1、第三讲主旨大意题主旨大意题是高考英语阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落大意以及选择标题等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉开考生的分数差距，所以此类题目在高考试题中具有很好的选拔作用，属于能力型题目。一、正确选项的特征1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强，能恰当地表达原文的主题和中心思想。二、干扰选项的特征1.过于笼统，不知所云。所给选项内容归纳、概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。2.以偏概全，主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项
2、的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3.移花接木，偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。4.无中生有，生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。典例1(2019全国卷，阅读C)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.What is she reading? Non
3、e of your business！Lunch is Bechtels “me” time.And like more Americans，shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half (53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymo
4、re，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone, but together，you know？” Bechtel said, looking up from her book.Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her des
5、k.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today, I just wanted some time to myself，” she said.Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check h
6、is phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction (交流).“I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said.“Its a chance for self-reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to c
7、hoose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over.Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”
8、said Laurie Demeritt，whose company provided the statistics for the report.31.What is the text mainly about?A.The trend of having meals alone.B.The importance of self-reflection.C.The stress from working overtime.D.The advantage of wireless technology.答案A文章大意题。根据第一、三、四段的例子，第二段的数据以及最后一段中的第一句“That free
9、dom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.”再次提及的eat alone可知，本文主要说了独自用餐已经逐渐成为一种趋势，故答案为A。解题技巧“主题句定位”寻主旨文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支
10、撑性细节。1.主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。2.以下是找主题句的4个小窍门：(1)段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。(2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回
11、答很可能就是文章主旨。(3)作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。(4)表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。典例2(2019全国卷，阅读D)During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.
12、Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein, a professor of cl
13、inical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work.Then theres the kind of popular
14、ity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr.Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to en
15、gage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study, Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研究).“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over t
16、ime toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play datesharing，kindness,
17、 opennesscarry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research, Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes，too.“Being liked creates
18、opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，” he said.35.What is the best title for the text?A.Be NiceYou Wont Finish LastB.The Higher the Status, the BetterC.Be the BestYou Can Make ItD.More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness答案A文章标题题。本文主要介绍了研
19、究者发现讨人喜欢与积极的人生结果有关，因此A项作为标题最合适。注意A项中的be nice与likability，popularity，kindness等词相呼应。Be NiceYou Wont Finish Last.从意义上类似于汉语的“与人为善，于己为善”。这里的finish本义是“获得(名次)；排名”。解题技巧1.“高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的
20、主题。2.文章标题三特点(1)形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多；(2)短小精悍，精确性强；(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。典例3(2019江苏卷，阅读B)Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone (圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma (岩浆)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly.In 1943, a Mexican farmer was
21、surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high.Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across.Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Eart
22、h, all but a few hundred of them extinct.There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesnt involve mountain building.These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but
23、 Christiansen couldnt find the caldera anywhere.59.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?A.The shapes of volcanoes.B.The impacts of volcanoes.C.The activities of volcanoes.D.The heights of volcanoes.答案A段落大意题。文章的第二段主要介绍了两种类型火山的形成过程，所以本段主要讲述了火山的形态，故选A项。解题技巧找准段落主题句1.段首：说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首句。2.段尾
24、：先表述细节，后归纳概括，段落中心在段尾。3.段中间：先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，再陈述主题，再论述细节，即引出主题段落中心再论述。4.没有明显段落中心时，需概括段落内容，总结段落中心。1.(2018全国卷，阅读B)Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest roleshowing families how to prepare delicious and nutrit
25、ious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money：Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says shes been able to put a lot
26、of what shes learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13，and Jack, 11.“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，”she explains.“I pay 5 for a portion (一份)，but Matt makes them for 26p a portion，because they are f
27、lour，water，sugar and oil.Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Money：Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money: Good Health，which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast
