1、2018学年第二学期高二年级英语周测卷（第四次）命题：王峰 审核：马梅 I.阅读理解(共76分，每小题4分)AEl Nino, a Spanish term for “the Christ child,” was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm wa
2、ter, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Ninos, on balance, than they lose. A
3、study found that a strong Nino in 1997-98 helped Americas economy grow by $15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest: farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extreme
4、ly dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000
5、people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute(ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades
6、 has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers make it less likely that h
7、eavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr. Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Ninos harmful effectsand the poorer the cou
8、ntry, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters
9、linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.1.What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?A. It is named after a South American fisherman.B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.D. It sees the chang
10、es of water flow direction in the ocean.2. What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected?A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.C. Rich countries gains are greater than their losses.D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economicall
11、y.3.The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that.A. more investment should go to risk reductionB. governments of poor countries need more aidC. victims of El Nino deserve more compensationD. recovery and reconstruction should come first4. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?A.
12、 To introduce El Nino and its origin.B. To explain the consequences of El Nino.C. To show ways of fighting against El Nino.D. To urge people to prepare for El Nino. BBad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening br
13、oadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples emails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. “The if it
14、 bleeds rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”Resea
15、rchers analyzing word-of-mouth communicationemails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversationsfound that it tended to be more positive than negative, but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good
16、 things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most emailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in
17、the science section were much more likely to make the list than nonscience articles. He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like ang
18、er or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr Berger explains in his new book, Contagious: Why Things Catch On.5 .What do the cla
19、ssic rules mentioned in the text apply to?A. News reports B. Research papersC. Private e-mails D. Daily conversations6. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?A. Theyre socially inactiveB. Theyre good at telling storiesC. Theyre inconsiderate of othersD. Theyre careful with their words7.
20、Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Bergers research?A. Sports news B. Science articlesC. Personal accounts D. Financial reviews8. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad stories travel far and wide.B. Online news attracts more people.C. Reading habits change with the time
21、s.D. Good news beats bad on social networks.CFrom gobbling down turkey to spending time with family to watching football, Thanksgiving is filled with traditions. But one of the most popular-pulling the wishbonedates back centuries. The upside-down VT shaped bone is actually called the furcula. It is
22、 a bone located between a turkeys neck and its breast. Furcula means “little fork” in Latin. All birds have a wishbone. At Thanksgiving, the tradition is for two people to hold one end of the bone, make a wish，and then tug. The winner is the person who ends up with the bigger piece. If you believe t
23、he legend, the winners wish will come true. The practice of making a wish on a birds furcula dates back to the ancient Etruscans, a people who lived in what is today northern Italy. They believed birds were powerful and divine creatures. After killing a chicken, an Etruscan would leave the wishbone
24、in the sun to dry. Passersby would pick it up, stroke it for good luck， and make a wish- That is how the furcula got the name “wishbone, ”The Etruscans passed the ritual along to the Romans. Soon，the practice of making a wish on a chickens furcula became popular in ancient Rome. According to legend，
25、it was so widespread that there werent enough chickens or wishbones to go around So the Romans began breaking the wishbone in two. Now, twice as many people could make wishes. Then the English picked up the tradition. In the 16th century, English settlers brought the practice to the New World There,
26、 they found an abundance of wild turkeys. So they starting using a turkey furcula for their wishes. Today a wishbone tug-of-war is as much a part of Thanksgiving as is gobbling down turkey.9. What is the best title for the passage?A. Turkey Tug-of-WarB. A Lucky TurkeyC. The New WorldD. The Stories o
27、f Thanksgiving10. What does the fourth paragraph focus on?A. How to dry the wishbone.B. The origin of this bone-pulling tradition.C. The place where the ancient Etruscans lived.D. The practice of the ancient Etruscans making a wish on a turkeys furcula.11.Why did the Romans break the wishbone in two
28、?A. To save money.B. To protect chickens.C. To create an I-shaped wishbone.D. To give more people the chances to make wishes12. Where was a turkey tug-of-war probably served as a Thanksgiving tradition first?A. In America. B. In the UK.C. In ancient Rome. D. In northern Italy. DBack in the 1860s, a
