句意：这个展览告诉我们为什么我们应该做一些事情来阻止空气污染。“_ we should do something to stop air pollution”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少原因状语，故答案为why。重点强化牢记在主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句中缺少状语时考虑连接副词(when，where，how，why，while，as，if/whethe
33、r，before，since等)，再根据连接副词的含义确定答案。Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“Thats where I was born.”(表语从句，where作地点状语)“那就是我出生的地方。”奶奶指着那家医院说。不缺任何成分，常用that引导同位语从句或表语从句 实例体验1(北京卷)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _ one can be entirely free from dust.解析：that句意：雨季最令人愉快的事情就是人们可以完全免受尘土的影响。本题考查表语从
34、句。“_ one can be entirely free from dust”为表语从句，该从句中不缺少成分，意思完整，故用that引导该表语从句。2(天津卷)The manager put forward a suggestion _ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.解析：that句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。本题考查同位语从句。“_ we should have an assistant”为同位语从句，说明suggestion的内容，应用that引导该同位语从句。that只起连
35、接作用，不作成分。3(江苏卷)It is often the case _ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.解析：that句意：对于那些不放弃希望的人来说，发生任何事情都是有可能的，这是很常见的。考查主语从句。本句中it为形式主语，“_ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope”为真正的主语；该从句结构完整，故由that引导。4(2019福州八县市一中联考)Word has come _ Basis body will be put in Basi Museum，w
36、hich is under construction at present.解析：that考查同位语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，抽象名词Word和从句Basis body will be put in Basi Museum为同位关系，且从句意义与结构完整，故用that引导该同位语从句。重点强化that引导同位语从句，表语从句不作任何成分，没有任何意义，只起连接作用，但不可省略。When the news came that the war broke out，he decided to serve in the army.(同位语从句)当战争爆发的消息传来时，他决定参军。it
37、作形式主语或形式宾语的名词性从句要牢记 实例体验1(2019昆明质量检测)Kenney said，“_ is good news that this public health problem has a simple solution.”解析：It考查名词性从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为包含that引导的主语从句的主从复合句，It 作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。2(2019山东师大附中一模)His favorite food is fried snacks and soft drinks.It is no surprise _ losing weight is just h
38、is dream.解析：that句意：他最喜欢的食物是油炸类小吃和软饮料。减肥只是他的梦想一点都不令人吃惊。It 是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句中结构及句意完整，故用that引导。3(2019昆明调研)If you are an experienced traveler wanting to explore China fully，it is recommended _ you should travel to Dunhuang，Zhangye，Jiayuguan，Turpan，Kashi and Urumqi to follow the footprint of Mar
39、co Polo.解析：that考查主语从句。本句为“It is recommendedthat从句”结构，that从句的谓语用(should)动词原形。重点强化当句子作主语或宾语时往往显得“头重脚轻”，故常用it作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面。It had never occurred to him that he might be falling in love with her.他从来没有想到过他也许爱上了她。The teacher made it clear that ice cream is junk food.老师使大家明白了冰激凌是垃圾食品。小题夯基练单句语法填
40、空1Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.解析：where先行词为race，代入定语从句则为：we compete with others to go beyond ourselves in the long race.明显可见，in the long race在定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。2Toms best memory is of last year，_ the club gave a dancing party for his birthday.解析：when先行词是l
41、ast year，带入从句后作时间状语，故从句用关系副词引导。3Recently，we have seen the film you mentioned，the figures of _ are used in many restaurants to attract consumers.解析：which根据句意可推知从句想表达“此影片的许多人物被多家餐厅引用来吸引消费者”。先行词为the film，指物，且空处位于介词of后，故填which引导非限制性定语从句。4On Sundays there were many children playing in the park, _ parents
42、 were seated together joking.解析：whose本空填whose，引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作定语 。5This is Mr.Smith，_ I think has something interesting to tell you.解析：who非限制性定语从句修饰前面指人的先行词Mr.Smith，且定语从句中缺少主语，故用who引导。6At the beginning of the new term，my teacher said _ broke the rules would be punished.解析：whoever这里whoever引导宾语从句，在从句中
43、作主语，意为“无论是谁”。7I am afraid shes more of a talker than a doer，which is _ she never finishes anything.解析：whywhich引导非限制性定语从句，其中“.she never finishes anything.”为表语从句，且表原因，故此表语从句用why引导。8It is obvious to the refugees _ they should get well prepared to evacuate.解析：that本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面由that引导的从句。9The myste
44、ry is _ he ever went there or not.解析：whetheris后的表语从句中成分齐全，空格处意为“是否”，且由句末的or not可知用whether。10I have no idea _ youre talking aboutcan you explain it please?解析：whatidea后为同位语从句，该从句中的talking about后缺少宾语，且意为“的事情”，故用what引导。大题提能练.语法填空(一)定语从句专练Yangshuo，ChinaIt was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo ju
45、st before dawn.But I didnt care.A few hours before，Id been at home in Hong Kong，_1_ I breathed its choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain.Id skipped nearby Guilin，_2_ is a dream place for tourists _3_ seek the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _4_ are
46、pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead，Id headed straight for Yangshuo.For those _5_ fly to Guilin，its only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.Yangshuo is really beautiful.A study of travelers _6_ was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Ya
47、ngshuo as one of the top 10 destinations _7_ are famous in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people and their families _8_ are in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，_9_ is a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people _10_ live i
48、n Shanghai and Hong Kong.答案：1.where2.which3.who/that4.that/which5.who6.that/which7.that/which8.that/who9.which10.who/that.语法填空(二)名词性从句专练_1_ worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is _2_ she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill.She has some doubts _3_ she eats too much fast food high
49、 in fat or sugar.Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she cant sleep well these days.Maybe this is _4_ she becomes fatter these days，she thinks._5_ she becomes slimmer and healthier has been her main task.So she wants to consult some experts and gain
50、some instructions.But where she could get better suggestions and _6_ will give her better advice also puzzle her.It is her parents suggestion _7_ she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital.Professor Wang suggests _8_ she keep a balanced diet first.She should eat vegetables and fruit hig
51、h in fiber，vitamin and protein.Whats more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day.Mary asked Professor Wang _9_ she should take exercise.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 oclock in the afternoon.That is _10_ she will have more time to do sports.It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now.答案：1.What2.that3.whether4.why5.How6.who7.that8.that9.when10.because