28、 range of health products on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.In tonights Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.The team transforms the familys long we
29、ekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB.Balancing Our Daily DietC.Making Yourself a Perfect ChefD.Cooking Well for Less答案D根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。可以推知D正确。2.(2016江苏卷，阅读B)Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooper
30、ate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct (本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who
31、are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory，chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at random
32、he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has stud
33、ied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are no
34、t taught，but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social inte
35、lligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello，the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.The core of what chil
36、drens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”，a group that intends to wor
37、k toward a shared goal.The passage is mainly about _.A.the helping behaviors of young childrenB.ways to train childrens shared intentionalityC.cooperation as a distinctive human natureD.the development of intelligence in children答案C主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文。作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。A
38、、B、D项都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想。故C项正确。3.(2019江苏省名校联考).Instead of experiencing the effects of smoking 40 cigarettes a day from kerosene lamps，Rants thinks his solar lamps could be the answer for third-world countries.The Economist agrees，calling solar lights “the next big innovation for the worlds poor”.Noker
39、os solar lamps are higher in quality and less expensive than a lot of solar technology，making them a practical option for many people in third-world countries.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A.An innovation of the world.B.Advantages of the solar lights.C.Solution to worlds poverty problems.D.Heavy
40、pollution caused by kerosene lamps.答案B段落大意题。根据第三段所说Nokero的太阳能灯质量更好，价格也比很多太阳能技术的灯便宜，适合发展中国家的人们使用，所以该段主要介绍了这种太阳能灯的优点。故选B。4.(2018江苏卷，阅读B)Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad” tables, crowding, high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door, sayspe
41、nt nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned aboutbad tables”， given that theyre profitable.As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a
42、buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.What does the last paragraph talk about?A.Tips to attract more customers.B.Problems restaurants are faced with.C.Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.答案D段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“things tha
43、t you might expect to discourage spendingbadtables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily”可知，你认为可能会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见观点是一种误解，故选D项。A(2019无锡市高中教学质量抽测)“The world feels anxious and divided, and Facebook has a lot of work to do whether its protecti
44、ng our community from abuse and hate, defending against interference by nation states, or making sure that time spent on Facebook is well spent，” Zuckerberg wrote on Facebook in January.If the tech firm succeeded, Facebook would end 2018 on a much better path.But the cracks in Zuckerbergs social med
45、ia empire only grew as scandals(丑闻)about data misuse, security and even Facebooks leadership piled up.The social network has faced criticism many times since launching 14 years ago, but the public uproar reached new heights in 2018.Facebooks missteps, even as it tried to fix its problems, were yet a
46、nother reminder of what happens when a company grows rapidly with little oversight(监管).They also set the stage for another showdown between the tech powerhouse and lawmakers who have their own ideas on how to manage a platform used by 2.3 billion people every month.“I think theres just a general gro
47、wing consensus from both parties in Congress that self-policing is not going to work，” Democratic senator Mark Warner of Virginia said in an interview.Facebook pointed to a series of notes Zuckerberg published this year outlining what the tech firm has done to combat(战斗，争论)election meddling(好干预的), a
48、s well as hate speech, misinformation and other offensive content.The social network pulled down more than 1.5 billion fake accounts, launched a database of political ads and announced the creation of a Supreme Court like independent body to oversee content appeals.But in many ways, Zuckerberg fell
49、short of his New Years resolution(决议).UN investigators said Facebook played a role in spreading hate speech that fueled ethnic cleansing(清洗)in Myanmar.Media outlets found loopholes(漏洞)and errors in Facebooks political ads database.Users questioned whether they should delete Facebook after learning t
50、hat Cambridge Analytical, a UK political consulting firm with ties to Donald Trumps 2016 presidential campaign, gathered data on as many as 87 million Facebook users without their permission.In short, Facebooks problems ballooned out of the companys control.“They created a platform where sharing was
51、 mindlessly easy and interacting with each other required almost no forethought at all，” said Woodrow Hertzog, a law and computer science professor at Northeastern University.“As a result, there was massive sharing, including leaking of personal information that put lots of people at risk.”【语篇解读】本文是
