1、阅读理解。(2014绍兴统考)When people first walked across the Bering Land Bridge thousands of years ago, dogs were by their sides, according to a study published in the journal Science. Robert Wayne of the University of California, Los Angeles, and Jennifer Leonard of the Smithsonian Institute, used DNA materi
2、alsome of it unearthed by miners in Alaskato conclude that todays domestic dog originated in Asia and accompanied the first humans to the New World about 10, 000 to 15, 000 years ago. Wayne suggests that mans best friend may have enabled the tough journey from Asia into North America. “Dogs may have
3、 been the reason people made it across the land bridge, ”said Wayne. “They can pull things, carry things, defend you from fierce animals, and theyre useful to eat. ”Researchers have agreed that todays dog is the result of the domestication(驯化)of wolves thousands of years ago. Before this recent stud
4、y, a common thought about the precise origin of North Americas domestic dog was that Natives domesticated local wolves, the descendants(后代)of which now live with people in Alaska, Canada, and the Lower 48. Dog remains from a Fairbanks-area gold mine helped the scientists reach their conclusion. Leon
5、ard, an evolutionary biologist, collected DNA from 11 bones of ancient dogs that were locked in permafrost(永冻层)until Fairbanks miners uncovered them in the 1920s. The miners donated the preserved bones to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, where they remained untouched for more
6、 than 70 years. After borrowing the bones from the museum, Leonard and her colleagues used radiocarbon techniques to find the age of the Alaska dogs. They found the dogs all lived between the years of 1450 and 1675 A. D. , before Vitus Bering and Aleksey Chirikov who were the first known Europeans t
7、o view Alaska in 1741. “The bones of dogs that wandered the Fairbanks area centuries ago should therefore be the remains of pure native American dogs, ”Leonard said. The DNA of the Fairbanks dogs would also expose whether they were the descendants of wolves from North America. Along with the Fairban
8、ks samples, the researchers collected DNA from bones of 37 dog specimens(标本)from Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia that existed before the arrival of Columbus. In the case of both the Alaska dogs and the dogs from Latin America, the researchers found that they shared the most genetic material with gray wolv
9、es of Europe and Asia. This supports the idea of domestic dogs entering the New World with the first human explorers who wandered east over the land bridge. Leonard and Waynes study suggests that dogs joined the first humans that made the adventure across the Bering Land Bridge to slowly populate th
10、e Americas. Wayne thinks the dogs that made the trip must have provided some excellent service to their human companions or they would not have been brought along. “Dogs must have been useful because they were expensive to keep, ”Wayne said. “They didnt feed on mice; they fed on meat, which was a ve
11、ry guarded resource. ”【文章大意】本文是科普性文章。说明了在几千年前狗陪同人们一起跨过白令大陆桥进入北美大陆, 并且在此繁殖起来。而通过检测发掘出的狗骨头的DNA也证实了这一点。1. The underlined word“remains”is closest in meaning to“”. A. leftover foodB. animal wasteC. dead bodiesD. living environment【解析】选C。词义猜测题。根据第四段第二句话“Leonard, an evolutionary biologist, collected DNA fr
12、om 11 bones of ancient dogs that were locked in permafrost”说明是在永冻层发现的狗的骨头, 所以remains应该是尸体。故C正确。2. According to the study described in Paragraph 4, we can learn that. A. ancient dogs entered North America between 1450 and 1675 A. D. B. the 11 bones of ancient dogs are not from native American dogsC.
13、the bones discovered by the gold miners were from North American wolvesD. the bones studied were not from dogs brought into North America by Europeans【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据“They found the dogs all lived between the years of 1450 and 1675 A. D. , before Vitus Bering and Aleksey Chirikov who were the first k
14、nown Europeans to view Alaska in 1741. . . ”可判断出被研究的骨头不是欧洲人带到北美的狗的骨头。所以D正确。3. What can we know from the passage? A. Native Americans domesticated local wolves into dogs. B. Scientists discovered some ancient dog remains in the 1920s. C. Latin Americas dogs are different from North Americas in genes.
15、 D. Ancient dogs entered North America across the Bering Land Bridge. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第一段“When people first walked across the Bering Land Bridge thousands of years ago, dogs were by their sides, according to a study published in the journal Science. ”可知D正确。4. What does the passage mainly talk about?