29、British scientist named Henry Walter Bates noticed something interesting in the animal world: a kind of butterfly, Common Mormon, can change the pattern on its wings so that it looks like another butterfly species, the Common Rose, which is poisonous for birds to eat. Bates argued that animals devel
30、op this ability to protect themselves from being eaten. This theory had been widely accepted by scientists. But one question remains: how do these animals manage to do that? After more than 150 years, scientists are finally able to answer that question-it is all down to a gene called “doublesex, acc
31、ording to a study published on March 6 in the journal Nature. In fact, scientists have long known that genes are responsible for this useful ability. But until the new study, scientists hadnt been able to find out which genes in particular were responsible. Scientists at the University of Chicago co
32、mpared the genetic structures of the Common Mormons that changed their wing patterns with those of ones that did not. And all the results pointed to a single gene, “doublesex”. This was much to the scientists surprise. They used to expect that something as complex as this would be controlled by many
33、 different genes. For example, one gene would control the color of the upper part of the wing, one would do so for the lower part. However, the “doublesex” gene doesnt quite do everything by itself. Instead, it acts like a switch-it “tells” other genes to change the wing patterns. Isnt that clever?S
34、cientists believe that this special ability of the “doublesex” gene on Common Mormon was developed throughout the long history of evolution. “The harmless species gains an advantage by resembling something predators avoid,” Sean Carroll, a scientist told Nature. “it was obvious evidence for natural
35、selection. ”13. How do scientists find the truth of butterfly changing wing patterns?A. By doing experiment on butterflies.B. By comparing genetic structures.C. By observing the butterflies.D. By analyzing the result.14. Which of the following ideas is accepted by scientists?A. The doublesex gene do
36、es do everything by itself.B. The doublesex gene is poisonous.C. The doublesex gene tells other genes to change the wing patterns.D. The doublesex gene could only control the color of the upper part of the wing.15. What is the best title of this passage?A. How Common Mormons stay safeB. How butterfl
37、ies changed wings patternC. What American scientists discoveredD. What genetic structures of butterflies have E For every cup of coffee you made, about two spoons of grounds end up in the waste. That doesnt seem like a lot, but just think about the millions of coffees consumed around the world every
38、 single day, and youll see the problem. Sure, some of those coffee grounds are recycled as fertilizer to enrich the soil or beauty products like face masks, but most will be buried into the ground. It was while considering this issue that German product designer Julian Lechner came up with a new way
39、 of recycling coffee grounds turning them into tableware. “We were always drinking coffee at university,” Lechner remembers. “And thats how I started to wonder. What happens to all that coffee? It was all just getting thrown away.” He began consulting with his professors about ways of using coffee g
40、rounds to create a solid material. “We tried combining with a lot of different things,” Lechner said, “We even tried sugar. That was close, but basically it was a candy cup. It just kept melting after being used three times.” The whole point was to make it last long, so Lechner and his partners went
41、 back to the institute to continue their research. Finally, after many failed experiments, they came up with a mix of coffee grounds and a biopolymer that seemed to behave the way Lechner had expected it. “The moment of knowing the cup would actually stand was super-exciting,” he recalls. “It was wo
42、nderful to drink that first coffee out of the cup. It proved to be totally worth the wait.” And his creation has proven commercially successful, which is just the icing on the cake. The coffee cups are now present in ten shops across Europe, and the company can hardly keep up with demand, regularly
43、selling out of its stock online. Lechner will soon launch a larger line of coffee grounds cups and also work on a travel mug. But those are just short-term plans, as Lechner hopes to one day use recycled coffee grounds to create all sort of useful stufflike sheets and furniture in cafs and restauran
44、ts.16. What do people do with coffee grounds before Lechner?A. Make products beautiful.B. Improve the soil.C. Produce drinking cups.D. Create solid materials.17. What can we infer from Paragraph 3?A. Candy cups can last longer than coffee cups.B. Coffee grounds are rich in biopolymer.C. Biopolymer c
45、an get coffee cups used repeatedly.D. Lechner invented coffee cups alone.18. What does the underlined phrase refer to in Paragraph 4?A. Profits from coffee cup business.B. Creation of coffee cups.C. Decreasing demands for coffee grounds.D. Consumption of delicious iced coffee.19. What is the main id
46、ea of the passage?A. A new way of recycling coffee cups.B. Commercial success from consuming coffee.C. Recycling coffee grounds into stuff like coffee cups.D. Different product designers of recycling coffee grounds.II. 单词拼写。（24分）1适应；调节（词组）13信；字母 n2保持优秀成绩；继续干下去（词组）14锁；锁上 n/v3相适应；相融合（词组）15或多或少，左右 (词组)4队列；行列 排队 n/v16讲课，演讲；教训n/vt 5代替者；代用品 用代替v/n17刚才；恰好；公正的 adv/adj 6承认；确认；答谢 vt18厨房 n7占用；占领；占据 vt19对.作出判断(词组)8可选择的；随意的 adj20果酱；阻塞；塞进n/vt 9丰富的；充裕的adj21瞬间；即刻的adj10不可能的；不值得讨论的（词组）22通知；指示，教导vt 11安顿下来（词组）23改进，更新v12复查；修正；复习 n.24嚎叫，嚎哭；长嚎声 vi/n