52、一篇议论文。文章讲述的是Facebook面临一个严峻的挑战。1.What can be inferred about Facebook from the passage?A.It is a platform where people can easily share well-selected information.B.It is a social network that has faced criticism because of data misuses from Zuckerberg.C.It is a social network which grows rapidly witho
53、ut enough management from the government.D.It is a popular app that 2.3 billion people use for information and communication every day.答案C推理判断题。根据第三段中Facebooks missteps.with little oversight(监管).“Facebook在试图解决问题时的失误再次提醒人们，当一家公司在缺乏监管的情况下快速增长时会发生什么。”可知，Facebook是一个快速成长的，没有足够的政府管理的社交网络。故选C。2.The underli
54、ned word “uproar” in Paragraph 3 has the similar meaning to “_”.A.crack B.criticismC.disagreement D.argument答案B词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句The social network has faced.new heights in 2018.(自14年前推出以来，这家社交网站曾多次受到批评，但在2018年，公众的愤怒达到了新的高度。)推知，划线词的意思是“批评，评论”。故选B。3.What is the best title of this passage?A.A tough challe
55、nge for FacebookB.Zuckerbergs new year resolutionC.Criticism of Facebook for misusingD.A dark future for Facebook答案A标题概括题。根据第一段The world feels anxious.is well spent.(世界感到焦虑和分裂，Facebook有很多工作要做无论是保护我们的社区不受虐待和仇恨，保护我们不受民族国家的干涉，还是确保花在Facebook上的时间是有价值的。)和倒数第二段In short, Facebooks problems ballooned out of
56、the companys control.(简而言之，Facebook的问题已经超出了公司的控制范围。)可知，本文讲述的是“Facebook面临一个严峻的挑战”。故选A。BA T-shirt that constantly monitors the hearts activity and detects abnormalities could help protect people against stroke.The T-shirt, which can be washed up to 35 times before it needs replacing, has been develope
57、d to improve the detection of dangerous heart conditions like atrial fibrillation(心房颤动), which causes an irregular heart rhythm and raises the risk of stroke.At least one million people in Britain are known to have this condition；however, its estimated that at least another 500，000 have it but haven
58、t yet been diagnosed because they have no obvious symptoms.Some will have symptoms such as chest pain, dizziness and fatigue；but a large number of people have no idea theyre ill until they suffer a stroke.Detecting atrial fibrillation involves carrying out an ECG(心电图).Conventional ECGs are done in a
59、 hospital and involve highly trained teams of staff attaching up to 24 separate electrodes(电极) to different parts of the body to measure electrical signals.But most patients experience abnormal rhythms only intermittently(间歇地).This means the chance of picking them up during a short hospital check is
60、 slim.Doctors sometimes issue patients with a device called a Holter monitor to wear under their clothes to try to pick up cardiac(心脏的) problems.This is an electronic box which clips onto your waistband and is connected to a series of electrodes worn on the upper part of your body.But the box itself
61、 is quite bulky, hard to hide beneath clothing and involves a dozen or more wires being attached to the patients chest.The Cardioskin T-shirt, which is made from cotton, could be a much more convenient alternative and can be worn 24 hours a daymeaning it is more likely to pick up any abnormal rhythm
62、s in the patients heart.It has 15 tiny electrodes woven into the material which are strategically placed around the chest area to track the electrical signals from the heart as they travel across the main part of your body.The electrodes are powered by a battery which can be removed easily when you
63、need to wash the T-shirt and feed results to a microchip which then sends them out wirelessly to an app.This converts(转换) the data into an easy-to-read chart showing if the heart rate is abnormal.The results are shared with the patients doctor so they can check the patients heart without having to c
64、all them into the hospital.Martin Cowie, a professor of cardiology at Imperial College London, said, “Cardioskin could be an important development for cardiologists.”【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了一件能持续监控心脏活动并检测异常的T恤衫，并着重介绍了它给人们带来的益处。4.How many British people are having dangerous heart conditions according to t
65、he text?A.Less than 0.5 million.B.Less than 1 million.C.At least 1.5 million.D.At least 2 million.答案C细节理解题。由第二段“At least one million people in Britain are.have no obvious symptoms.”可知，英国至少有一百万人患有这种疾病；然而，估计至少还有500，000人患有此病，但由于没有明显的症状，还没有被诊断出来。所以根据本文，至少有150万英国人患有危险的心脏疾病。故C选项正确。5.What is the main idea
66、of Paragraph 3?A.The difficulty in detecting atrial fibrillation.B.The benefit of detecting atrial fibrillation.C.The process of detecting atrial fibrillation.D.The future of detecting atrial fibrillation.答案A段落大意题。由第三段“But most patients experience.is slim.”可知，大多数患者只是间歇性地出现异常节律。这意味着在短期医院检查中检查出它的几率微乎其
67、微。所以判断出第三段的大意为检测心房颤动的困难。故A选项正确。6.Why did the author mention a Holter monitor in the text?A.To show how convenient the Cardioskin T-shirt is.B.To introduce a way to check the patients heart.C.To encourage people to care about their health.D.To explain why doctors like using the device.答案A推理判断题。由第四段“B
68、ut the box itself is.to the patients chest.”。以及第五段“The Cardioskin T-shirt, which is.24 hours a day ”可知，这个盒子本身体积很大，很难藏在衣服下面，并且有十几根或更多的电线连接到病人的胸部。由棉花制成的Cardioskin T恤衫可能是一种更方便的选择，可以一天24小时穿着这意味着它更有可能捕捉到患者心脏的任何异常节律。所以作者在文中提到了Holter监护仪的装置就是为了展示这件Cardioskin T恤衫有多方便。故A选项正确。7.What can we learn about the Card
69、ioskin T-shirt?A.It has a battery that can be charged easily and quickly.B.It can be worn a month without being washed.C.It has electrodes placed all over the T-shirt.D.It can speed up the process of diagnosis.答案D推理判断题。由倒数第二段可知， 电极由一个电池供电，当你需要清洗T恤并将结果输入微芯片，微芯片会将结果无线发送给一个应用程序时，电池很容易被移除。这一转换将数据整理成易于阅读
70、的图表，显示心率是否异常。结果与病人的医生分享，这样他们就可以检查病人的心脏，而不必叫他们去医院。所以判断Cardioskin T恤衫对病人来说有很大的益处，它加速了诊断的过程。故D选项正确。C(2019扬州中学高三检测)Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption.Who eats together defines social units.For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together.