16、A. The origin of the North American dogs. B. The DNA study of ancient dogs in America. C. The reasons why early people entered America. D. The difference between Asian and American dogs. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。文章第一段提到狗和人们一同跨过the Bering Land Bridge, 第二、三、四、五段研究狗的DNA“to conclude that todays domestic dog origina
17、ted in Asia”, “Researchers have agreed that todays dog is the result of the domestication of wolves thousands of years ago”, 所以文章中心是谈论北美的狗的起源。阅读理解-(1)The United States became a rich industrial nation toward the end of 1800s. There were more goods, more services, more jobs, and a higher standard of l
18、iving. There was more of everything, including problems. One problem was monopoly, that is, to be the only seller of a certain line of products or a service. In some cases, several companies that manufactured the same product would agree not to compete with one another. They would all agree to charg
19、e the same price. These arrangements made it impossible for customers to shop around for lower prices for certain products.Some people decided that huge corporations had too much power and controlled too many markets. Because of their wealth and power, they could see to it that governments passed la
20、ws favorable to them. Many people believed that monopoly and price fixing were bad for customers and bad for the country so that they should be broken up.Finally the national government and some states passed laws that placed limits on corporations and big companies. These laws made it illegal for c
21、ompanies to make agreements to charge only a certain price. Later on the national government forced monopoly to be broken up.Such laws and government action didnt entirely do away with monopolies. Nor did they stop the growth of huge corporations. But they did show that American people had decided t
22、hat some of the changes that had occurred were harmful. (from )1. The underlined word “monopoly” in the first paragraph most probably means _.A. the production of certain kinds of goods B. complete control and possession of tradeC. a big corporation of company D. an agreement on prices2. Because of
23、the agreements between big companies _.A. people had to buy things at certain shops B. the prices of their goods were much lowerC. customers had no choice but to buy D. there were fewer markets in some states3. According to the laws, companies _.A. were not allowed to control the markets B. could no
24、t force the customers to buy their productsC. should have fixed prices for their productsD. must produce the same kind of goods for the same markets4. Which of the following is not true according to the passage?A. Big companies could not influence the government.B. A large number of markets were con
25、trolled by big companies.C. Many Americans were worried about the changes in their country.D. Some of the laws were in favor of customers.1. B 词义猜测题。根据该词之后的解析句“to be the only seller of a certain line of products or a service”可猜测出其意义。2. C 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“These arrangements made it impossible for cust
26、omers to shop around for lower prices for certain products”分析可知3. A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“These laws made it illegal for companies to make agreements to charge only a certain price”一句可知。4. A 事实确认题。第二段“Because of their wealth and power, they could see to it that governments passed laws favorable to them”一句的意
27、义是：因为拥有财富和势力，他们能确保政府通过有利于他们的法律。由此可确认“大公司对政府是有影响力的”。（2014安徽卷）为了帮助中学生健康成长，某中学英文报开辟了“HEART-TO-HEART”专栏。假设你是该栏目的编辑Jamie，收到一封署名为Worried的求助信。信中该同学向你诉说了自己的困扰：近日容易发脾气，使正常的学习和生活受到了影响。请用英文给该同学写一封回信。内容要点如下：1表示理解并给予安慰；2提出建议并说明理由。注意：1词数120左右；2信中不能出现与本人相关的信息；3信的开头与结尾已为你拟好，不计入总词数。参考词汇：temper n. 脾气，情绪Hi Worried，Im
28、sorry to know that youre having such a had time at the moment. Yours,Jamie【考点】考察半开放性作文【写作指导】本文属于半开放性作文，要为你编辑Jamie的口吻回复Worried的求助信，他的困扰：近日容易发脾气，使正常的学习和生活受到了影响。要注意书信的格式和特殊用词。要点：1.很遗憾听说对方有此问题。并解释每个人都可能会遇见这样的问题，所以不必担心。只有的是要学会控制自己的脾气。2.提出建议：与信任的人进行交流，告诉别人你的困扰，释放自己的压力。同时多参加各种户外活动，和朋友多玩球类运动。保持乐观的心态。对于考生的综合
29、能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括，缺一不可。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，一定要契合给出的开头，不能出现文章脱节问题。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。【一句多译】每个人都会有过这样的一段时期，在这时情况都很糟糕，所以你不要太担心了。（1）The truth is that everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong, so you dont ha
30、ve to worry much. （2）It is true that everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong, so you dont have to worry much.【参考范文】Hi Worried,Im sorry to know that youre having such a bad time at the moment. The truth is that everyone will have one of those periods when things see
31、m to be going wrong, so you dont have to worry much. The important thing is to learn to control your temper so that you may not do or say anything youll regret. Here are three useful tips:First, talk to someone you trust about how you feel. This is a good way of letting your anger out without hurtin
32、g others or yourself. Second, go outdoors and play team games with your ftiends as physical exercise is an effective way to get rid of anger. And third, remain optimistic about your future. Such a positive attitude towards life can be helpful in lifting your spirits.I hope youll soon feel calmer and carry on as normal.Yours,Jamie