71、The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together.She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties f
72、or relatives and friends.The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present.For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party.It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers.The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundarie
73、s between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal.In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together.The
74、 men take their meals in a mens house, separately from their wives and children.Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husbands portion to the mens house.The women eat with their children in their own houses.This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.Eati
75、ng is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage.In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couples eating together for the first time.Eating symbolizes their new status
76、 as a married couple.In U.S.society, it is just the reverse.A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.Other cultural rules have to do with taboos against eating certain things.In some societies, members of a family group, are not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their totemic ancestor.S
77、ince they believe themselves to be descended from that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste system of India.A caste system consists of ranked groups,
78、each with a different economic specialization.In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution.Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva(唾液)，of individuals of lower-ranked castes.Because of the fear
79、 of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual or from a low-ranking class.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了不同文化中的饮食习惯。8.According to the passage, who will NOT eat together?A.Men and women in Near Eastern
80、 societies.B.The English during regular meals.C.Americans on their first date.D.Newly-married people on the island of New Ireland.答案A细节理解题。答案定位在第二段中的In some New Guinea societies.from their wives and children.(男人们在男人的房间里吃饭，与他们的妻子和孩子分开吃。)故选A。9.In Paragraph 4, the underlined word “taboos” means _.A.fav
81、ors B.gossipsC.hatred D.prohibitions答案D词义猜测题。根据下文In some societies.or eating themselves.(在一些社会，家庭成员不允许吃他们认为是自己图腾祖先的动物或禽鸟。既然他们相信自己是那个祖先的后代，吃这种动物就像吃自己的祖先或吃自己。)可猜测出“taboos”意思是禁止，故选D。10.According to the passage, eating together indicates all the following EXCEPT _.A.social relations B.marital statusC.th
82、e type of food D.family ties答案C细节理解题。答案定位在第一段中的第四句及最后一句、第二段、第三段第三句，一起吃饭不能表明食物的类型，故选C。11.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Different kinds of food in western countries.B.Relations between food and social units.C.Symbolic meanings of different kinds of food.D.Food consumption in different culture
83、s.答案D主旨大意题。第一段Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption.Who eats together defines social units.是全文的主题句，结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了不同文化中的饮食习惯，故选D。.单项填空1.When the general secretary finished his speech, the journalists _ right in with different questions.A.shuttled B.scratchedC.plugged D.dived答案D
84、shuttle穿梭往返；scratch抓，划伤；plug堵塞；dive潜水。dive in热切地开始。当总书记结束讲话时，记者们纷纷提出不同的问题。根据句意可知答案为D。2.(2019张家港高三一模)Most men, who are breadwinners, think that their business is outside homes, so they tend to be _ to housework.A.sensitive B.objectiveC.committed D.allergic答案Dsensitive敏感的；objective客观的；committed坚定的；all
85、ergic对过敏的，对极讨厌。多数男士养家糊口，认为他们的生意不在家里，所以他们对家务厌烦。故选D。3.If we take a plane, well，of course, have arrived in Paris by next weekend.Dont be sure, we should _ the weather factors.What shall we do if it is foggy?A.reflect on B.answer forC.correspond to D.calculate on答案Areflect on仔细考虑，反映；answer for对负责；corres
86、pond to 相当于；calculate on指望，期待。根据句意可知答案为A。4.(2019兴化高三质量检测)My father helps arrange a Sunday brunch at the community center _ the senior citizens can get together with their friends.A.in that B.in caseC.so that D.for that答案C句意：我父亲帮忙在社区中心安排星期日的早午餐，以使老年人可以和朋友聚在一起。由此可知此处是so that引导的目的状语从句。5.(2019徐州高考模拟)_ y
87、ou may not be the next Bill Gates, for example, by learning from people like him you may become just as, if not more famous, because of your success.A.If B.WhileC.Since D.As答案B句意：比如说，或许你不会成为下一个比尔盖茨，但是通过向他这样的人学习，即便不能比他更有名，你也或许因为你的成功变得和他一样有名。此处是while引导的让步状语从句。6.Smartphones have _ our lives.Most of us
88、cant go much longer than 10 minutes before we check our phones.A.turned over B.taken overC.got over D.gone over答案Bturn over翻身，翻转；take over占据；接管；get over克服；go over复习。句意：手机已经占据了我们的生活。我们中大多数人甚至坚持不了10分钟就要去看一下手机。故选B。7._ the shortage of time, the chairman decided that each candidate should finish the spee
89、ch within five minutes.A.In contrast to B.In response toC.In terms of D.In view of答案Din contrast to与对比；in response to 回应；in terms of就而言；in view of鉴于，考虑到。由于时间紧，主席决定每个候选人五分钟内结束演讲。根据句意可知答案为D。8.Ill soon have to throw away the printer, for its beyond repair and its _.A.a Herculean task B.on its last legs
90、C.a sacred cow D.over the moon答案Ba Herculean task一项极为艰巨的工作；on its last legs奄奄一息，过时；a sacred cow 神圣之物；over the moon欣喜若狂。我很快就会把打印机扔掉，因为它已经无法修理了，并且也已经过时。根据句意可知答案为B。9.(2019苏锡常镇四市调研)By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, _ can be very eye-opening and rewarding.A.whi
91、ch B.thatC.who D.what答案A后面一句是非限制性定语从句，从句缺少的是主语，先行词是前面整句话的内容，所以用which引导。句意：通过为别人服务，一个人就会关注他人而不是他/她自己，这样也许就能使眼界非常开阔并获得回报。10.A ship in harbor is safe, but thats not _ ships are built for.A.what B.that C.why D.how答案A句意：港口的船是安全的，但是这不是建轮船的目的。这里是表语从句，表语从句中for缺少宾语，用what连接表语从句，that连接表语从句的时候，不作成分，why为什么，how怎么
92、，所以选A。11.Was it near the building, if I may ask, _ Martin Luther King gave the speech I have a dream?A.where B.whichC.that D.when答案C句意：如果我可以问的话，马丁路德金是不是在楼附近做“我有一个梦想”的演讲？ 这里是强调句型，其结构是：It was被强调部分that其他。判断强调句型的方法是把It was that去掉，整个句子不缺成分。这里被强调的部分是near the building，故选C。12.(2019南通四校联考)With globalization
93、sweeping the world, learning foreign languages will become increasingly necessary if a country _ economically.A.will compete B.is to competeC.were to compete D.competes答案B句意：随着全球化的浪潮席卷世界，如果要想在经济上竞争，那么学习外语将变得越发必要。if引导条件状语从句，主句是一般将来时态，从句用一般现在时态，故选B。13.Its too bad that my computer has got a new virus.I
94、f only I _ that programme!A.didnt run B.havent runC.hadnt run D.wouldnt run答案C句意：我的电脑中了新的病毒。要是我没有用那个程序就好了。此处与过去的事实相反，所以用过去完成时态，答案为C。14.Anyone _ be a victim of road accidents if he doesnt observe traffic regulations.A.can B.mustC.should D.shall答案A句意：如果不遵守交通规则，任何一个人都可能是交通事故的受害者。can表示一种客观存在的可能性，不说也知道的可
95、能，故选A。15.(2019江苏名校联考)Opportunities favor the prepared mind；for a dream _， one has to make preparations every single day rather than fancy in vain.A.to realize B.being realizedC.to be realized D.realizing答案C句意：机会偏爱有准备的头脑：为实现梦想，一个人必须每天准备，而不是徒劳地幻想。此处是动词不定式一般式的被动语态作后置定语。故选C。.完形填空A Dogs Day in CourtWe us
96、ed to live about a quarter mile from a train crossing.Our dog, Lenny, had a very annoying habit：he howled (嗥叫)whenever a train whistled for the crossing, due to his very _1_ hearing.Outside or in the house, he howled and howled _2_ the train went by.When the wind was _3_， he would even howl for the
97、crossings farther down the _4_.We learned to _5_ the noise, mainly because we loved our pet so much.Early one morning while we were eating breakfast, we heard a long very high sound of a trains _6_ efforts followed by a terrible crash.We _7_ out and discovered a twisted car jammed on the cowcatcher
98、(排障器) of the massive locomotive (火车头).Unfortunately, the driver of the car had died _8_.Back in the house, we called the local rescue workers.But we all immediately said to each other, “Lenny didnt howl.The whistle could not have blown！”At the _9_， my brother recognized what was left of the car _10_
99、 that of his friends father and knew the sad news would now have to be _11_ to the family.When the rescue team arrived, my brother told them, “The engineer couldnt have blown the _12_ because our dog did not howl.And he always does！”The story of Lennys howling _13_ rapidly around our small town as e
100、veryone _14_ in the sorrow of the wife and family.Left without the _15_， the family of nine was in a difficult situation.One of the countys best-known lawyers _16_ to pursue a claim against the, by now, infamous Soo Line Cooperation for the sake of the widow and children.The lawyer hired an investig
101、ator and recording technician, who, for days, at all hours, visited our home listening for oncoming trains and _17_ recording Lennys howl.Lenny never _18_ to respond with his howl to the sharp sound of an approaching train.The taped evidence，_19_ in court, along with the testimony (证词) of my family
102、members, convinced the judge and jury.The settlement _20_ to the family secured their home and future.County court records give evidence of the success of a “dogs day in court！”【语篇解读】作者家的狗Lenny由于敏感的听力对过往火车的鸣笛声都会嗥叫，在一次事故中作为有力的证据被送到法庭，帮助受害者打赢了官司。1.A.sensitive B.publicC.accurate D.adequate答案Asensitive敏
103、感的；public公众的；accurate精确的；adequate充足的。此处指无论什么时候火车鸣笛经过十字路口，我们家的狗Lenny由于敏感的听力都会嗥叫。根据常识也知狗的听觉非常好，对声音敏感。故选A。2.A.unless B.untilC.before D.although答案Bunless除非；until直到才；before在之前；although尽管。不管Lenny在室内还是室外，它会一直嗥叫直到火车过去。此处指直到火车过去才停止，故选B。3.A.bitter B.rightC.small D.sharp答案Bbitter苦的；right正确的；small小的；sharp锋利的。此处
104、指风向对的时候，即顺风的时候，它的声音在轨道很远的地方都能听到。故选B。4.A.car B.trainC.house D.track答案Dcar汽车；train火车；house房子；track轨道。此处指在路口轨道很远的地方，故选D。5.A.keep up with B.give in toC.put up with D.live up to答案Ckeep up with跟上；give in to屈服于，向让步；put up with忍受；live up to不辜负。我们学着忍受这种噪音，主要是因为我们太爱我们的狗了。此处表示忍受，故选C。6.A.speeding B.approachingC
105、.operating D.braking答案Dspeed加速；approach接近；operate操作；brake刹车。我们听到火车刹车的声音持续了很长一段时间，紧接着是一场可怕的车祸。此处指刹车声，故选D。7.A.headed B.marchedC.dashed D.started答案Chead率领；march前进；dash猛冲；start出发。此处指听到车祸声我们马上冲出去，根据语境选C。8.A.peacefully B.naturallyC.eventually D.instantly答案Dpeacefully和平地；naturally自然地；eventually最后；instantly
106、立即地。此处指汽车司机当场立即死亡，故选D。9.A.agency B.cornerC.scene D.entrance答案Cagency代理；corner角落；scene场面，情景；entrance入口。at the scene指在现场，即上文提到的车祸现场，故选C。10.A.as B.forC.like D.by答案Aas作为；for为了；like像；by通过。此处指我哥哥从车里剩下的东西辨认出死者是他朋友的父亲，指死者的身份，故选A。11.A.confirmed B.conveyedC.declared D.leaked答案Bconfirm确认；convey传达；declare宣布；lea
107、k泄露。这个不幸的消息将要传达给他的家人，表示传达消息，故选B。12.A.sign B.whistleC.howl D.wind答案Bsign签署；whistle鸣笛；howl嗥叫；wind缠绕。此处指火车司机没有鸣笛，根据上文的whenever a train whistled for the crossing可知答案，故选B。13.A.circulated B.disappearedC.flowed D.delivered答案Acirculate传播，流传；disappear消失；flow流动；deliver递送。此处指Lenny嗥叫的故事很快在我们小镇传播，指传播消息，故选A。14.A.
108、suffered B.abandonedC.shared D.struggled答案Csuffer遭受；abandon抛弃；share共享；struggle挣扎。当人们都共享这家人的痛苦时，指共同分担，故选C。15.A.assistant B.masterC.breadwinner D.host答案Cassistant助手；master主人；breadwinner养家糊口的人；host主持人，主人。没有了家里养家糊口的人，这家9口人陷入了困境。此处指遇难的司机，故选C。16.A.happened B.decidedC.refused D.demanded答案Bhappen发生；decide决定
109、；refuse拒绝；demand要求。我们这里最好的律师之一决定为了可怜的寡妇和孩子们向Soo Line Cooperation进行索赔。此处表示决定做某事，故选B。17.A.vividly B.occasionallyC.secretly D.faithfully答案Dvividly生动地；occasionally偶尔；secretly秘密地；faithfully如实地。律师雇用了一个调查员每天在我们家听来往的火车，并如实地记录Lenny的嗥叫声。指如实记录，故选D。18.A.failed B.botheredC.rejected D.managed答案Afail未能(做到)；bother麻
110、烦；reject拒绝；manage管理。Lenny对每次接近的火车鸣笛声从未停止它的嗥叫回应，指每次听到鸣笛声都嗥叫，故选A。19.A.negotiated B.exposedC.accumulated D.presented答案Dnegotiate谈判；expose暴露；accumulate累积；present呈递。此处指录音的证据被递交到法庭，表示呈递，故选D。20.A.donated B.awardedC.allocated D.distributed答案Bdonate捐献；award(赔偿)裁决；allocate分配；distribute分发，分配，分销。最后事情的处理确保了这一家人的
111、生活和未来。指法庭的裁决，故选B。.阅读理解A(2019连云港高三一模)Boomerang children who return to live with their parents after university can be good for families, leading to closer, more supportive relationships and increased contact between the generations, a study has found.The findings contradict the research published ear
112、lier this year showing that returning adult children trigger a significant decline in their parents quality of life and wellbeing.The young adults taking part in the study were “more positive than might have been expected” about moving back homethe shame is reduced as so many of their peers are in t
113、he same position, and they acknowledged the benefits of their parents financial and emotional support.Daughters were happier than sons, often slipping back easily into teenage patterns of behaviour, the study found.Parents on the whole were more uncertain, expressing concern about the likely duratio
114、n of the arrangement and how to manage it.But they acknowledged that things were different for graduates today, who leave university with huge debts and fewer job opportunities.The families featured in the study were middle-class and tended to view the achievement of adult independence for their chi
115、ldren as a “family project”.Parents accepted that their children required support as university students and then as graduates returning home, as they tried to find jobs paying enough to enable them to move out and get on the housing ladder.“However，” the study says, “day-to-day tensions about the p
116、rospects of achieving different dimensions of independence, which in a few extreme cases came close to conflict, characterised the experience of a majority of parents and a little over half the graduates”.Areas of disagreement included chores, money and social life.While parents were keen to help, t
117、hey also wanted different relationships from those they had with their own parents, and continuing to support their adult children allowed them to remain close.【语篇解读】一项研究发现，“啃老族”子女在大学毕业后回到父母身边生活对家庭是有好处的，他们会与父母建立更亲密、更具支持性的关系，并增进两代人之间的联系。1.What is the finding of the previous research?A.Boomerang child
118、ren made their parents happier.B.The parents were looking forward to their childrens return.C.The parents quality of life became worse than before.D.Boomerang children never did any housework.答案C推理判断题。根据“The findings contradict the research.in their parents quality of life and wellbeing.”可知，以往的研究显示，
119、大学毕业后回到父母身边的成年子女会导致父母的生活质量和幸福感显著下降。故选C。2.The underlined word “trigger” in Paragraph 2 may be best replaced by _.A.cause B.defeatC.arise D.allow答案A词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句的意思可知，大学毕业后回到父母身边的成年子女会导致父母的生活质量和幸福感显著下降。trigger意为“导致，致使”，与cause意义一致，故选A。3.What is the attitude of the college graduates towards returning h
120、ome?A.They are ashamed of turning to their parents for help.B.They are glad that they could come back.C.They are doubtful about whether they should return.D.They are proud to be independent from the family.答案B细节理解题。根据第三段可知，大学毕业生对回家的态度是积极的。故选B。4.What can be inferred as the reason for the “boomerang c
121、hildren” phenomenon?A.The children want to keep in closer touch with their parents.B.The parents are willing to provide support to their children.C.It is harder for the children to secure a satisfying job.D.There is more housework needed to be done by the children.答案C推理判断题。根据第四段中的“But they acknowled
122、ged that.fewer job opportunities.”可知，大学毕业生很难找到一份满意的工作。故选C。B(2019镇江市高三期中考试)To learn to think is to learn to question.Those who dont question never truly think for themselves.These are simple rules that have governed the advancement of science and human thought since the beginning of time.Advancements
123、 are made when thinkers question theories and introduce new ones.Unfortunately, it is often the great and respected thinkers who end up slowing the progress of human thought.Aristotle was a brilliant philosopher whose theories explained much of the natural world, often incorrectly.He was so esteemed
124、 by the scientific community that even 1，200 years after his death, scientists were still trying to build upon his mistakes rather than correct them!Brilliant minds can intimidate up-and-coming thinkers who are not confident of their abilities.They often believe they are inferior to the minds of gia
125、nts such as Aristotle, leading many to accept current paradigms instead of questioning them.I, like many thinkers of the past, once believed in my mental inferiority.I was certain that my parents, my teachersadults in generalwere always right.They were like a textbook to me；I didnt question what was
126、 written on those pages.I respected them, and accepted whatever they told me.But that attitude soon changed.My minds independence was first stimulated in the classroom.A stern, 65-year-old elementary-school science teacher once told me that light is a type of wave.I confidently went through years of
127、 school believing that light is a wave.One day，however I heard a German exchange student mention that light could be made up of particles.As the others laughed at his statement, I started to question my beliefs.Maybe the teachers and textbooks hadnt given me the whole story.I went to the library, di
128、d some research and learned of the light-as-a-wave versus light-as-a-particle debate.I read about Einsteins discovery of the dual nature of light and learned the facts of a paradox(悖论) that puzzles the worlds greatest thinkers to this day.Light behaves as both a particle and a wave, it is both at on
129、ce.I realized I had gone through life accepting only half of the story as the whole truth.Each new year brought more new facts, and I formulated even more questions.I found myself in the library after school, trying to find my own answers to gain a more complete understanding of what I thought I alr
130、eady knew.I discovered that my parents and teachers are incredible tools in my quest for knowledge, but they are never the final word.Even textbooks can be challenged.I learned to question my sources, I learned to be a thinker.I once believed that everything I learned at home and at school was certa
131、in, but I have now discovered to re-examine when necessary.Questions are said to be the path to knowledge and truth, and I plan to continue questioning.How many things do we know for sure today that we will question in the future? At this moment, I know that our sun will burn for another five billio
132、n years, and I know nothing can escape the gravity of a black hole.This knowledge, however, may change in the next 20 yearsmaybe even in the next two.The one thing we can control now is our openness to discovery.Questions are the tools of open minds, and open minds are the key to intellectual advanc
133、ement.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，只有人们质疑以前的理论并提出新的理论时，我们的社会才可以取得进步。质疑是通往知识和真理的道路，质疑可以让我们的思维更加开放，而开放性思维是思想进步的关键因素。5.In the first paragraph, Aristotle is taken as an example to show that _.A.he is the greatest and respected philosopher of all timeB.huge influence of great thinkers may block human thoughtC.advancem
134、ents are made when thinkers question theoriesD.great thinkers often make mistakes and then correct them答案B推理判断题。根据第一段第四句可知，只有人们质疑以前的理论并提出新的理论时，才可以取得进步。第一段中还提到了亚里士多德提出了很多错误理论，但是后世并没有纠正，反而在他错误理论的基础上发展。也就是这些人类的思想巨人从某种程度上阻碍了人类思想的进步。故B项正确。6.What does the underlined word “intimidate” in Paragraph 2 mean?A
135、.Frighten. B.Encourage.C.Strength. D.Persuade.答案A词义猜测题。根据第二段第二句“They often believe.instead of questioning them.”可知，后人会认为自己的思想比亚里士多德要低级。所以，面对亚里士多德的权威，后人会感到害怕。故A项正确。7.The author began to question his previous beliefs because _.A.what he learned from textbooks before turned out to be wrongB.he was insp
136、ired by the different ideas from an exchange studentC.he was laughed at by other students for his unacceptable statementD.he was not satisfied with his life and desperate to achieve success答案B细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句可知，一个德国留学生说过的话鼓励了作者，作者开始质疑以前的观点。故B项正确。8.According to the passage, the author _.A.looks down u
137、pon great thinkers all the timeB.never doubts what he has learned in the textbookC.always throws himself into the laboratoryD.determines to be a thinker and questioner答案D细节理解题。文章的最后一段第一句话可知，质疑是通往知识和真理的道路，他会继续质疑。故D项正确。9.We can conclude from the last paragraph that _.A.the author is not quite sure abo
138、ut his futureB.we human beings dont dare to predict futureC.questioning is necessary to promote advancementD.the theory of black holes will change in two years答案C推理判断题。文章的最后一段最后一句话可知，质疑是通往知识和真理的道路，质疑才能取得进步，故C项正确。10.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.Following rules. B.Challenging yourself.C.Questioning giants. D.Predicting future.答案C主旨大意题。此文主要是讲质疑权威的重要性。故C项正确。
